Misplaced Pages

#1998

25-477: The trail approximates the route followed by a band of 750 Nez Perce warriors and civilians, including women, children, and elders, as they tried to resist U.S. Army efforts to confine them within federal reservation lands in Idaho. The Nez Perce were parties to the 1855 Treaty of Walla Walla with the U.S. Government , but in 1877 were being forced to give up more land than had originally been demanded, in violation of

50-504: A casino , one of the few Native American casinos in the United States that are "dry" (alcohol-free). The Yakama Nation is one of several tribal governments in the northwestern United States to offer free bus service on its reservation. The governance of the tribe is the responsibility of a 14-member tribal council, elected by a vote of the tribe's members. In 1963, most criminal and civil jurisdiction over tribal members

75-461: A surge of crime on the reservation, particularly in White Swan . The resolution sought to impose greater penalties on tribal members who commit crimes (including the loss of treaty rights to hunt and fish, as well as banishment from the tribe) and stated that non-members who committed crimes on the reservation could be excluded from the reservation. In June 2019, the tribal council said that

100-706: A territory of the US where they could continue their traditional lifestyle; finally, trying to escape to Canada. Beginning near Wallowa Lake in eastern Oregon, the Nez Perce headed east into Idaho. After the Battle of White Bird Canyon they crossed Lolo Pass into Montana and fought a major battle at what is now known as Big Hole National Battlefield . After that, the Nez Perce continued traveling south and east, back into Idaho and then into Wyoming entering Yellowstone National Park near West Yellowstone, Montana . The tribe left

125-708: Is a Native American reservation in Washington state of the federally recognized tribe known as the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation . The tribe is made up of Klikitat , Palus , Wallawalla , Wenatchi , Wishram , and Yakama peoples. The reservation is located on the east side of the Cascade Mountains in southern Washington state. The eastern portion of Mount Adams lies within this territory. According to

150-404: Is widely credited with leading the Nez Perce on this journey. He served as a camp supervisor and guardian, who was entrusted with handling the logistics of camp and travel, and taking care of the women and children. At the time of the surrender, Chief Joseph was the most prominent surviving leader among the group; he decided it was time to surrender. A few members of the tribe did reach Canada, but

175-554: The United States Census Bureau , the reservation covers 2,185.94 square miles (5,661.56 km²) and the population in 2000 was 31,799. It lies primarily in Yakima and the northern edge of Klickitat counties. The largest city on the reservation is Toppenish . About 80% of the reservation's land is held in trust by the federal government for the benefit of the tribe and tribal members . The remaining 20% of

200-601: The Eastern District of Washington issued an opinion letter stating that federal prosecutors would enforce existing federal liquor laws, but would not enforce a ban on the sale of alcohol on privately owned, non-Indian communities within the reservation. The reservation has struggled with substance abuse over a series of decades. Although the recreational use of marijuana is generally legal in Washington state under Initiative 502 (enacted by voters in 2012),

225-468: The Yakama Nation in 2009. The required blood quantum for tribal membership is 1 ⁄ 4 . The Yakama Nation suffers from high poverty and unemployment; a 2005 report indicated that 42.8% of Yakama Nation families lived in poverty. As of 2017, there was a wait list of 1,800 families for tribal housing, and high rates of homelessness . In 2016, an encampment at the reservation was set up by about 130 people evicted from tribal housing. Members of

250-458: The Yakama have sought to block the issuance of licenses for the legal marijuana cultivation and sales on their lands; in 2014, the tribe filed challenges to almost 1,300 pending applications for marijuana business licenses in the 10-county area on which the reservation is located. In February 2018, the Yakama tribal council Yakamas passed a resolution declared a public safety crisis in response to

275-589: The Yakima Tribal Council unanimously voted to change the spelling of the tribe's name from Yakima to Yakama , matching the spelling of the 1855 treaty. The pronunciation remained the same. The Yakama reservation was affected by the Cougar Creek fire, one of the 2015 Washington wildfires . About 80% of the Cougar Creek fire burned on reservation land. The Yakama responded by salvage logging . Roughly 10,000 people were enrolled members of

SECTION 10

#1732790141002

300-689: The authority to cede communal land and had not properly gained consensus from the full council or tribe. A dispute over the treaty conditions led to the Yakima War (1855–1858), which the Yakama and allied tribes waged against the United States. Following the Bannock War of 1878, the United States government forced the Northern Paiute people out of Nevada and onto the Yakama Reservation, although most had not been involved in

