Misplaced Pages

#824175

34-539: (Redirected from Nextstep ) Next Step or Nextstep may refer to: NeXTSTEP , a UNIX-based computer operating system developed by NeXT in the 1980s and 1990s OpenStep , an open platform version of NeXTSTEP originated by Sun Microsystems and NeXT Rhapsody (operating system) , the Apple Macintosh NeXTSTEP/classic Mac OS hybrid predecessor to macOS Darwin (operating system) ,

68-405: A brand of Coca-Cola Co. NexStep, a polyurethane product from Interface, Inc. All pages with titles containing next steps All pages with titles containing next step All pages with titles containing nextstep Next (disambiguation) Step (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

102-500: A flow charts . This basic design can be enhanced by the simple addition of new links and new documents, located anywhere in the local area network, that foreshadowed Tim Berners-Lee's initial prototype that was written on NeXTSTEP in October–December 1990. In the 1990s, the pioneering PC games Doom , Doom II , Quake , and their respective level editors were developed by id Software on NeXT machines. Other games based on

136-404: A geography application for Microsoft Windows , or an Android application for education , or a Linux game . Sometimes a new and popular application arises that only runs on one platform , increasing the desirability of that platform. This is called a killer application or killer app , coined in the late 1980s. For example, VisiCalc was the first modern spreadsheet software for

170-429: A consistent manner across all applications. Additional kits were added to the product line. These include Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), which allow easy remote invocation , and Enterprise Objects Framework , an object-relational database system. The kits made the system particularly interesting to custom application programmers, and NeXTSTEP had a long history in the financial programming community. NeXTSTEP

204-684: A contentious debate in the computing community regarding web applications replacing native applications for many purposes, especially on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Web apps have indeed greatly increased in popularity for some uses, but the advantages of applications make them unlikely to disappear soon, if ever. Furthermore, the two can be complementary, and even integrated. Application software can also be seen as being either horizontal or vertical . Horizontal applications are more popular and widespread, because they are general purpose, for example word processors or databases. Vertical applications are niche products , designed for

238-467: A lifetime, or forever). Since the development and near-universal adoption of the web , an important distinction that has emerged, has been between web applications — written with HTML , JavaScript and other web-native technologies and typically requiring one to be online and running a web browser — and the more traditional native applications written in whatever languages are available for one's particular type of computer . There has been

272-747: A particular type of industry or business, or department within an organization. Integrated suites of software will try to handle every specific aspect possible of, for example, manufacturing or banking worker, accounting, or customer service. There are many types of application software: Applications can also be classified by computing platforms such as a desktop application for a particular operating system , delivery network such as in cloud computing and Web 2.0 applications, or delivery devices such as mobile apps for mobile devices . The operating system itself can be considered application software when performing simple calculating, measuring, rendering, and word processing tasks not used to control hardware via

306-501: A wide range of objects beyond file icons, system-wide piped services , real-time scrolling and window dragging, properties dialog boxes called "inspectors", and window modification notices (such as the saved status of a file). The system is among the first general-purpose user interfaces to handle publishing color standards, transparency, sophisticated sound and music processing (through a Motorola 56000 DSP ), advanced graphics primitives , internationalization, and modern typography , in

340-412: Is a computer program designed to help people perform an activity. Depending on the activity for which it was designed, an application can manipulate text, numbers, audio, graphics, and a combination of these elements. Some application packages focus on a single task, such as word processing; others called integrated software include several applications. User-written software tailors systems to meet

374-526: Is a free software implementation of the OpenStep standard. Delivered on 2 CDs: NeXTSTEP CISC and NeXTSTEP RISC . The Developer CD includes libraries for all architectures , so that programs can be cross-compiled on any architecture for all architectures. Allegedly dropped due to complaints of having to re-teach users but not for technical reasons (the new UI worked well in the beta). Versions up to 4.1 are general releases. OPENSTEP 4.2 pre-release 2

