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103-515: LessCancer.org addresses social and health issues regarding prevention, including food and nutritional access, specific contaminants, pollution sources, and healthy lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and nutrition. The organization targets its messages to at-risk populations, such as children, low-income communities, and workers. Less Cancer's goal is to raise awareness of prevention and reduce incidence of diagnosed cancer in all people; they also support reduced use of chemicals in food production as

206-478: A federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . Furthermore, there were checks and balances within

309-490: A "remarkably resilient institution". Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and

412-895: A B+ and the American Civil Liberties Union gave him 13%, dropping to 0% in 2011. Some other pre-2009 rankings include 0% from Clean Air Flow Energy, 100% from National Right to Life , 0% from the Human Rights Campaign , 17% from the National Educational Association , 5% from the League of Conservation Voters , 92% from the United States Border Control and 10% by the Alliance for Retired Americans . Wolf has traveled extensively to places around

515-673: A Black Women United for Action conference at Mount Vernon , George Washington 's historic home. On February 28, 2014, along with the Democrat Jackie Speier , Wolf became the co-chair of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Caucus, a group created in response to the ongoing persecution of Ahmadis . On May 9, 2014, Wolf introduced the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Reauthorization Act of 2014 (H.R. 4653; 113th Congress) ,

618-527: A Democratic opponent in 1994 and 2000 , winning both with over 80% of the votes against third-party candidates. After 1982, his closest races were in the Democratic wave elections of 2006 and 2008 . On both occasions he defeated professor Judy Feder , by 57%–41% and 59%–39%, respectively. Those were the only occasions after 1982 that he received below 60 percent of the vote. In the 2012 election , as Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney carried

721-661: A bill that would amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to reauthorize the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) as an independent federal government advisory body through FY2019. Wolf has vocally criticized the human rights record of China . Around the time of the 1995 International Women's Conference in Beijing, Wolf called for the Most Favored Nation status of China to be revoked, repeating

824-579: A book on cancer prevention titled A World Without Cancer: The Making of a New World and the Real Promise of Prevention. In December 2012, the organization partnered with the Children's Hospital of Michigan Foundation to create the LessCancer.org Prevention Fund, which will support research and advocacy to stop diseases caused by environmental hazards, lifestyle choices, and diet. Concurrent with

927-622: A clause prohibiting NASA and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy from any joint scientific activity with China for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year. Wolf remarked, "We don't want to give them the opportunity to take advantage of our technology, and we have nothing to gain from dealing with them. And frankly, it boils down to a moral issue. ... Would you have a bilateral program with Stalin?" This prohibition resulted in Chinese journalists being denied access to

1030-657: A degree in political science and subsequently earned a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. He then joined the United States Army as a reservist and became a lawyer for the military. Wolf entered politics in 1968, at the age of 29, when he became a legislative assistant to Edward Biester , the Republican congressman from Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district . From 1971 to 1975, Wolf served as an assistant to Secretary of

1133-624: A letter supporting the "one man one woman" issue in the Manhattan Declaration . Wolf sponsored the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act , H.R. 2136 , in 1989 and supported the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act in 1996. A 2005 Washington Post article cited "opposition to the spread of gambling" as one of Wolf's "central causes". Wolf sought to revise

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1236-571: A means to reduce cancer. In addition to online media, Less Cancer communicates its cancer prevention message through live events, fundraisers, blogs, letters to the editor, outreach to lawmakers, round tables, and panel discussions with health-related constituencies, as well as through self-sponsored speaker series and congressional testimony. The organization encourages supporter education and activism regarding exposures to lawn and garden pesticides, and spraying at schools and other communities where children and others are at risk. LessCancer.org sponsors

1339-731: A panel discussion on cancer prevention in the Rayburn Building . The National Cancer Prevention Day speakers for 2015 included Dr. David Katz , Acting Assistant Secretary of U.S. Health & Human Services Anand Parekh, Rep. Israel, Rep. Dent , Rep. Debbie Dingell , Rep. Don Beyer , New Hampshire Representative (and Less Cancer representative) Thomas Sherman, MD , journalist Miles O'Brien , documentary filmmaker Jon Whelan, dermatologist Sandra Read, MD, and LessCancer Board Member Veronique Pittman. Bill Couzens has conducted outreach at The Highland School , speaking with students studying Social Justice about his experiences advocating for

