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41-771: Site and region surveys have been conducted by various means. Some areas were identified and classified through the International Biological Program between 1964 and 1974. Others may have had a superficial initial classification, and subsequently been re-classified upon closer scrutiny. Fifty areas have been classified in the township. There are seven zones classified as Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest , three of which exhibit earth science features, and four of which exhibit life science features. Six are provincially significant for their representative features. Life science ANSIs are noted for their important biological features. Happy Valley Forest

82-543: A Polar Year, especially considering recent advances in rocketry, radar, and computing. Berkner and Chapman proposed to the International Council of Scientific Unions that an International Geophysical Year (IGY) be planned for 1957–58, coinciding with an approaching period of maximum solar activity. In 1952, the IGY was announced. Joseph Stalin 's death in 1953 opened the way for international collaboration with

123-599: A documentary about the project for the National Snow and Ice Data Center . The participating countries for the IGY included the following: In the end, the IGY was a resounding success, and it led to advancements that live on today. For example, the work of the IGY led directly to the Antarctic Treaty , which called for the use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes and cooperative scientific research. Since then, international cooperation has led to protecting

164-471: A free and open exchange of data among nations. ICSU-WDS goals are to preserve quality-assured scientific data and information, to facilitate open access, and promote the adoption of standards. ICSU World Data System created in 2008 superseded the World Data Centers (WDCs) and Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data analysis Services (FAGS) created by ICSU to manage data generated by

205-399: A profound knowledge of almost all biodiversity present in this savannah. International Geophysical Year The International Geophysical Year ( IGY ; French : Année géophysique internationale ), also referred to as the third International Polar Year , was an international scientific project that lasted from 1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958. It marked the end of a long period during

246-627: A two-man camp was installed beside Taylor Glacier, 60 miles (97 km) west of Mawson. Its principal purpose was to enable parallactic photography of the aurora australis (thus locating it in space), but it also permitted studies of Emperor penguins in the adjacent rookery. Two years later, Australia took over the running of Wilkes , a station built for the IGY by the United States. When Wilkes rapidly deteriorated from snow and ice accumulation, plans were made to build Casey Station , known as Repstat ("replacement station"). Opened in 1969, Repstat

287-531: Is a large upland forest on steeply rolling topography with various wooded swamps and minor wetland areas. It is located on Ordovician bedrock over the Oak Ridges Moraine . Pottageville Swamp , which was originally contiguous with the Holland Marsh , is now isolated from it because of drainage in the 1920s to prepare the land for agricultural use. The Pottageville Southeast Upland , which

328-580: Is adjacent to Happy Valley Forest on its northern border, also lies on the Oak Ridges Moraine. Approximately 780 hectares, it consists primarily of swamp , with some zones of marsh and fen . The Nobleton Wetland Complex is a 43.3-hectare (107-acre) wetland that overlaps the Oak Ridges Moraine on its local southern extent in the region. It is similar in composition to the Pottageville Wetland Complex. Overlapping

369-565: Is contiguous with the swamp, is the only ANSI which is not provincially significant. It is just north of Happy Valley Forest, on the northern slope of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Cold Creek Conservation Area is a park and reserve on the south slope of the Oak Ridges Moraine, northwest of Nobleton , at the southwestern edge of the township. It consists of mature coniferous swamp in its basin, and cedar swamp at its margin. Earth Science ANSIs display significant geological features representative of their region. The Linton-Kelly Lake Channels "marks

410-981: The Cold War when scientific interchange between East and West had been seriously interrupted. Sixty-seven countries participated in IGY projects, although one notable exception was the mainland People's Republic of China , which was protesting against the participation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ). East and West agreed to nominate the Belgian Marcel Nicolet as secretary general of the associated international organization. The IGY encompassed fourteen Earth science disciplines: aurora , airglow , cosmic rays , geomagnetism , gravity , ionospheric physics , longitude and latitude determinations (precision mapping), meteorology , oceanography , nuclear radiation , glaciology , seismology , rockets and satellites , and solar activity . The timing of

