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169-893: The Necaxa River rises along the boundary of Hidalgo and Puebla states, and flows eastwards through the Sierra Madre Oriental of Puebla and Veracruz . It joins the Apulco River in Espinal, Veracruz to form the Tecolutla River , which empties into the Gulf of Mexico . Together with four other rivers, the El Tejocotal, Los Reyes, Patla, and Tenango, the Necaxa produces a total of 172 million litres of water generating electrical power not only for Puebla, but for

338-515: A hat made with palm fronds. These communities are located in south in Amealco de Bonfil . Here, over 25,000 people live in 31 communities, such as San Ildefonso, Tultepec, Santiago Mexquititlán, Chitejé de la Cruz and San Miguel Tlaxcatltepec. In the arid parts of the center of the state, indigenous communities are found in the municipalities of Tolimán , Cadereyta, Colón and Ezequiel Montes , with about 21,500 Otomis in 56 different communities. In

507-481: A large livestock industry. The region is second in industry behind Querétaro, concentrating on paper products and food processing. Most industry is located in San Juan del Río. Agriculture and livestock have been traditionally important for the state, and while it only provides about four percent of the state’s GDP, down from eighteen percent in 1970, it employs a far larger percentage of the population, with it being

676-508: A local Otomi lord from Jilotepec named Conín , also known as Fernando de Tapia, to enter Otomi areas in what is now the city of Querétaro. There would be only one major battle as part of the conquest in 1531. The Spanish and their indigenous allies were battling the local Otomi and Chichimecas at a hill now known as Sangremal, which was then called Ynlotepeque, and considered sacred in pre-Hispanic times. Chronicles of this event, such as those written by Friar Isidro Félix de Espinoza, state that

845-497: A low crime rate and also noted by NGO Transparencia Mexicana as having the lowest levels of corruption among all of Mexico’s states. Of the three main sectors of the economy: agriculture, mining/industry and commerce/services, the percentage each employs and contributes to the GDP varies significantly from municipality to municipality, with agriculture making up a higher percentage of local employment and GDP in rural municipalities than in

1014-537: A national park and biosphere reserve due to its forests. Quakes are not uncommon in the state, so there are monitoring stations in Peñamiller, Extoraz, Peña Blanca and 10 in the Sierra Gorda, including Jalpan de Serra, Landa de Matamoros, Arroyo Seco, Pinal de Amoles and San Joaquín. More are planned for Tolimán and Cadereyta. In January 2011, about 70 small quakes caused some damage in the Peñamiller area, in

1183-656: A number of others, but only at altitudes between 1,600 and 2,800 m ASL. Juniper and cedar forests are found in Pinal de Amoles, Landa de Matamoros, San Joaquín and Cadereyta de Montes at altitudes of between 1,390 and 2,500 m, generally on low hills. Mesquite forests are scarce given that they tend to grow on land suitable for agriculture, but some can still be found in Pedro Escobedo, San Juan del Río, Cadereyta de Montes and other municipalities. The two types of grasslands are those with some trees and those with none. The latter

1352-727: A significant number of sulfur and hot water springs such as La Cantera in Tula , Mixquiahual and Vito in Atotonilco , Tephé in Ejido Tephé, Humedades y Dios Padra in Ixmiquilpan and Tolantongo and Textacapa in Cardonal . There are three main climates in the state. The lowlands are hot with temperatures rising as high as 44C in the summer in places such as the municipality of Pisaflores . Temperate regions can have hot days but often

1521-428: A small Jewish enclave which claims to be descended from Sephardi Jews which came to New Spain in the 16th century. Hidalgo is known for its mountainous terrain, though part of the state is on a coastal plain. With a population of 2.858 million and an area of roughly 20,813 square km, Hidalgo is one of Mexico's smaller states. The state contains a number of ecotourism, cultural and archeological attractions including

1690-601: A temperate climate with an average year round temperature of 15C. It is bordered by the Sierra de Tenango and the highlands of Apan. It is a large fertile valley with extensive agriculture. The very northern part of the Valley of Mexico is located within the state, which is separated from the area in which Mexico City is found by a series of low lying mountains. This part of the Valley extends from Tizayuca towards Pachuca . It

1859-569: A total of 1,541.4 ha. This river is adapted for navigation as the generating plant opens its floodgates to the full flow of the river to permit boats to pass against the current. The Necaxa is a Class III River. From Mexico City , take the Mexico-Tuxpan road and drive to Tulancingo . Then drive to Huauchinango with final destination to "El Salto" (the location of a CFE's hydroelectric plant). Hidalgo (state) Hidalgo ( Spanish pronunciation: [iˈðalɣo] ), officially