1442-589: A political party does not mean that such members are unable to caucus with members of the political parties. Members can also switch parties at any time, although this is quite uncommon. Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in

1545-444: A powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as

1648-524: A revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). The ratified constitution created

1751-442: A speaker series, promoting speakers who address concerns related to the organization's mission, including a talk by Gary Hirshberg on the use of chemicals and genetically modified organisms in daily diet. The Next Generation Choices/LessCancer organization's active YouTube channels include "Less Cancer Minute" segments, which provide information on topics such as specific nutrients and the benefits of organic food. The reporter/host of

1854-634: A state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators. Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . Congress

1957-690: A supplemental appropriation bill, and in a breach with the Bush administration , announced the creation of the Iraq Study Group to reassess the U.S. strategy in Iraq . Wolf opposes abortion and subsidized birth control for federal employees. As congressman, Wolf also voted to deny funding to Planned Parenthood . He also opposes the funding for international family planning in developing countries. Wolf also previously asserted that marriage should only be between one man and one woman. As such, he signed

2060-766: Is an accepted version of this page Minority (49) Minority (212) Vacant (3) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States . It is bicameral , composed of a lower body, the United States House of Representatives , and an upper body, the United States Senate . It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in

2163-469: Is designed to help stop [the ongoing impact of cancer on American families] by providing a bipartisan forum to engage Members of Congress, their staff, the medical community, advocacy groups, academia and the public on lifestyle and environmental factors that can reduce cancer risk. The caucus will seek to increase education and awareness and advance policy solutions that improve public health and help prevent cancer before it starts." In late 2015, Bill Couzens

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2266-638: Is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created

2369-440: Is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from

2472-493: Is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change,

2575-433: Is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body   ... Congress

2678-659: Is provided for efforts that can make a true difference going forward." Less Cancer's mission was profiled in Seacoast Online on February 28, 2016. The report included interviews with NGCF Founder Bill Couzens and Board member New Hampshire State Representative Dr. Tom Sherman . Less Cancer was mentioned in a blog written by Congressman Tim Murphy (R-PA) for being one of several organizations "that work towards advocating for better personal and community health." Less Cancer and Bill Couzens were discussed by Congresswoman Debbie Dingell on her official website in connection with

2781-532: Is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 118th Congress , began on January 3, 2023, and will end on January 3, 2025. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on

2884-529: The tabloidization of media coverage. Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. One report suggested Congress posed

2987-435: The 1980 House election , when Ronald Reagan 's decisive victory in the presidential election brought with it a 34-seat swing in the House, Wolf's third run proved to be successful; he won the Republican primary with 75% of the vote and then defeated Fisher in a rematch, 51%–49%. In the 1982 midterms , Wolf won re-election with 53% of the vote. He would never face another contest anywhere near that close. Wolf did not face

3090-544: The Board of Education . Congress began reasserting its authority. Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. Reforms such as

3193-541: The Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico ,

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3296-650: The Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice since the 19th century, members of Congress are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. In the case of the latter, the lack of affiliation with

3399-469: The Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed

3502-609: The Conservative Coalition . Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited

3605-567: The Foxcroft School . On October 10, 2013, Michigan State Senator Bert Johnson recognized LessCancer for the organization's 2013 Port Huron to Mackinac Island Cycle Ride. LessCancer.org Board members Bill Couzens and Margaret I. Cuomo were interviewed by The Huffington Post on the subject of cancer prevention. Both Couzens and Cuomo write blogs on The Huffington Post that promote the organization and address issues related to cancer prevention. In addition to her blog, Cuomo also wrote

3708-523: The Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of

3811-408: The U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of

3914-449: The second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of

4017-484: The "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, with extremely low approval ratings which dropped to 5% in October 2013. In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for

4120-439: The 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. Carol Moseley Braun became