451-743: The Eaton Hall Lake Wetland, consisting of eight separate wetlands that are 52.7% swamp and 47.3% marsh; the King Creek Marsh , consisting entirely of marsh wetland; the Kennifick Wetland Complex , having 33 wetlands composed of 40% swamp and 60% marsh; and the King–Vaughan Wetland Complex , which has 23 wetlands consisting of 83.4% swamp and 16.6% marsh. International Biological Program The International Biological Program ( IBP )

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492-590: The Antarctic continent at Mawson in 1954. It is now the longest continuously operating station south of the Antarctic Circle. Davis was added in 1957, in the Vestfold Hills, 400 miles (640 km) east of Mawson. The wintering parties for the IGY numbered 29 at Mawson and 4 at Davis, all male. (Both stations now have 16 to 18 winterers, including both sexes.) As a part of the IGY activities,

533-637: The Antarctic environment, preserving historic sites, and conserving the animals and plants. Today, 41 nations have signed the Treaty and international collaborative research continues. The ICSU World Data System (WDS) was created by the 29th General Assembly of the International Council for Science (ICSU) and builds on the 50-year legacy of the former ICSU World Data Centres (WDCs) and former Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data-analysis Services (FAGS). This World Data System , hosts

574-677: The IBP, which they viewed as throwing money at ill-defined or relatively unimportant problems and reducing the freedom of scientists to choose their own research projects. The main results of the IBP were five biome studies, the largest of which were the Grassland Biome project and the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome project (both of which had ties to Oak Ridge National Laboratory , which provided tracer isotopes for nutrient- and energy-flow experiments). Though

615-713: The IGY was particularly suited for studying some of these phenomena, since it covered the peak of solar cycle 19 . Both the Soviet Union and the U.S. launched artificial satellites for this event; the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 , launched on October 4, 1957, was the first successful artificial satellite. Other significant achievements of the IGY included the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts by Explorer 1 and mid-ocean submarine ridges, an important confirmation of plate-tectonic theory . The origin of

656-503: The IGY. Although the 1932 Polar Year accomplished many of its goals, it fell short on others because of the advance of World War II. In fact, because of the war, much of the data collected and scientific analyses completed during the 1932 Polar Year were lost forever, something that was particularly troubling to the IGY organizing committee. The committee resolved that "all observational data shall be available to scientists and scientific institutions in all countries." They felt that without

697-649: The International Geophysical Year can be traced to the International Polar Years held in 1882–1883 , then in 1932–1933 and most recently from March 2007 to March 2009 . On 5 April 1950, multiple scientists (including Lloyd Berkner , Sydney Chapman , S. Fred Singer , and Harry Vestine ) met in James Van Allen 's living room and suggested that the time was ripe to have a worldwide Geophysical Year instead of

738-412: The International Geophysical Year. The IGY triggered an 18-month year of Antarctic science. The International Council of Scientific Unions , a parent body, broadened the proposals from polar studies to geophysical research. More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees, and participated in the cooperative effort. Australia established its first permanent base on

779-576: The Lake Simcoe ice lobe, located west of the Glenville Hills Kames. King has an abundance of large, provincially significant wetland complexes. The Eaton Hall—Mary—Hackett Lakes Wetland Complex is a 259 hectare area on the Oak Ridges Moraine which represents the amalgamation of three previously defined wetlands: Eaton Hall Wetlands , Mary Lakes Wetlands and Laskay Wetlands . These constituent wetlands are each situated at

820-601: The Soviet Union. In 1952 the Comité Speciale de l'Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI), a special committee of the ICSU, was established to coordinate the International Geophysical Year (IGY) under president Sydney Chapman , a British geophysicist. On 29 July 1955, James C. Hagerty , president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between 1 July 1957 and 31 December 1958 as part of