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2028-531: A vast region of jagged mountains, home of the Pame people and a scattering of Spanish colonists. When Junípero Serra and Francisco Palóu arrived at the village of Jalpan , they found the mission in disarray: The parishioners, numbering fewer than a thousand, were attending neither confession nor Mass . Junípero Serra tackled the practical side of mission administration; working with the college of San Fernando, he had cattle, goats, sheep, and farming tools brought to

2197-509: Is a common dish. Traditional food products include a candy made of guava fruit and sugar, jams, and sweets made from pulque , milk candies from Bernal, a hard bread called mezquitamal , which is made by the Otomis, and various types of mole sauces made in Amealco. In the Sierra Gorda area, gorditas can be prepared with sugar, cheese, and piloncillo . The zacahuil , a large type of tamale ,

2366-449: Is a growing and promising enterprise for the areas. Industry is also very limited. The Querétaro región includes the capital and the municipalities of Corregidora and El Marqués . This area has the second most productive farms in the state, much of which is irrigated. Crops include sorghum , wheat, barley , alfalfa , oats with some vegetables, corn and beans. This area is also an important producer of all kinds of livestock. Industry

2535-400: Is a traditional economic activity for the state. There are ten mining districts in the Sierra Gorda alone producing lead, silver, zinc , copper, gold, mercury and antimony . Nonmetallic products include marble, kaolin , sandstone , and more. Opals are a distinctive state resource. State and local governments, in partnership with private industry, actively promote foreign investment into

2704-496: Is also located in the Sierra Madre Oriental system and is characterized by small plains surrounded by stony peaks. There are five major canyons located here, which take their names from the rivers that form them, from south to north: Amajac , Meztitlan , Amolon, Mezquititlán and Tolantongo . Although lower than the temperate Sierra Alta, the Sierra Baja still has a temperate climate due to strong, moist winds which flow from

2873-444: Is also some forestry activity. Industry is not common, but some technically advanced factories exist. There are also maquiladoras , textile and recycling operations which primarily employ women. The Jalpan de Serra region includes this municipality and Arroyo Seco , Pinal de Amoles , Landa de Matamoros and San Joaquín . Agriculture is limited, mostly producing fruits such as citrus, mangos, coffee, peaches and apples. Fish farming

3042-538: Is between those who live in the mountains and those who live in the valleys. Those in the mountains are closer culturally to those living on the Gulf Coast, with the latter having more in common with cultures found in the west of Mexico and the central highlands . There are indigenous communities in seven of the 18 municipalities of the state, mostly Otomi and Pame . These communities are divided into three regions: South, Arid Center and Sierra Madre Oriental, with

3211-437: Is called hñahñu , which literally means to speak with nasal sounds. However, most Otomi speakers are bilingual. Their name for themselves varies in the different areas of central Mexico where they live, but in southern part of Querétaro, they call themselves the Ñano. Otomi communities in the state have their own authorities, in addition to Mexican ones, in both the civil and religious arenas, who are elected annually. Most profess

3380-407: Is called the "Danza de Xantolo", in which masked figures in robes dance in candlelight. In other communities, youths in costume will dance from house to house, to be invited in to eat dishes prepared for the occasion. Another tradition is to have bands play at the cemeteries on November 2, where tombs are cleaned and decorated with flowers, garlands and more. The Mezquital Valley has best preserved

3549-490: Is directly connected by highway to Mexico City, the country’s largest market, as well as the north of the country and the United States. This makes the city an almost obligatory stop for most people and goods traveling north and south. This geographical advantage has spurred industrial development in the state, especially since the 1970s. Another advantage the state has is its stable social and political situation. It has

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3718-889: Is extensive mining, both of precious metals as well as lead and building stone, such as sandstone and marble. Over 38 million kilograms of silver and 200 tons of fine gold have been extracted since the Spanish colonial era began in the 16th century. That nearly equals the weight of the stone used to build the Tembleque Aqueduct. In additions to mines, the area is home to extensive forests of oyamel fir , pines. and oaks. Many of its peaks are rocky and barren such as Zumate in Omitlán , Peñas Cargadas in Real del Monte and Peña del Conejo in San Jerónimo. The Valley of Tulancingo has

3887-400: Is filled with chicken, turkey or pork with dried chili pepper. A number of insects are used, especially in indigenous dishes such as tantárreas (ants from a type of mesquite tree) and escamoles , often cooked with cactus flowers. One native beverage, called mejengue , is made with piloncillo (a type of sugar derived from the cane plant), banana, pulque and corn. The official name of

