67-581: The Newmarket Viaduct is a seven-lane state highway viaduct in Auckland , New Zealand. The 700 m long viaduct, which is up to 20 m high, carries the Southern Motorway over the Newmarket suburb. The viaduct was opened on 3 September 1966 at a cost of NZ$ 2.26 million, and was constructed as New Zealand's first pair of balanced cantilever bridges . With its long spans, the s-curvature and
134-556: A "thermal bridge" that degrades thermal performance. Also, since steel does not have the same thermal expansion coefficient as concrete, as the wall heats and cools any steel that is not embedded in the concrete can create thermal stresses that cause cracking and spalling. To achieve better thermal performance, insulation was added in the void, and in many applications today the steel trusses have been replaced by composite (fibreglass, plastic, etc.) connection systems. These systems, which are specially developed for this purpose, also eliminate
201-482: A building facade or erect free-standing walls for landscaping, soundproofing , and security. In appropriate instances precast products – such as beams for bridges, highways, and parking structure decks – can be prestressed structural elements. Stormwater drainage, water and sewage pipes, and tunnels also make use of precast concrete units. Precast concrete molds can be made of timber, steel, plastic, rubber, fiberglass, or other synthetic materials, with each giving
268-668: A building's enclosure or "envelope," they can be designed to also serve as part of the building's structural system, eliminating the need for beams and columns on the building perimeter. Besides their energy efficiency and aesthetic versatility, they also provide excellent noise attenuation, outstanding durability (resistant to rot, mold, etc.), and rapid construction. In addition to the good insulation properties, sandwich panels require fewer work phases to complete. Compared to double-walls, for example, which have to be insulated and filled with concrete on site, sandwich panels require much less labor and scaffolding. The precast concrete industry
335-432: A controlled environment (typically referred to as a precast plant), the precast concrete is afforded the opportunity to properly cure and be closely monitored by plant employees. Using a precast concrete system offers many potential advantages over onsite casting. Precast concrete production can be performed on ground level, which maximizes safety in its casting. There is greater control over material quality and workmanship in
402-582: A day, more than on the Auckland Harbour Bridge and the most traffic on a section of road anywhere in New Zealand), led to the planning for a new viaduct structure, which would be able to withstand an earthquake with a 2,500-year return period. Other factors were the very low safety barriers (which once allowed an out-of-control truck to fall onto its roof 15 m below, in 2004), which were also insufficient to prevent debris from falling onto
469-418: A new structure costing only around 15% more than a repair, and expected to last for over 100 years, it was decided to go for a full replacement. The new Transit New Zealand structure was estimated to cost NZ$ 150 million, and cleared planning hurdles quicker than expected, leading to hopes that it would be possible to build it in time for the 2011 Rugby World Cup . Originally, the three-year duration project
536-414: A precast plant compared to a construction site. The forms used in a precast plant can be reused hundreds to thousands of times before they have to be replaced, often making it cheaper than onsite casting in terms of cost per unit of formwork. Precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications differ in size, function, and cost. Precast architectural panels are also used to clad all or part of
603-539: A segmented structure built from 468 pre-cast concrete sections constructed off-site in East Tāmaki , and moved into place with a lifting gantry truss. Tonkin + Taylor and URS New Zealand , as part of the Northern Gateway Alliance , were assigned to develop the new bridge, and one of their design targets included full recycling of all material during the project. The consultant team was also to use
670-614: A series of pieces of legislation was passed to allow for the designation of main highways (starting with the Main Highways Act 1922 , followed by gazetting of roads ) and state highways (in 1936). This saw the National Roads Board, an arm of the Ministry of Works, responsible for the state highway network. From 1989 to 2008, state highways were the responsibility of Transit New Zealand , a Crown entity. In 1996
737-448: A set distance post, that post being 237 km (147 mi) from the start of the highway. In about 2004 these plaques were replaced by a new system, which gives each bridge a single number showing the distance from the start of the highway in hundreds of metres. Under the new system the bridge above would be numbered 2511, as it is 251 km (156 mi) km from the start of the highway. Motorway on- and off-ramps are numbered using
SECTION 10
#1732780323348804-507: A successful design, it was built to far lower earthquake standards than those which other New Zealand structures now fulfill, being built to survive only a 1 in 500-year return period earthquake. It could have received significant damage in an earthquake as common as once in 200 years. This made the structure the weakest strategic transport infrastructure link in the Auckland area, with a potential collapse cutting off all motorway transport to