861-563: The Soviet embassy and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite in the "near future". To the surprise of many, the USSR launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial Earth satellite on 4 October 1957. After several failed Vanguard launches, Wernher von Braun and his team convinced President Dwight D. Eisenhower to use one of their US Army missiles for the Explorer program (there

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902-657: The United States contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Project Vanguard would be managed by the Naval Research Laboratory and to be based on developing sounding rockets , which had the advantage that they were primarily used for non-military scientific experiments. Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at

943-509: The coast of Adelie Land. The first French station, Port Martin , was completed 9 April 1950, but destroyed by fire the night of 22 to 23 January 1952. Belgium established the King Baudouin Base in 1958. The expedition was led by Gaston de Gerlache , son of Adrien de Gerlache who had led the 1897–1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition . In December 1958, four team members were stranded several hundred kilometers inland when one of

984-607: The dogline and survived by killing Adélie penguins in a nearby rookery (which were preserved by the low temperature). The two dogs became instant national heroes in Japan. A Japanese movie about this story was made in 1983, Antarctica . France contributed Dumont d'Urville Station and Charcot Station in Adélie Land . As a forerunner expedition, the ship Commandant Charcot of the French Navy spent nine months of 1949/50 at

1025-527: The expedition on the North Pole. At another point the ice sheet broke up and their fuel tanks started floating away from the base. They had to put pans under the plane engines as soon as they landed as any oil spots would go straight through the ice in the intense sunshine. Their only casualty was a man who got too close to the propeller with the oil pan. Norbert Untersteiner was the project leader for Drifting Station Alpha and in 2008 produced and narrated

1066-532: The fifteen World Data Centers in the United States. Each World Data Center would eventually archive a complete set of IGY data to deter losses prevalent during the International Polar Year of 1932. Each World Data Center was equipped to handle many different data formats, including computer punch cards and tape—the original computer media. In addition, each host country agreed to abide by the organizing committee's resolution that there should be

1107-505: The fourth, launched on 17 March 1958. The Soviet launches would be followed by considerable political consequences, one of which was the creation of the US space agency NASA on 29 July 1958. The British–American survey of the Atlantic, carried out between September 1954 and July 1959, discovered the full length of the mid-Atlantic ridges ( plate tectonics ); it was a major discovery during

1148-604: The free exchange of data across international borders, there would be no point in having an IGY. In April 1957, just three months before the IGY began, scientists representing the various disciplines of the IGY established the World Data Center system. The United States hosted World Data Center "A" and the Soviet Union hosted World Data Center "B". World Data Center "C" was subdivided among countries in Western Europe, Australia, and Japan. NOAA hosted seven of

1189-497: The goal of exploring "The Biological Basis of Productivity and Human Welfare". In its early years, Canadian and European ecologists were the main participants; by 1968, the United States also became heavily involved. However, unlike other more successful applications of the big science model of scientific research, the IBP lacked a clear, socially and scientifically pressing goal. Many biologists, particularly molecular biologists and evolutionary ecologists , were sharply critical of

1230-664: The headwater area of the East Humber River watershed in King City . "The largest wetlands occur around seven kettle lakes, representing the best concentration of kettle lakes in any wetland complex on the Oak Ridges Moraine" Bounded by Happy Valley Forest to the west, the 225 wetlands in the complex "comprise one of the largest and most diverse wetland complexes on the Oak Ridges Moraine, noteworthy for its high concentration of significant plants, animals and kettle lakes." The much larger Pottageville Wetland Complex , which

1271-616: The icy crust), until it was demolished in December 2010 for safety reasons. Ice Skate 2 was a floating research station constructed and staffed by U.S. scientists. It mapped the bottom of the Arctic Ocean. Zeke Langdon was a meteorologist on the project. Ice Skate 2 was planned to be staffed in 6 month shifts, but due to soft ice surfaces for landing some crew members were stationed for much longer. At one point they lost all communications with anyone over their radios for one month except