4056-411: Is in the municipalities of Landa de Matamoros and Amealco de Bonfil . 20.7% is used for grazing. 24.22% is forest; 3.95% is rainforest and 40.62 is arid scrub brush. Mining, manufacturing and construction accounts for about 39% of the GDP, with manufacturing alone accounting for 32%. This has remained steady for the past few decades. Minerals are one of the state’s two main natural resources. Mining

4225-487: Is increasingly polluted and is causing damage to these northern zones. The state is negotiating federal and other help to treat and recycle this water so that it does not do further damage to state agriculture and environment. At least 93 people, including eight children, were killed, and 46 were injured when a clandestine gasoline pipe exploded in Tlahuelilpan on January 19, 2019. Several indigenous groups within

4394-496: Is limited to the industrial parks located just north of the capital, but they employ most of the industrial workers of the state. The San Juan del Río region includes this municipality and Ezequiel Montes , Pedro Escobedo and Tequisquiapan . This is the most agriculturally production region of the state, with most farmland irrigated. There is intensive farming of sorghum, wheat, barley, alfalfa, and oats, with some vegetables, corn and beans. Large areas of natural pasture supports

4563-711: Is located in the north of the state and is part of the Sierra Madre Oriental, specifically in a subprovince called the Huasteco Karst . It is found in the municipalities of Arroyo Seco , Jalpan de Serra, Landa de Matamoros, Pinal de Amoles and San Joaquín and covers an area of 3,789km2 or 32.2% of the state. The topography is rugged, with high elevations and steep valleys. It is a conjunction of mountains and hills formed mostly by limestone, with wide contrasts in climates and vegetation. They range from near desert conditions to forests of pine and holm oak to

4732-532: Is located in what is called the “Urban Industrial Corridor of the South," where most of the state's economic activity is located. Outside of this corridor, the economy remains based on subsistence farming and has high levels of poverty, with the per capita income only 61.5% of the national average. Industry accounts for more than 25% of the state's gross domestic product. Quer%C3%A9taro Querétaro ( Spanish pronunciation: [keˈɾetaɾo] ), officially

4901-456: Is much more common and found in various parts of the south of the state. Grasslands dotted with trees are found only in the municipality of Querétaro. The other five ecosystems are dominated by various types of arid scrub brush, ranging from those dominated by thorns, without thorns and intermixed with various types of cactus. The Cerro del Cimatario , on the borders of the municipalities of Corregidora, Querétaro and El Marqués, has been declared

5070-628: Is part of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain system, and in the temperate climate zone of the state. Some of Hidalgo's main peaks are located here, including Cerro del Aguila, Cerro del Santo Roa, and Cerrro de Agua Fria. There is also Cerro la Aguja de Calnali, a volcanic cinder cone . Many of Hidalgo's caves are located here, such as Texcatete in Zacualtipan ; Texcapa in Tepehuacán ; and Tecamachal and Villacastla in Molango . The Sierra Baja

5239-620: Is played in groups of four with a huapanguera , a vihuela and two violins. Lyrics tend to be poetic and sung from memory or improvised. Some are religious in nature. Another indigenous form of music, called comesolos , played with a flute and drum has almost completely died out. In the mountain village of San Joaquín in April is the Concurso Nacional de Huapango Huasteco (National Huasteca Huapango Contest) . This event attracts thousands of visitors and participants each year, as it

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5408-507: Is seasonal, meaning it is worked only during the rainy season. Grains such as barley, wheat, oats and alfalfa are almost exclusively planted on irrigated land along with certain vegetables such as broccoli , garlic, carrots, lettuce, onions and cauliflower . Most nonirrigated land is planted with corn, followed by beans mostly for auto or local consumption. Leading cash crops are beans, cabbage , alfalfa , onions, lettuce and sorghum. Within agriculture, production of crops has decreased while

5577-410: Is separated from the Valley of Mezquital by the Sierra de Tezontlalpan and from the rest of the Valley of Mexico by the low lying Sierra de los Pitos. The climate here is temperate and semi arid with occasional freezes. Except for the forests on the mountain tops, the flora and fauna are those found in more arid regions such as maguey, yucca , rabbits, armadillos and mesquite trees. Since many of

5746-681: Is still made and can be sampled. The area also contains many of the state's former colonial monasteries as well as civic constructions such as the Padre Tembleque Aqueduct . The Sierra and Huasteca Corridor covers this mountain range which is home to the Huastec people . The area includes ecotourism activities, camping and fishing in an area filled with dense vegetations and heated water sources. Municipalities featured here include Huejutla de Reyes , Zacualtipán and Molango where many indigenous people live. The cuisine of