871-459: A unique finish. In addition, many surface finishes for the four precast wall panel types – sandwich, plastered sandwich, inner layer and cladding panels – are available, including those creating the looks of horizontal boards and ashlar stone . Color may be added to the concrete mix, and the proportions and size aggregate also affect the appearance and texture of finished concrete surfaces. Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete and soon poured
938-421: Is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams , and wall panels, floors, roofs, and piles. In contrast, cast-in-place concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site. Recently lightweight expanded polystyrene foam
1005-477: Is a huge energy consuming industry, and precast concrete products are and will continue to be more energy efficient than its counterparts. The wide range of designs, colours, and structural options that these products provide is also making it a favourable choice for its consumers. Many state and federal transportation projects in the United States require precast concrete suppliers to be certified by either
1072-426: Is also used for the roll ways of some rubber-tyred metros . Modular paving is available in a rainbow of colors, shapes, sizes, and textures. These versatile precast concrete pieces can be designed to mimic brick, stone or wood. Underground vaults or mausoleums require watertight structures that withstand natural forces for extended periods of time. Storage of hazardous material, whether short-term or long-term,
1139-407: Is an increasingly important environmental issue, calling for containers that not only seal in the materials, but are strong enough to stand up to natural disasters or terrorist attacks. Seawalls , floating docks, underwater infrastructure, decking, railings, and a host of amenities are among the uses of precast along the waterfront. When designed with heavy weight in mind, precast products counteract
1206-433: Is based on the likelihood of a single driver experiencing an accident while travelling the link in question. As of 2008, the three least safe sections of the network based on individual risk were State Highway 62 from Spring Creek to Renwick (Marlborough), State Highway 37 to Waitomo Caves and State Highway 94 from Te Anau to Milford Sound . The collective risk is based on the total number of crashes that occurred on
1273-501: Is being used as the cores of precast wall panels, saving weight and increasing thermal insulation . Precast stone is distinguished from precast concrete by the finer aggregate used in the mixture, so the result approaches the natural product. Precast concrete is employed in both interior and exterior applications, from highway, bridge, and high-rise projects to parking structures, K-12 schools, warehouses, mixed-use, and industrial building construction. By producing precast concrete in
1340-701: Is essential that each structural component be designed and tested to withstand both the tensile and compressive loads that the member will be subjected to over its lifespan. Expanded polystyrene cores are now in precast concrete panels for structural use, making them lighter and serving as thermal insulation. Multi-storey car parks are commonly constructed using precast concrete. The constructions involve putting together precast parking parts which are multi-storey structural wall panels, interior and exterior columns, structural floors, girders, wall panels, stairs, and slabs. These parts can be large; for example, double-tee structural floor modules need to be lifted into place with
1407-459: Is largely dominated by Government initiated projects for infrastructural development. However, these are also being extensively used for residential (low and high rise) and commercial constructions because of their various favourable attributes. The efficiency, durability, ease, cost effectiveness, and sustainable properties of these products have brought a revolutionary shift in the time consumed in construction of any structure. Construction industry
SECTION 20
#17327803233481474-583: Is the major national highway network in New Zealand . Nearly 100 roads in the North and South Islands are state highways. All state highways are administered by the NZ Transport Agency . The highways were originally designated using a two-tier system, national (SH 1 to 8) and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard and funding priorities. Now all are state highways, and
1541-410: Is the most common form of concrete reinforcement. It is typically made from steel, manufactured with ribbing to bond with concrete as it cures. Rebar is versatile enough to be bent or assembled to support the shape of any concrete structure. Carbon steel is the most common rebar material. However, stainless steel, galvanized steel, and epoxy coatings can prevent corrosion. The following is a sampling of