4223-790: The 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $ 12.5   million to $ 120   million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. From 1970 to 2009,

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4326-574: The American response as a "police action". According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War   II." Disagreement about

4429-1225: The Baháʼís . On February 13, Wolf offered a resolution on the subject of the Iranian trial, co-sponsored by seven others, in H. RES. 175 – "Condemning the Government of Iran for its state-sponsored persecution of its Baháʼí minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights"; the resolution was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. The situation in Iran gathered international attention, including defense of Iranian Nobel Laureate attorney Shirin Ebadi in June, after she received threats in April warning her against making speeches abroad, including her defending Iran's minority Baháʼí community. On September 30, 2010, Wolf spoke against human trafficking during

4532-756: The Bush administration, Wolf voted consistently with the President's positions. For example, Wolf voted in favor of military action in Iraq in 2002. He also voted to make the Patriot Act permanent, opposed requiring Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrants for wiretaps within the United States, and supported the president in restricting congressional oversight for CIA interrogations . However, in March 2006, Congress, at Wolf's suggestion by inserting an earmark into

4635-603: The Cancer Prevention Caucus and advocating legislative action to "promote and support legislation focusing on issues such as diet and exercise, protective vaccinations, education about the risks of tobacco and alcohol, and many others." The Huffington Post editorial was written "in recognition of National Cancer Prevention Day (Feb. 4), and in conjunction with lesscancer.org's event on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., that day." According to Congresswoman Dingell's website, "The Congressional Cancer Prevention Caucus

4738-696: The Cancer Prevention Caucus on February 1, 2017. Bill Couzens and his work with the Next Generation Choices Foundation were profiled in the February edition of Middleburg (VA), Life Magazine. Less Cancer was mentioned in a list of ten cancer-fighting charities "doing amazing work" in the field of cancer care. The group's June 2017 328-mile "Split the Mitt" bicycle ride through Michigan raised over $ 70,000 for cancer prevention initiatives. The race ran from Detroit to Traverse City, MI;

4841-462: The Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage

4944-720: The Elsie Hillman Speaker at the Next Generation Choices' 2016 National Cancer Prevention Day event. An article in the Ripon Advance quoted Dent as stating that there was bipartisan support in Congress for cancer prevention measures: "Last year's appropriations bill provided a $ 2 billion increase for the National Institutes of Health, and as we prepare for fiscal year 2017, I will once again work to ensure that this critical funding

5047-545: The Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing

5150-546: The House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. In

5253-510: The House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional Redistricting Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using

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5356-477: The House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. While historically presidents initiated

5459-491: The Interior Rogers Morton . During the 1976 presidential election year , Wolf's first campaign for Virginia's 10th congressional district ended with his loss in the Republican primary to Vince Callahan by 45%–42%. Two years later, amidst the 1978 midterm elections , he won the Republican nomination unopposed, but lost the general election to the incumbent Democrat , Joseph L. Fisher , 53%–47%. In

5562-625: The Jeffersonian Republican Party and began the era of the First Party System . In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving

5665-540: The Less Cancer Minute sequences, Holli Thompson, has written a book on nutrition. The Next Generation Choices Foundation produced the Healthy Town YouTube channel videos, which were shown on Capitol Hill. The group also produced Too Cool to Smoke, (a.k.a. MySchools2Cool2Smoke). On February 24, 2010, in his remarks to the House of Representatives, Congressman Frank Wolf of Virginia recognized

5768-700: The Next Generation Choices Foundation and founder Bill Couzens for their efforts to raise awareness about cancer prevention. Couzens has also spoken at a conference for the Collaborative on Health and the Environment, held at the University of Pittsburgh's Cancer Institute April 8, 2005; on Capitol Hill for National Cancer Prevention Day February 4, 2013;, at the University School of Medicine, and at schools about cancer prevention, including

5871-566: The Next Generation Choices Foundation founder was asked to join the True Health Initiative, a coalition of prominent medical professionals and nonprofit groups founded by David Katz to combat preventable diseases through lifestyle changes. Next Generation Choices Board member Margaret I. Cuomo is also a member of the True Health Council. On February 17, 2016, U.S. Representative Charlie Dent (R-PA) served as