5915-827: Is still smothered in the alcoholic beverage pulque and wrapped in maguey leaves for flavor. This preparation of barbacoa is considered to be the state dish. The state secretary of tourism has divided the state's attraction into "corridors" with similar themes. The Corridor de la Montaña (Mountain Corridor) is devoted to ecotourism and includes a number of different climates and ecosystems. These areas favor activities such as camping, extreme sports and well as family activities. They include places such as old mining haciendas, archeological sites and state parks. Municipalities which are promoted under this category include Mineral del Monte , Huasca de Ocampo and Mineral del Chico . The Corridor de los Balnearios (Water Park Corridor) list most of

6084-400: Is the mining district in the mountains around Pachuca and Real del Monte . Cerro de las Navajas is located here, a mountain made primarily of obsidian . The mining district and mountains extend from Pachuca north towards the municipality of Huasca, then east towards Actopan. From Pachuca it also extends a short ways south to Mineral de la Reforma and Comarca . In most of this region there

6253-516: Is the most important Huapango contests in the country. Most traditional festivals are tied to the Catholic religion, with some of the most important being La Candelaria (Candlemas), Holy Week and Day of the Dead. Locally important are the myriad of festivals to patron saints of towns, villages and municipalities. In addition, ta number of civic and economic festivals and fairs include celebrations of

6422-449: The Free and Sovereign State of Hidalgo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo ), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City , constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico . It is divided into 84 municipalities and its capital city is Pachuca de Soto . It is located in east-central Mexico and is bordered by San Luis Potosí and Veracruz on the north, Puebla on

6591-405: The Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro ; Otomi : Hyodi Ndämxei ), is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico . It is divided into 18 municipalities . Its capital city is Santiago de Querétaro . It is located in north-central Mexico, in a region known as Bajío . It is bordered by the states of San Luis Potosí to the north, Guanajuato to

6760-878: The Lerma River . The state contains two river basins: the Lerma/Santiago and the Pánuco . The first is represented by the Lerma and La Laja Rivers and the second is represented by the Tamuín and Moctezuma Rivers . Other important rivers include the Santa María and the San Juan. These rivers contain 16 dams, including the Santa Catarina, El Batán, Constitution de 1917 and the San Ildefonso. Most of

6929-566: The Mexican Revolution , local armed groups, such as the one led by Francisco P. Mariel in Huejutla, faced off against government troops. Forces led by Nicolas Flores took Jacala and threatened Zimapan and Ixmiquilpan in 1911. Later that same year Gabriel Hernández took Tulancingo and Pachuca, forcing the then-governor out of power. After Porfirio Díaz fled the country, several factions vied for power here. The government of

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7098-585: The Mexican War of Independence . The indigenous peoples of the state, such as the Otomi , retain much of their traditional culture . In addition to Mexicans of Spanish descent , there are also notable immigrant cultures: those of the descendants of Cornish miners from Cornwall (located in South West England ) who arrived in the 19th century, a few self-proclaimed Italian descendants, and

7267-501: The Mezquital Valley area. However, no major battles of the Mexican War of Independence were fought in the state. Instead, a number of smaller operations against local Spaniards were conducted. When the war ended in 1821, the country was divided into a number of states. The modern state of Hidalgo was initially part of the very large territory called “Mexico” (which extended in all directions from Mexico City), which eventually

7436-564: The Purépecha Empire and Aztec Empire having influence in the extreme south, but neither really dominating it. The area, especially the Sierra Gorda, had a number of small city-states, but by the time the Spanish arrived, the area was independent from imperial powers. Small agricultural villages and seminomadic peoples lived in the area. Spanish conquest was focused on the establishment of Santiago de Querétaro, which still dominates

7605-522: The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources federal agency. El Semidesierto Queretano (Querétaro Semidesert) is a wide strip that crosses the state from east to west, which is dry due to the blocking of moist air from the Gulf by the Sierra Madre Oriental . The area is found in the municipalities of Cadereyta de Montes , Colón , Peñamiller and Tolimán , with an area of 3,415.6km2 or 29% of

7774-710: The Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests habitat, with Mexican pine ( Pinus pseudostrobus ) in the higher mountains. Wildlife includes 31 species of reptiles , thirteen species of duck, six of doves, and three of falcons , as well as mammals such as skunks, spider monkeys , wild boar , anteaters , and gray foxes. A small habitat in the state is the Huasteca highland rainforest . It has plants blooming nearly year-round. Forests include tree species such as: “Tlacuilo,” Oaks ( Quercus species) , Copaifera , “Zuchiate,” Mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ) , and Mexican white cedar ( Cupressus lusitanica ) . The area has one of