1608-460: Is typically 8 inches, but their designs are often customized to the application. In a typical 8-inch wall panel the concrete wythes are each 2-3/8 inches thick), sandwiching 3-1/4 inches of high R-value insulating foam. The interior and exterior wythes of concrete are held together (through the insulation) with some form of connecting system that is able to provide the needed structural integrity. Sandwich wall panels can be fabricated to
1675-672: Is using speed reductions, wire rope barriers , wide centrelines, rumble strips , better warning signs and shoulder widening. State Highway 1 can be considered as a single highway running the length of both main islands, broken in the middle by the ferry connection at Cook Strait . It connects six of the seven largest urban areas and includes the country's busiest stretch of road. Many sections of state highway provided are marketed as tourist highways , sometimes jointly with local roading providers. Transit maintains traffic signs on and near state highways to help promote these routes. These include: Precast concrete Precast concrete
1742-591: The New Zealand Automobile Association . The system, based on similar programs overseas, categorises New Zealand state highways according to the safety of discrete 'links' (sections of the network, with a total of 10,856 km of highways separated into 172 links ranging in length from 2.4 km (1 mi) to 318 km (198 mi)). These are graded according to their 'individual risk' and their 'collective risk' based on historical crash data and traffic volumes. The individual risk
1809-644: The Jim Bridger Building in Williston, North Dakota, was precast in Minnesota with air, electrical, water, and fiber utilities preinstalled into the building panels. The panels were transported over 800 miles to the Bakken oilfields, and the commercial building was assembled by three workers in minimal time. The building houses over 40,000 square feet of shops and offices. Virtually the entire building
1876-536: The NLTP total) in safety, including $ 960m for policing, $ 132m for road safety promotion and $ 103m for rural SH safety. The Safe Roads Alliance is carrying out rural work on SH 1 (Waikato Expressway, Te Teko-Awakeri), SH 1B (Taupiri-Gordonton), SH 3 (Ohaupo-Te Awamutu, Waitomo-Te Kuiti), SH 11 (Airfield-Lily Pond), SH 12 (Dargaville-Tokatoka), SH 16 (Brigham Creek-Waimauku), SH 23 (Hamilton-Raglan), SH 27 (SH 26-SH 24) and SH 34 (SH 30 to Kawerau). The Alliance
1943-566: The NZ Transport Agency. Every five years the NZ Transport Agency will embark on a state highway review to consider whether the existing network should be expanded or reduced, according to traffic flows, changes in industry, tourism and development. From 2009 many new road schemes were classed as Roads of National Significance and, from 2020, as part of the New Zealand Upgrade Programme . Since 2013,
2010-776: The NZTA has used the One Network Road Classification (ONRC) system to classify state highways and local roads. There are five categories for state highways, with an additional sixth category (Access) used only by local roads. The categories are as follows: From 2006 information, the busiest stretch of SH 1 was just south of the Auckland Central Motorway Junction , on/near the Newmarket Viaduct , with over 200,000 vehicles (either way) each day. The least busy parts of
2077-703: The UK for a variety of applications including agricultural buildings, grain stores, silage clamps, slurry stores, livestock walling and general retaining walls. Panels can be used horizontally and placed either inside the webbings of RSJs ( I-beam ) or in front of them. Alternatively panels can be cast into a concrete foundation and used as a cantilever retaining wall. Precast concrete building components and site amenities are used architecturally as fireplace mantels, cladding, trim products, accessories and curtain walls. Structural applications of precast concrete include foundations, beams, floors, walls and other structural components. It
Newmarket Viaduct - Misplaced Pages Continue
2144-461: The buoyant forces of water significantly better than most materials. Prestressing is a technique of introducing stresses into a structural member during fabrication and/or construction to improve its strength and performance. This technique is often employed in concrete beams, columns, spandrels, single and double tees, wall panels, segmental bridge units, bulb-tee girders, I-beam girders, and others. Many projects find that prestressed concrete provides
2211-413: The construction period. Further work also took place around the viaduct, including the construction of a volcanic-themed walkway from Gillies Avenue to Broadway (via Clovernook Road) and an upgraded footbridge over State Highway 1 at Mt Hobson Road. The new viaduct is composed of 468 separate bridge deck sections, produced in a precast facility in East Tāmaki . Over 150 people were employed directly by
2278-481: The construction, safety, and site protection of roads, airports, and railroad transportation systems. Products include: box culverts , 3-sided culverts, bridge systems, railroad crossings, railroad ties, sound walls /barriers, Jersey barriers , tunnel segments, concrete barriers, TVCBs, central reservation barriers, bollards, and other transportation products. Precast concrete can also be used to make underpasses, surface crossings, and pedestrian subways. Precast concrete