325-618: The constitutional relationship between the people living on the Nez Perce , Umatilla , and Yakama reservations; it was one of the earliest treaties obtained in the Pacific Northwest. Washington Territory 's first governor Isaac I. Stevens secured this treaty, allowing larger portions of the land to be given to the two largest and most powerful tribes: Yakama and Nez Perce; these reservations encompassed most of their traditional hunting grounds. The smaller tribes moved to

350-418: The entirety of the 1.2-million-acre reservation, including private land owned by the estimated 20,000 non-tribal members who lived on the reservation. Washington state, represented by its state attorney general , sued the tribe. The suit was dismissed on ripeness grounds, because the ban had not yet been enforced against non-tribal members or on privately owned land. In 2001, the acting U.S. Attorney for

375-549: The forest lands were managed by the federal government, but Yellowstone National Park was created 5 years before the Nez Perce journey. The trail also passes through privately owned property and it is best advised to obtain permission to enter these areas from local landowners. Little of the trail is actually a foot trail although much of the journey can be closely followed by roads. Attempts are underway to continue to preserve right of way to allow greater access for visitors. The Chief Joseph Trail Ride takes place annually and follows

400-642: The historic trail. Treaty of Walla Walla The Walla Walla Council (1855) was a meeting in the Pacific Northwest between the United States and sovereign tribal nations of the Cayuse , Nez Perce , Umatilla , Walla Walla , and Yakama . The council occurred on May 29 – June 11; the treaties signed at this council on June 9 were ratified by the U.S. Senate four years later in 1859 . These treaties codified

425-593: The park crossing Sylvan Pass and followed the Clarks Fork River back into Montana. From there the Nez Perce headed almost straight north for Canada and almost made it. The Nez Perce were near starvation and exhaustion after fighting their last battle north of the Bear Paw Mountains , less than 40 miles (64 km) from the Canada–US border, when they surrendered to U.S. authorities. Chief Joseph

450-465: The reservation's land is privately owned. Some 410,000 acres of the reservation are shrub-steppe rangeland ; as of 2014, about 15,000 wild horses roamed these lands—an unsustainable population, many times what the land can support. The reservation was created in 1855 by a treaty signed by Washington Territory Gov. Isaac Stevens and representatives of the Yakama tribe. Several Native leaders believed that those representatives did not have

475-495: The smaller of the three reservations. Stevens was able to acquire forty-five thousand square miles (120,000 km ) of land. The United States government later violated these treaties , first by failing to pay the agreed sum for the ceded land, and later by reducing the Nez Perce reservation by 90% and forcibly removing the Nez Perce from their lands affirmed by the 1855 treaty. Yakama Indian Reservation The Yakama Indian Reservation (spelled Yakima until 1994)

500-399: The treaty. Attempting to escape across the border to Canada, where the U.S. Army had no authority, they fought numerous engagements with the 7th Cavalry in the summer of 1877. Their maneuvers evolved as their objectives changed. First, they were fleeing some episodes of violence that erupted during their initial relocation to a smaller reservation; next, trying to evade the 7th Cavalry and reach

525-411: The tribe responded by building tiny houses , but the structures do not have plumbing and are not viewed as a permanent solution. The tribe undertakes forest management activities, including a lumber mill that supports several hundred jobs in the region. The tribe owns one of the largest commercial forests in the country, which makes up a sizable percent of the tribe's income. The tribe operates

SECTION 20

#1732790141002

550-446: The tribe, along with jurisdiction over the five civil areas of "compulsory school attendance, public assistance, domestic relations, juvenile delinquency and operations of motor vehicles on public roads and highways on the reservation." The Yakama Nation bans alcohol on tribal land, including its casino and convenience store, as well as on tribal powwows and other ceremonies. In 2000, the tribal council voted to extend its alcohol ban to

575-421: The vast majority were relocated to Kansas and Oklahoma for eight years before being allowed to relocate to the reservation in Idaho, nearer their ancestral home. The trail passes through numerous National Park Service managed areas, National Forests , and Bureau of Land Management Public Lands. While Oregon was already a state, the other three states the trail now passes through were still territories. None of

600-546: The war. The more than 500 Paiute in Washington were subjected to privation for more than a decade before being allowed to return to Nevada. They were forced to compete for the limited resources and housing on the reservation with peoples who had been established there for decades. The Paiute did not return to Nevada until the 1886 expansion of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation permitted them to reunite with their Western Shoshone brethren. In 1994,

625-481: Was transferred from the tribe to the Washington state government under Public Law 280 . (Misdemeanors and traffic infractions continued to be handled by the tribe.) From 1983 to April 1993, thirteen women were killed on the reservation , and two other women disappeared in the early 1990s; none of the cases were solved, fueling native distrust of the FBI . In 2016, full criminal jurisdiction over tribal members reverted to

#1998