7943-550: The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo in 1961, with the purpose of turning out engineers and other professionals to provide the impetus for the development of industry. These efforts soon paid dividends and construction growth, especially of suburban subdivisions for workers in newly built factories. The growth of the Greater Mexico City area reached the southern border of Hidalgo state in

8112-416: The city of Querétaro , but diminish significantly in the rural areas. One important factor in the population growth has been migration into the state from other parts of Mexico due to the state’s industry, low crime rate and other factors. One recent phenomenon has been the influx of families from northern border states migrating south to escape drug-related violence. An estimated 49 new families move into

8281-637: The 12th century, initially establishing themselves in Mixquiahuala , then founding Tizayuca later. Eventually, the Aztecs took over most of what is now the southern portion of the state, incorporating it into the Aztec Empire . After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , the conquistadors carved out territories for themselves from Aztec lands. Hernán Cortés took possession of lands to

8450-490: The 12th century. Much of this migration moved south from the Querétaro area into the Valley of Mexico . Those who remained by the end of the 12th century were mostly in hunter-gatherer communities and small agricultural settlements. The region’s agriculture and minerals continued to attract the interest of more powerful neighbors. In the 15th century, both the Aztec Empire and Purépecha Empire had strong influence parts of

8619-410: The 17th century. Santiago de Querétaro was declared a city in 1655. The coat of arms granted to the capital city that year is now the state coat of arms, with the substitution of an eagle on a cactus to replace the section referring to the Spanish royalty. Over the colonial period, the Querétaro area became important strategically and economically as it connected the newly explored and conquered lands to

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8788-506: The 1920s with the reconstruction of telephone lines and the construction of highways within the state. In the 1930s, a number of companies such as Cruz Azul Cement were expropriated and popular credit schemes such as the Banco de Credito Ejidal were created. Over 130 schools in rural areas were also built. Construction and modernization of infrastructure would continue through the rest of the 20th century. This wave of mining activity declined in

8957-602: The 19th century with the oldest notable writers being Ignacio Rodríguez Galván and José María Rodríguez y Cos . Rodríguez Galván was born in 1816 in Tizayuca and is considered to be the first Mexican Romance writer. He wrote poetry and plays as well as founding a newspaper called Año Nuevo. Rodríguez y Cos was born in 1823 in Tulancingo and represents Positivism in Mexico, writing poetry and plays. The most important poet from

9126-454: The 2020 Census, 1.58% of Hidalgo's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. Population of the state historically has risen and fallen based on the state of the economy especially, the health of the mining sector. When mining activity fell in the mid-20th century, the population fell as well. The population began to recover in the 1980s. From then until 2000, the population grew from 1,547,493 to 2,235,591, leaving

9295-486: The 2020 Census, 1.83% of Querétaro's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. Western painting developed in the state during the colonial period, when artists such as Pedro de Rojas López, Tomás Noriega and Diego Sanabria produced primarily religious art. More diverse production came into being in the 19th century forward; José Mariano Perrusquia y Rubio, Mariano Montenegro and Germán Patiño Díaz produced paintings and even photography. Patiño Díaz

9464-412: The 20th century is Efrén Rebolledo from Actopán, who lived from 1877 to 1929. Other important writers from this century include Xavier Sorondo , Margarita Michelena , Gabriel Vargas , Ricardo Garibay , Gonzalo Martré and Miguel Ángel Granados Chapa Notable painters appear in the 20th century including Byron Galvez , Yadira Gutiérrez and José Hernández Delgadillo . The best known musician from

9633-543: The 4 elements Corridor) is named for its major location of Tulancingo and the sports that are promoted here. Sporting activities are classed under the elements of air, water, fire and earth and include hot air ballooning , fishing, boating, rustic ironwork produced in Apulco and hiking in the natural landscapes. The area extends from the municipality of Tulancingo to the municipality of Huehuetla . (4 elementos) The Corridor de las Haciendas (Haciendas Corridor) contains most of

9802-518: The Catholic faith, but it is influenced by indigenous beliefs. The trading of goods is still an important part of the economy of many Otomi communities, and they are known for their abilities with herbal medicines. A number who live in rural areas can still be seen in traditional dress. For women, this includes a hand-embroidered blouse and skirt, a garment called a quexquemetl and huaraches . For men, this includes shirts and pants of undyed or white cotton, tied with an embroidered belt, huaraches and