2345-408: The differential thermal expansion problem. The best thermal performance is achieved when the insulation is continuous throughout the wall section, i.e., the wythes are thermally separated completely to the ends of the panel. Using continuous insulation and modern composite connection systems, R-values up to R-28.2 can be achieved. The overall thickness of sandwich wall panels in commercial applications
2412-421: The distance in kilometres from the start of the highway. Until recently, all bridges on the network had at each end a small plaque showing the distance from the start of the highway, usually in the form of a number in kilometres, an oblique stroke, and a further number in kilometres, accurate to the nearest 10 metres. A plaque marked 237/14.12, for example, indicated that the bridge was 14.12 km (9 mi) past
2479-587: The experience gained at the Waiwera Viaduct in this new project. However, estimated costs in June 2008 had risen to NZ$ 187 million, and it was unclear whether the funds would be made accessible quickly enough to achieve the ambitious schedule of finishing the bridge in time for the 2011 World Cup. In October 2008, funding was confirmed, but the estimated price later increased to NZ$ 195 million, with rising prices for fuel, construction materials and labour cited as
2546-475: The first foundations for the up to 18m high piers of the southbound part of the new viaduct. A bracing structure under the section carrying over the railway line was established over Easter 2009, and a 140m long, 800 ton heavy launching gantry was erected above the Newmarket skyline, which moved into place new sections and stabilised parts to be demolished (with the demolition considered the most difficult part of
2613-528: The funding of the network was removed from the operational functions with the creation of Transfund New Zealand, which then merged with the Land Transport Safety Authority to create Land Transport New Zealand . That was done to ensure that funding of state highways was considered on a similar basis to funding for local roads and regional council subsidised public transport. In August 2008, Transit and Land Transport NZ merged to become
2680-433: The help of precast concrete lifting anchor systems . Precast concrete is employed in a wide range of engineered earth retaining systems. Products include commercial and residential retaining walls , sea walls , mechanically stabilized earth panels, and other modular block systems. Sanitary and stormwater management products are structures designed for underground installation that have been specifically engineered for
2747-474: The landowners. Land within the boundaries of highway districts became subject to a rate of not more than 1/- an acre, or of 3d in the £ of its estimated sale value and that was to be equalled by a grant from the Province. By 1913 the government was collecting £21,000 in duty on cars, but spending £40,000 on roads. The idea of a national network of highways did not emerge until the early twentieth century, when
Newmarket Viaduct - Misplaced Pages Continue
2814-407: The length and width desired, within practical limits dictated by the fabrication system, the stresses of lifting and handling, and shipping constraints. Panels of 9-foot clear height are common, but heights up to 12 feet can be found. The fabrication process for precast concrete sandwich wall panels allows them to be produced with finished surfaces on both sides. Such finishes can be very smooth, with
2881-644: The link, which pushes safer but very highly travelled sections of the network to the top of the statistical category. As of 2008, the three least safe sections of the network based on collective risk were all on State Highway 2, on the sections from Napier to Hastings , Mount Maunganui to Paengaroa and Bay View to Napier. Both categories of assessment are to be used as an advisory tool for both drivers to inform them of dangerous road sections as well as to allow traffic controlling authorities to prioritise maintenance and safety improvements. The 2015–18 National Land Transport Programme aimed to invest $ 3.2bn (23% of
2948-452: The lowest overall cost, considering production and lifetime maintenance. The precast concrete double-wall panel has been in use in Europe for decades. The original double-wall design consisted of two wythes of reinforced concrete separated by an interior void, held together with embedded steel trusses. With recent concerns about energy use, it is recognized that using steel trusses creates
3015-552: The material into moulds to build their complex network of aqueducts , culverts , and tunnels. Modern uses for pre-cast technology include a variety of architectural and structural applications – including individual parts, or even entire building systems. In the modern world, precast panelled buildings were pioneered in Liverpool , England , in 1905. The process was invented by city engineer John Alexander Brodie . The tram stables at Walton in Liverpool followed in 1906. The idea
3082-708: The network (excluding off-ramps and on-ramps) are on SH 43 north-east of Whangamōmona , with fewer than 120 vehicles (counting both directions) in a day. The only remaining unsealed sections of state highway are 12 km (7.5 mi) of SH 43 and 20 km (12 mi) of SH 38 , though 38% of other roads remain unsealed. Every year the New Zealand Transport Agency produces a booklet titled AADT Data , average annualised daily traffic, that gives traffic volumes on all state highways from their automated vehicle recording system. State highways are marked with posts at irregular intervals giving