5974-509: The Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race, Less Cancer also has sponsored a 300-mile fundraising bicycle ride in Michigan in July 2013 and July 2014. Journalist Miles O'Brien and Sanjay Gupta reported on and rode in the race in 2014. CNN covered the 2015 bike ride in connection with journalist Miles O'Brien's recovery from a partial arm amputation. The 2015 ride aimed to raise $ 50,000 to help the Foundation get out its message about environmental and lifestyle changes for preventing cancer. Elsie Hillman

6077-464: The Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States , as President of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members . Congress convenes for a two-year term , commencing every other January. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of

6180-572: The Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. Immigration and high birth rates swelled

6283-449: The U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. The Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution and first met in 1789, replacing

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6386-418: The White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against

6489-452: The Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. On January 6, 2021, the Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C police evacuated

6592-433: The Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in

6695-430: The area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and

6798-417: The budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among

6901-466: The campaign to establish Cancer Prevention Days in Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, and Michigan, as well as National Cancer Prevention Day. A resolution calling for National Cancer Prevention Day was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 by Rep. Steve Israel of New York. As part of this activity on February 4, 2014, Rep. Israel, Graham Colditz , MD, Margaret I. Cuomo, Rep. Charlie Dent of Pennsylvania, and Howard Koh spoke at

7004-525: The cause of preventing cancer. Seventeen students from Highland attended National Cancer Prevention Day on Capitol Hill in February 2015. In his capacity as a representative in the New Hampshire legislature, Next Generation Choices Chairman of the Board Tom Sherman co-sponsored a bill to ban teenagers from patronizing tanning salons. The bill was passed into law by Governor Maggie Hassan in early June 2015. On July 28, 2015, Congresswoman Debbie Dingell (MI-12) and Congressman Tim Murphy (PA-18) announced

7107-404: The conclusion of his 17th term in office, in January 2015. At the time of his retirement, he was the dean of the state's congressional delegation , having served for 34 consecutive years. Born and raised in Philadelphia , Wolf overcame an early speech impediment which caused him to stutter . Attending Pennsylvania State University , he was a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity, received

7210-473: The district by 1%, Wolf was re-elected by 20% . In September 2013, it was announced that Wolf was to be challenged in the 2014 election by Democrat Richard Bolger, a Fairfax attorney and small business owner. In December 2013, Wolf announced his intention to retire from politics, leaving office in January 2015 – just days before his 76th birthday. He was succeeded by his former aide, Republican State Delegate Barbara Comstock . Wolf's district

7313-404: The early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or

7416-487: The electorate. Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards

7519-425: The exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and

7622-595: The executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees (a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946). The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed

7725-526: The extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in

7828-503: The falsehood that human fetuses were considered a delicacy in China. He was one of the leading congressman trying to stop the grant of permanent MFN status to China in 1999. When Wolf and Congressman Chris Smith were in Beijing shortly before the 2008 Summer Olympics , the Chinese security service prevented them from participating in a dinner meeting with local human rights lawyers. In the 2011 United States federal budget , Wolf inserted

7931-564: The fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had

8034-412: The first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress

8137-510: The formation of the bipartisan Congressional Cancer Prevention Caucus. The caucus, which is the first of its kind, was formed in collaboration with Bill Couzens, founder of National Cancer Prevention Day and the non-profit organization Next Generation Choices Foundation, widely known as Less Cancer, to expand education and awareness about cancer prevention. On February 2, 2016, Dingell posted in op-ed in The Huffington Post promoting

8240-402: The internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and

8343-486: The lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until

8446-430: The late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as

8549-542: The launching of Space Shuttle Endeavour on the mission STS-134 , that was carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which was built in part by Chinese scientists. In June 2014, Wolf got House support for an amendment that would rename the street holding the Chinese embassy ; the amendment would change International Place to Liu Xiaobo Plaza, in honor of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo . During

8652-488: The law. Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Broad interpretations of this clause and of