9971-516: The El Macizo and El Zamoarano mountain chains. This area occupies the municipalities of Ezequiel Montes , El Marqués, Pedro Escobedo and San Juan del Río with an extension of 2,480.2kmw or 21.1% of the state. El Bajío Queretano is in the western part of the state, which is a low elevation area that extends into neighboring Guanajuato . This area covers 1,005.7km2 or 8.5% of the state, and contains low hills and small mountain chains that are part of

10140-673: The Huasteca area, the ruins of Tula , natural hot water springs, old haciendas and mountain ranges. Prehistoric artifacts have been found in the Hidalgo regions of Tepeapulco , Tulancingo , Actopan and Huichapan . Their antiquity ranges from 14,000 to 2,500 B.C.E. The oldest evidence of Hidalguense occupation has been found in Huapalcalco in the municipality of Tulancingo The first settlers of these territories were Olmec groups, who exploited deposits of jade and serpentine . Exploitation of obsidian cobbled relief, as in

10309-730: The Jewish faith. Many of these claim ancestry from Sephardi Jews who came to New Spain in the 16th century to escape the Inquisition in Spain. When it reached New Spain , these people moved to the rural hills to continue their practice clandestinely. These are mostly concentrated in the community of Venta Prieta . While their claims have not been proven, there are indications that they are true. Most practitioners in Venta Prieta are Conservative . Hidalgo's literary history extends back to

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10478-687: The Otomis dominating in the first two and the Pames in the last. The most important indigenous group in the state is the Otomi. These people have inhabited central Mexico for over 5,000 years and were part of cities and empires such as Cuicuilco , Teotihuacan and Tula . Their language is part of the Oto-Manguean family , which includes Pame, Mazahua , Matlatzinca and the Chichimeca-Jonaz languages. They have maintained their language, which

10647-555: The Purépecha Empire, the Spanish gained some control over the southern portion of the state. However, the area was still very independent, filled with peoples who lived in small isolated villages or nomadically. There were no major cities, nor large societies there or north. The conquest and colonization of Querétaro began with the Spanish settlements at San Juan del Río, Querétaro and Huimilpan between 1529 and 1531. Conquistador Hernán Pérez de Bocanegra joined forces with

10816-506: The Querétaro metropolitan area. However, overall, the state has one of the country’s strongest economies. Government authorities report an increase of 4,602 jobs in the state for January 2011, accounting for a quarter of the gain for the country. Some related to Bombardier. The municipalities of the state are grouped into five economic regions centered on Amealco de Bonfil , Cadereyta de Montes, Jalpan de Serra , Querétaro and San Juan del Río. The Amealco region includes this municipality and

10985-646: The Sierra Gorda mission. Francisco Palóu supervised the farm labor of men of the mission, while the women learned spinning, sewing and knitting. Their products were collected and rationed to the mission residents, according to personal needs. Christian Pames sold their surplus products in nearby trading centers, under the friars' supervision to protect them from cheaters. Pames who adapted successfully to mission life received their own parcels of land to raise corn, beans and pumpkins, and sometimes received oxen and seeds as well. Today, those mission buildings are considered World Heritage Site. A district called an "alcaldía mayor"

11154-402: The Sierra Madre Oriental, about 3,775 people, mostly Pame with an important group of Huastecas are found in three communities in the municipalities of Jalpan de Serra and Arroyo Seco. However, of all the people in these indigenous communities, only a total of 23,363 spoke an indigenous language, primarily Otomi, as of 2005. Most (94.8%) of these were also speakers of Spanish. According to

11323-725: The Spanish would not subdue and evangelize the last of the resistant peoples, the Chichimec Jonaz until the end of the 18th century. Most of the north of the state consists of an area known as the Sierra Gorda , which is an area of very rugged terrain, with widely varying climates. From the 16th to 19th centuries The Spanish would slowly dominate the lands around it, south in Querétaro, west in Guanajuato and east in Hidalgo , with only military and missionary incursions into

11492-573: The Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt. La Sierra Queretana (Querétaro Sierra Mountains) is in the extreme south of the state, and also part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is mostly found in the municipalities of Amealco de Bonfil and Huimilpan , covering an area of 1,078.3 km or 9.2% of the state. The area has high peaks and plains that narrow into valleys and canyons. Some of the flat areas border

11661-519: The United States Mining Smelting and Refining Company. Pulque haciendas , primarily selling to nearby Mexico City , were prosperous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The prosperity of the state was best seen in the capital of Pachuca with the construction of many civic structures, but many rural areas were still quite impoverished. This situation would make the state favor the oncoming Mexican Revolution . During