3149-724: The network consists of SH 1 running the length of both islands, SH 2 to 5 and 10 to 59 in the North Island, and SH 6 to 8 and 60 to 99 in the South Island, numbered approximately north to south. State highways are marked by red shield-shaped signs with white numbering (shields for the former provincial highways were blue). Road maps usually number state highways in this fashion. Of the total state highway network, New Zealand currently has 363 km (226 mi) of motorways and expressways with grade-separated access and they carry ten percent of all New Zealand traffic. The majority of
3216-409: The north-east of the existing structure, then demolishing the existing three southbound lanes, before constructing the three new northbound lanes in the gap and finally demolishing the three old northbound lanes. It was originally considered whether to build a 'steel box' or a 'concrete box' structure, though both would look similar to the existing viaduct structure. It was eventually decided to construct
3283-606: The numerous products that utilize precast/prestressed concrete. While this is not a complete list, the majority of precast/prestressed products typically fall under one or Since precast concrete products can withstand the most extreme weather conditions and will hold up for many decades of constant usage they have wide applications in agriculture. These include bunker silos, cattle feed bunks, cattle grid , agricultural fencing, H-bunks, J-bunks, livestock slats, livestock watering trough, feed troughs, concrete panels, slurry channels, and more. Prestressed concrete panels are widely used in
3350-575: The panels to reduce on-site construction time. The carpenters, electricians and plumbers do need to make some slight adjustments when first becoming familiar with some of the unique aspects of the wall panels. However, they still perform most of their job duties in the manner to which they are accustomed. Precast concrete sandwich wall panels have been used on virtually every type of building, including schools, office buildings, apartment buildings, townhouses, condominiums, hotels, motels, dormitories, and single-family homes. Although typically considered part of
3417-702: The precast concrete products industry produces utility, underground, and other non-prestressed products, and is represented primarily by the National Precast Concrete Association (NPCA). In Australia , The New South Wales Government Railways made extensive use of precast concrete construction for its stations and similar buildings. Between 1917 and 1932, it erected 145 such buildings. Beyond cladding panels and structural elements, entire buildings can be assembled from precast concrete. Precast assembly enables fast completion of commercial shops and offices with minimal labor. For example,
SECTION 50
#17327803233483484-418: The project). The southbound addition was to be finished by the end of 2010, while the northbound section was expected to take at least until March 2012. During construction, sight screens reduced visual distractions of passing drivers, though the construction still required narrowing of the traffic lanes and reduction of the maximum speed on the viaduct to 70 km/h. A number of temporary support girders around
3551-585: The project. The work on demolishing the old viaduct sections while the new sections were constructed directly adjacent won the Civils Demolition Award in the 2012 World Demolition Awards. The replacement work was formally completed in March 2013. 36°52′26″S 174°46′38″E / 36.873767°S 174.777095°E / -36.873767; 174.777095 New Zealand state highway network The New Zealand state highway network
3618-401: The properties beneath, and the fact that the viaduct was a prohibited route for overweight vehicles, forcing more trucks through the city streets. Major repair of the structure was considered as an option. However, its structural elements did not lend themselves to easy strengthening, and even a reconditioned viaduct would only have provided an estimated life expectancy of 40–50 more years. With
3685-405: The purpose of further processing into non-contaminating liquids and soil products. Products include: aeration systems , distribution boxes, dosing tanks, dry wells , grease interceptors , leaching pits, sand-oil/oil-water interceptors, septic tanks , water/sewage storage tanks, wet wells, fire cisterns, and other water and wastewater products. Precast concrete transportation products are used in
3752-654: The reasons. While still ahead of schedule, only part of the viaduct replacement was completed in time for the Rugby World cup in 2011. The new viaduct features better noise protection for the surrounding communities, thanks to noise-absorbing asphalt, solid concrete crash barriers, and partial noise walls. Some further urban design improvements were also part of the project, such as a volcanic-themed walkway from Gillies Avenue down towards Newmarket (connecting to Clovernook Road). Construction began in earnest in April 2007, with