SECTION 10

#1732783117825

408-504: Is a bug-fix release published by Apple and supported for five years after its September 1997 release. Application software Applications may be bundled with the computer and its system software or published separately and may be coded as proprietary , open-source , or projects. When referring to applications for mobile devices such as phones, the term "app" is more commonly used. In information technology, an application ( app ), an application program , or application software

442-589: Is a combination of several parts: NeXTSTEP is a preeminent implementation of the last three items. The toolkits are the canonical development system for all of the software on the system. It introduced the idea of the Dock (carried through OpenStep and into macOS ) and the Shelf . NeXTSTEP originated or innovated a large number of other GUI concepts which became common in other operating systems: 3D chiseled widgets, large full-color icons , system-wide drag and drop of

476-579: Is a discontinued object-oriented , multitasking operating system based on the Mach kernel and the UNIX -derived BSD . It was developed by NeXT Computer , founded by Steve Jobs , in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary workstation computers such as the NeXTcube . It was later ported to several other computer architectures . Although relatively unsuccessful at

510-519: Is called "OPENSTEP for Mach" and its first release (4.0) superseded NeXTSTEP 3.3 on NeXT, Sun, and Intel IA-32 systems. Following an announcement on December 20, 1996, Apple Computer acquired NeXT on February 4, 1997, for $ 429 million. Based upon the " OPENSTEP for Mach" operating system, and developing the OpenStep API to become Cocoa , Apple created the basis of Mac OS X , and eventually of iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . GNUstep

544-459: Is not restricted to the "of or on application software" meaning. For example, concepts such as application programming interface (API), application server , application virtualization , application lifecycle management and portable application apply to all computer programs alike, not just application software. Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others only work on one and are thus called, for example,

578-526: Is occasionally the object of controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust trial was whether Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser was part of its Windows operating system or a separate piece of application software. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between

612-489: Is royalty-free and - openly or reservedly- can be run, distributed, modified, reversed, republished, or created in derivative works without any copyright attribution and therefore revocation . It can even be sold, but without transferring the public domain property to other single subjects. Public-domain SW can be released under a (un)licensing legal statement, which enforces those terms and conditions for an indefinite duration (for

646-631: The Doom engine such as Heretic and its sequel Hexen by Raven Software , and Strife by Rogue Entertainment were developed on NeXT hardware using id's tools. Altsys made the NeXTSTEP application Virtuoso, version 2 of which was ported to Mac OS and Windows to become Macromedia FreeHand version 4. The modern "Notebook" interface for Mathematica , and the advanced spreadsheet Lotus Improv , were developed using NeXTSTEP. The software that controlled MCI 's Friends and Family calling plan program

680-583: The Linux kernel and the operating systems built over this kernel . In some types of embedded systems , the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable from the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR , DVD player, or microwave oven . The above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app: see Application Portfolio Management . The word "application" used as an adjective

714-513: The Windows Store , the term was extended in popular use to include desktop applications. There are many different and alternative ways to classify application software. From the legal point of view, application software is mainly classified with a black-box approach , about the rights of its end-users or subscribers (with eventual intermediate and tiered subscription levels). Software applications are also classified with respect to

SECTION 20

#1732783117825

748-532: The Apple II and helped sell the then-new personal computers into offices. For Blackberry it was their email software. The shortened term "app" (coined in 1981 or earlier ) became popular, with the 2008 introduction of the iOS App Store , to refer to applications for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Later, with the 2010 introduction of the Mac App Store and the 2011 introduction of

782-968: The Internet" are mere passive windows, depriving the user of the possibility to contribute. During some sessions in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I try to find a catching name for the system. I was determined that the name should not yet again be taken from Greek mythology. Tim proposes "World-Wide Web". I like this very much, except that it is difficult to pronounce in French... Some features and keyboard shortcuts now common to web browsers originated in NeXTSTEP conventions. The basic layout options of HTML 1.0 and 2.0 are attributable to those features of NeXT's Text class. Lighthouse Design Ltd . developed Diagram! , a drawing tool, originally called BLT (for Box-and-Line Tool) in which objects (boxes) are connected together using "smart links" (lines) to construct diagrams such