11830-680: The Valley of Tulancingo and extends down to the Huasteca region of the states of Puebla and Veracruz . The range is also known as the Sierra de Huayacocotla, with low lying mountains of a humid, cloudy temperate climate with frequent rain in the summer. Two of Hidalgo's main dams, the Tejocotal and the Omitemetl, are located on the rivers here, and are part of the Necaxa Hydroelectrical System. La Comarca Minera

11999-415: The area because of its agriculture, but did not dominate it. After the fall of this city, the Querétaro area had its highest rate of development of both agriculture and social structure. The area was inhabited early on by a number of ethnicities, including the Otomi , Toltecs , Chichimecas , Purépechas and Mexicas . In the 10th century, the area experience population shifts which did not stabilize until

12168-528: The area had not been fully subjugated by the 18th century, especially in the Sierra Gorda and Sierra Baja areas. These groups and others manage a significant amount of success in maintaining cultural, political and economic autonomy through the colonial period. Much of the state still maintains a number of strong indigenous identities. Many in Hidalgo, especially the indigenous, supported Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 's cause, providing leaders such as José María Correa and José Antonio Magos, both of whom were active in

12337-623: The area is also emphasized. The Tolteca Corridor centers on the archeological site of Tula , which was the home of one of the principal pre-Hispanic civilizations of Mexico. Many of the oldest monasteries of the state, founded in the 16th century, are located here. Hacienda Demiñho , which was once one of the most important and largest haciendas in the state, is located in this area. Featured municipalities include Tula de Allende , Atotonilco de Tula , Tepeji del Rio , Mixquiahuala , Tlahuelilpan , Tlaxcoapan and Tezontepec . Main article: Geografía del Estado de Hidalgo . The terrain of

12506-531: The area's interior. This was due to the fierce resistance of the local native peoples. Unlike the Pames on the south, the Chichimeca Jonaz were mostly hunter gatherers, not city dwellers, and they were not used to a hierarchical governing system. Attempts to militarily pacify and evangelize the area had little success, with a number of missions never completed or destroyed shortly after they were built. In

12675-664: The areas of Mexico with the highest levels of malnutrition. The valley averages 2000 meters above sea level and has a temperate climate with freezes being rare. Principal rivers include the Tula , Amajac and the Metztitlan. Other rivers in the state flow into these three, such as the Rosas, Cuautitlan, Guadalupe and Salado, which flow into the Tula River . One exception to this is the San Juan River, which forms part of

12844-425: The arid areas of the center of the state. Two types are generally played: Huasteco and Arribeño. Huasteco is played in trios with two guitars called huapanguera and the smaller jarana huasteca and a violin. The songs consist of stanzas of four to six verses sung in falsetto, often with improvisation. The Arribeño is most common in the mountains areas bordering the states of San Luis Potosí and Guanajuato . It

13013-413: The basis of the economy in many rural areas. 28.24% of state land is used for agriculture, mostly raising corn, wheat, alfalfa , sorghum and squash . There is also intensive farming in areas of a number of important crops. Much of the large scale farming is irrigated and is supported in part by the state government, with loans and help with infrastructure such as water and roads. However, most farmland

13182-602: The beginning of the Porfiriato in 1879. Despite the turmoil, there was still economic progress in the state, with the establishment of textile mills such as Hércules, Casa Rubio and two other factories in San Antonio and La Purísima. There was also some mining, especially in El Doctor, Río Blando, Maconí and Escanelilla with a total of 216 mines producing silver with some producing gold, copper, lead and more. Before

13351-401: The blue salamanders". Nevertheless, other scholars suggest that it can mean "place of the reptiles" or "place of the giant rocks". The city received the title of Noble y Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Querétaro in 1656, but after Independence, it was changed to simply Querétaro. It was returned to Santiago de Querétaro in 1996, when it was named a World Heritage Site . The ending of "de Arteaga"

13520-413: The capital. Governor González de Cosío resigned in 1911, replaced by Joaquín F. Chicarro , who was allied with Victoriano Huerta and more authoritarian. In 1916 and 1917, the federal government of Venustiano Carranza had to abandon Mexico City, moving the country’s capital to Querétaro. The country’s current constitution was promulgated from Teatro de la República in the city of Querétaro. After

13689-580: The century, the capital city was the scene of a number of important events. During the Mexican–American War , the capital was moved from Mexico City to Querétaro. At the end of that war, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed here. The southernmost raids of the Comanche from the plains and prairies of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas far to the north (along with Kiowas and some Apaches) occurred here in