3819-559: The same system. In this way, travellers can accurately assess their location, and road authorities can identify each bridge uniquely. Sometimes, houses with RAPID numbering can also be used to determine the position. For example, house number 1530 is 15.3 km (10 mi) from the start of the highway. In early 2008, Transit New Zealand unveiled KiwiRAP (the New Zealand Road Assessment Programme) in cooperation with other government agencies and
3886-449: The south. Also, during design, temperature stresses were not yet understood to a sufficient degree, leading to cracking between the black bitumen coat and the light-coloured concrete beams below. This issue was rectified by the additional of additional pre-stressed cables and an additional light-coloured stone chip placed on top of the bitumen. The limited earthquake stability, together with increasing traffic demands (over 200,000 vehicles
3953-466: The state highway network is made up of single-carriageway roads with one lane each way and at-grade access. In the early days all roads were managed by local road boards. Initially they were set up by the Provinces. For example, Auckland Province passed a Highways Act in 1862 allowing their Superintendent to define given areas of settlement as Highways Districts, each with a board of trustees elected by
4020-495: The structure were also required to safely cater for the stresses put on the structure while parts of it were demolished and rebuilt. Construction involved building the new southbound viaduct first, then demolition of the old southbound viaduct, followed by the construction of the new northbound section in the resulting gap, before the old northbound section was finally demolished. This ensured that except for short interruptions, normal motorway capacity would remain available throughout
4087-446: The surfaces painted, stained, or left natural; for interior surfaces, the finish is comparable to drywall in smoothness and can be finished using the same prime and paint procedure as is common for conventional drywall construction. If desired, the concrete can be given an architectural finish, where the concrete itself is colored and/or textured. Colors and textures can provide the appearance of brick, stone, wood, or other patterns through
SECTION 60
#17327803233484154-795: The treatment and removal of pollutants from sanitary and stormwater run-off. These precast concrete products include stormwater detention vaults , catch basins , and manholes . For communications, electrical, gas or steam systems, precast concrete utility structures protect the vital connections and controls for utility distribution. Precast concrete is nontoxic and environmentally safe. Products include: hand holes, hollow-core products, light pole bases, meter boxes, panel vaults, pull boxes, telecommunications structures, transformer pads, transformer vaults, trenches, utility buildings, utility vaults , utility poles, controlled environment vaults (CEVs), and other utility structures. Precast water and wastewater products hold or contain water, oil or other liquids for
4221-504: The use of reusable formliners , or, in the most sophisticated applications, actual brick, stone, glass, or other materials can be cast into the concrete surface. Window and door openings are cast into the walls at the manufacturing plant as part of the fabrication process. In many applications, electrical and telecommunications conduit and boxes are cast directly into the panels in the specified locations. In some applications, utilities, plumbing and even heating components have been cast into
4288-483: The varying superelevation of the motorway, it is a complex structure even today, and at the time was a ground-breaking design for New Zealand. Constructed between 1962 and 1966, it was the largest pre-stressed concrete bridge in New Zealand at the time. An initial steel girder proposal was considered; however, a concrete structure was chosen, due to the costs of steel importation and maintenance. While considered
4355-439: Was expected to start in 2009/2010. Factors that influenced the quick decision process were the lack of any archeological evidence in the construction area, as well as the lack of substantial numbers of residential properties affected by the new structure. The new structure was to be constructed in a way to minimally affect the traffic flow on this crucial motorway link, by first constructing a new viaduct of four southbound lanes to
4422-492: Was fabricated in Minnesota. Reinforcing concrete with steel improves strength and durability. On its own, concrete has good compressive strength, but lacks tensile and shear strength and can be subject to cracking when bearing loads for long periods of time. Steel offers high tensile and shear strength to make up for what concrete lacks. Steel behaves similarly to concrete in changing environments, which means it will shrink and expand with concrete, helping avoid cracking. Rebar
4489-955: Was not taken up extensively in Britain. However, it was adopted all over the world, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Million Programme in Scandinavia. In the US, precast concrete has evolved as two sub-industries, each represented by a major association. The precast concrete structures industry, represented primarily by of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), focuses on prestressed concrete elements and on other precast concrete elements used in above-ground structures such as buildings, parking structures, and bridges, while
#347652