816-470: The first app store were all invented on the NeXTSTEP platform. 1990 CERN: A Joint proposal for a hypertext system is presented to the management. Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube for evaluation, and gives it to Tim Berners-Lee . Tim's prototype implementation on NeXTSTEP is made in the space of a few months, thanks to the qualities of the NeXTSTEP software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing/authoring! Current Web browsers used in "surfing

850-524: The first web browser , and on which id Software developed the video games Doom and Quake . In 1996, Apple Computer acquired NeXT. Apple needed a successor to the classic Mac OS , and merged NeXTSTEP and OpenStep with the Macintosh user environment to create Mac OS X. All of Apple's subsequent platforms since iPhone OS 1 were then based on Mac OS X (later renamed macOS ). NeXTSTEP (also stylized as NeXTstep , NeXTStep , and NEXTSTEP )

884-672: The open source version of macOS GNUstep , an open source version of NeXTSTEP originated by the GNU Organization Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships (NextSTEP), a NASA program Next Step Tour , a 1999 tour by the British pop group Steps Nextstep (magazine) , an American magazine for high school students See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "nextstep"  or "next-step" on Misplaced Pages. The Next Step (disambiguation) NeXstep,

918-734: The programming language in which the source code is written or executed, and concerning their purpose and outputs. Application software is usually distinguished into two main classes: closed source vs open source software applications, and free or proprietary software applications. Proprietary software is placed under the exclusive copyright, and a software license grants limited usage rights. The open-closed principle states that software may be "open only for extension, but not for modification". Such applications can only get add-ons from third parties. Free and open-source software (FOSS) shall be run, distributed, sold, or extended for any purpose, and -being open- shall be modified or reversed in

952-409: The same way. FOSS software applications released under a free license may be perpetual and also royalty-free . Perhaps, the owner , the holder or third-party enforcer of any right ( copyright , trademark , patent , or ius in re aliena ) are entitled to add exceptions, limitations, time decays or expiring dates to the license terms of use. Public-domain software is a type of FOSS which

986-487: The time, it attracted interest from computer scientists and researchers. It hosted the original development of the Electronic AppWrapper, the first commercial electronic software distribution catalog to collectively manage encryption and provide digital rights for application software and digital media , a forerunner of the modern " app store " concept. It is the platform on which Tim Berners-Lee created

1020-455: The title Next Step . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Next_Step&oldid=1193285531 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages NeXTSTEP NeXTSTEP

1054-499: The underlying operating system from the application frameworks, producing OpenStep . OpenStep and its applications can run on multiple underlying operating systems, including OPENSTEP, Windows NT , and Solaris . In 1997, it was updated to 4.4BSD while assimilated into Apple's development of Rhapsody for x86 and PowerPC. NeXTSTEP's direct descendant is Apple's macOS , which then yielded iPhone OS 1 , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The first web browser , WorldWideWeb , and

Next Step - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-417: The user's specific needs. User-written software includes spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, audio, graphics, and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. The delineation between system software such as operating systems and application software is not exact, however, and

1122-590: Was built upon Mach and BSD, initially 4.3BSD-Tahoe . A preview release of NeXTSTEP (version 0.8) was shown with the launch of the NeXT Computer on October 12, 1988. The first full release, NeXTSTEP 1.0, shipped on September 18, 1989. It was updated to 4.3BSD-Reno in NeXTSTEP 3.0. The last version, 3.3, was released in early 1995, for the Motorola 68000 family based NeXT computers, Intel x86 , Sun SPARC , and HP PA-RISC -based systems. NeXT separated

1156-465: Was developed using NeXTSTEP. About the time of the release of NeXTSTEP 3.2, NeXT partnered with Sun Microsystems to develop OpenStep . It is the product of an effort to separate the underlying operating system from the higher-level object libraries to create a cross-platform object-oriented API standard derived from NeXTSTEP. OpenStep was released for Sun's Solaris , Windows NT , and NeXT's Mach kernel -based operating system. NeXT's implementation

#824175