8755-408: The legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. The House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate

8858-441: The legislature since there were two separate chambers. The new government became active in 1789. Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in

8961-472: The new 11th district. To make up for the loss of population, the 10th was pushed to the west and south to encompass parts of the congressional district held by U.S. Rep. George Allen , which was eliminated to create a black-majority district in accordance with the Voting Rights Act. Allen chose not to challenge Wolf, instead running for Governor of Virginia in 1993. The district kept approximately

9064-584: The other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has

9167-645: The process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described

9270-703: The ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until

9373-504: The reforms of the 1970s. Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to

9476-669: The regulation process for gambling on Native American reservations . In the 109th Congress , Wolf was chairman of Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs , and its ranking minority member in the 110th . He was co-chairman of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus with Jim McGovern , who replaced the late Tom Lantos . Wolf is a member of the Moderate Republican Main Street Partnership . United States Congress This

9579-644: The ride started with 17 cyclists, with additional riders joining along the route. The race ended at the National Cancer Survivor's Day Picnic. Advisory Board Members Frank Wolf (politician) Frank Rudolph Wolf (born January 30, 1939) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Virginia's 10th congressional district from 1981 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party , he announced in December 2013 that he would not run for reelection in 2014 . Wolf retired at

9682-464: The same complexion after the 2000 apportionment by a Republican Virginia General Assembly , but lost territory in the outlying areas of the district to allow for population growth in Fairfax and Loudoun. In 2013, the Fairfax portion of the district held about 40 percent of the population, Loudoun County held 30 percent, and the remainder of the district at 30 percent. During his final three terms, Wolf

9785-413: The several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. Generally, the Senate and

9888-736: The spirit of the Constitution. There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under

9991-401: The third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators; members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" and

10094-565: The world where people are suffering, including five times to the Sudan since 1989. He has advocated for relief of the Darfur genocide . He has also convened conferences in his district to address human rights issues around the world. After the trial of the leadership of the Baháʼí Faith of Iran was announced on February 11, 2009, Wolf voiced his deep concern over the "systematic persecution" of

10197-496: Was recognized by LessCancer with an "Annie" award, named for Founder Bill Couzens' sister who died from cancer. LessCancer gives out the award to recognize individuals for their efforts in support of cancer prevention awareness. LessCancer created an honorary Ronald B. Herberman Memorial Lecturer in honor of Herberman, who served as a board member. Graham Colditz served as the Herberman Lecturer in 2014; David L. Katz

10300-421: Was significantly redrawn several times during his 34 years in office. For his first six terms, he represented a compact Northern Virginia -based district covering Fairfax , Arlington , and Loudoun Counties. The 1990 redistricting by a Democratic Virginia General Assembly drew heavily Democratic Arlington County into the neighboring 8th District, while drawing the more Democratic portions of Fairfax County into

10403-535: Was the Lecturer in 2015. Couzens and LessCancer.org were profiled on LoveToKnow.com. Bill Couzens and Margaret Cuomo were interviewed by The Huffington Post regarding National Cancer Prevention Day on February 4, 2015. Cuomo was also interviewed by Hamptons Magazine and quoted by DigitalJournal.com in connection with the 2015 event. The Huffington Post presented a series of blogs on cancer prevention as part of National Cancer Prevention Day in 2015. Less Cancer led

10506-672: Was the only Republican representing a district based in the Washington suburbs on either side of the Potomac River . The neighboring 11th district was taken by Democrat Gerry Connolly in 2008, while the last Republican representing a district on the Maryland side, Connie Morella , had been defeated in 2002. In 2022 Wolf's grandson, Caleb Max, ran for his seat in the Republican Firehouse Primary for Virginia's then redistricted 10th Congressional District . Max

10609-684: Was unsuccessful receiving only 728 votes. Max was eliminated in round 8 of the ranked choice ballet counting which included 11 candidates total. Wolf has been especially prominent in three areas: transportation, human rights, and gambling. Before he retired, he was the co-chair of the US Congress Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission , formerly the Human Rights Caucus. In 2010, the NRA Political Victory Fund gave him

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