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1312-579: The impact of these studies was modest, the IBP marked a dramatic increase in the scale of funding for ecosystem ecology, which remained high (relative to earlier levels) even after the conclusion of the program in June 1974. Far more influential than any of the IBP biome studies was contemporary Hubbard Brook ecosystem study of 1963–1968, which—lacking the hierarchical organization of IBP projects—grew gradually according to individual scientists' interest and involved more informal collaboration. One of

1353-495: The junction of the Oak Ridges Moraine and the Palgrave Moraine ". It is a 588-hectare (1,450-acre) region at which the two moraines merge. The Glenville Hills Kames are kames in the northeast portion of the township, southwest of central Newmarket , that mark "the southernmost advance of Lake Simcoe sublobe during [the] Port Bruce Stadial". The Kettleby and Newmarket Tills is a small region of sediments deposited by

1394-707: The most influential IBP projects in Europe was the Solling Project in Lower Saxony (Germany), led by Heinz Ellenberg . Evidence from here proved decisive in the 1980s to track down acid rain as a major cause of forest decline . In tropical areas, the LAMTO project held by French professor Maxime Lamotte  [ fr ] in Ivory Coast provided a thorough analysis of the savannah energy budget and

1435-640: The northern border of the township is Ansnorveldt Wetland Complex , a 200-hectare (490-acre) zone bounded by the Holland Marsh to the east and northeast. The wetland complex "stretches from Weston Road east to Dufferin Street and from Highway 9 north to South Canal Road". Other wetlands on the Oak Ridges Moraine include: the New Scotland Wetland Complex , consisting of fifteen wetlands that are 61.2% swamp, 37.1% marsh, and 1.7% bog;

1476-481: The repositories for data collected during the IGY. Seven of the 15 World Data Centers in the United States are co-located at NOAA National Data Centers or at NOAA affiliates. These ICSU Data Centers not only preserve historical data, but also promote research and ongoing data collection. The fourth International Polar Year on 2007–2008 focused on climate change and its effects on the polar environment. Sixty countries participated in this effort and it included studies in

1517-450: The ship returned a year later, it became beset offshore (stuck in the sea-ice). It was eventually freed with the assistance of the US icebreaker Burton Island but could not resupply the station. The 1957 winterers were retrieved by helicopter, but bad weather prevented going back for the station's 15 sled dogs, which were left chained up. When the ship returned a year later, two of the dogs, Taro and Jiro, were still alive. They had escaped

1558-546: The skis on their light aircraft broke on landing. After a ten-day ordeal, they were rescued by an IL-14 aircraft after a flight of 1,940 miles (3,100 km) from the Soviet base, Mirny Station . The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was erected as the first permanent structure at the South Pole in January 1957. It survived intact for 53 years, but was slowly buried in the ice (as all structures there eventually sink into

1599-551: Was an effort between 1964 and 1974 to coordinate large-scale ecological and environmental studies. Organized in the wake of the successful International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958, the International Biological Program was an attempt to apply the methods of big science to ecosystem ecology and pressing environmental issues. The IBP was organized under the leadership of C. H. Waddington beginning in 1962 and officially started in 1964, with

1640-528: Was not yet an inhibition about using military rockets to get into space). On 8 November 1957, the US Secretary of Defense instructed the US Army to use a modified Jupiter-C rocket to launch a satellite. The US achieved this goal only four months later with Explorer 1, on 1 February 1958, but after Sputnik 2 on 3 November 1957, making Explorer 1 the third artificial Earth satellite. Vanguard 1 became

1681-462: Was replaced by present-day Casey station in 1988. Halley Research Station was founded in 1956 for the IGY by an expedition from the (British) Royal Society . The bay where the expedition set up their base was named Halley Bay, after the astronomer Edmond Halley . Showa Station , the first Japanese base in Antarctica, was set up in January 1957, supported by the ice breaker Sōya . When

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