13858-746: The city an image of richness. The buildings from this era of the city’s history include the Plaza de Armas, The Casa de Ecala, the Casa de los Septién, the Cassa de los Samaniego, the Casa de los Fernández de Jáuregui, the Palacio de la Corregiduría de Legres de Querétaro as well as the Congregación and San Antonio churches. However, the most important structure from the time is the Aqueduct of Querétaro . Much of

14027-472: The city grew to over four times its previous size. However, the state conserved the city’s historic center, which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996. The city’s official name, which had been changed simply to "Querétaro", was restored to "Santiago de Querétaro" the same year. In 1997, the National Action Party (PAN) won the gubernatorial elections and Ignacio Loyola Vera became

14196-427: The city of Querétaro was taken by royalist forces and would stay that way for much of the war. The only fighting in the state were skirmishes fought in the mountain areas. The city of Querétaro would be one of the last royalist bastions to fall. After the war, Querétaro was made a state with the 1824 Constitution . However, the city and state would lose the economic and cultural prominence that both had enjoyed during

14365-468: The city’s needs. Economic activity in the state is closely tied to trends at the national level. This includes the declining contribution to GDP of the agricultural sector and an increase in manufacturing and commerce/services. The city of Querétaro is by far the most important economic center in the state, followed by San Juan del Río . Not only is Querétaro the population center of the state, it has high-quality soil for irrigation farming and cattle. It

14534-416: The colonial period. The political instability of the 19th century took its toll on commerce, which made the area’s economy suffer. The status of Querétaro would change between state and department, depending on whether Liberals or Conservatives were in power nationally. Within the state, battles for power between the two groups would lead to the state having twenty five governors between 1824 and 1855. During

14703-452: The days around November 2 honor the dead with altars and offerings, although each community has its own variations. One area which is known for its traditions is Huejutla de Reyes , where altars dedicated to the dead are especially large and profusely decorated with flowers, colored paper and traditional foods, with the intention of counteracting mourning. In a number of areas, rituals based on Huasteca traditions are also performed. One of these

14872-561: The deposits of the Sierra de las Navajas , developed during the Mesoamerican Preclassic period . The first evidence of social stratification in Hidalgo has been found at La Loma in the municipality of Tepeji del Río de Ocampo . The modern day state of Hidalgo is located within the pre-Hispanic region of Mesoamerica . Numerous migrations of indigenous people took place through here, mostly arriving or passing through from

15041-467: The east, Tlaxcala and State of Mexico on the south and Querétaro on the west. In 1869, Benito Juárez created the State of Hidalgo and made Pachuca its capital city; "de Soto" was added later in recognition of Manuel Fernando Soto  [ es ] , who is considered the most important driving force in creating the state. The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , the initiator of

15210-421: The economic backbone of the area through the colonial period and into most of post Independence period. The fortunes of the mining industry would rise and fall during the colonial period; one of the most productive eras came under the control of Pedro Romero de Terreros in the 18th century. Despite Spanish control and evangelization efforts since the 16th century, many of the Otomi and other indigenous groups of

15379-488: The emperor) in Querétaro. However, Maximilian lost the military support provided by Napoleon III , leaving only four states loyal to the emperor. Querétaro was one of them. Maximilian still resisted Liberal forces which eventually surrounded him at Cerro de Campanas, then outside the city of Querétaro. The emperor was caught and executed on 19 June 1867. Afterwards, the state wrote a new constitution based on Liberal principles. Another new state constitution would be written at

15548-426: The end of the century, modern infrastructure such as electricity, telegraph and telephones began to appear. Industry grew and modernized, with El Hércules becoming the largest textile factory in the country. Haciendas and agricultural production also grew, especially in the north of the state. The capital was modified and expanded, and it was linked to the rest of the country via rail in 1882. Public education began in

15717-470: The evangelization efforts in the Sierra Gorda area was done by Junípero Serra . These efforts left behind a number of missions which exist to this day in Jalpan de Serra , Tancoyol, Concá, Tilaco and Landa de Matamoros . This development made the city wealthy for the rest of the colonial period. Querétaro reached its height of the colonial period during the 18th century due to its strategic position with

15886-655: The field of photography, Natalia Baquedano was one of the first women to open a photographic studio in Mexico. She began her training in Querétaro, before moving to Mexico city. The state has produced a large number of writers. Major writers from the 19th century include poet and journalist Juan María Wenceslao Sánchez de la Barquera y Morales, poet and short story writer Néstora Téllez Rendón, poet and orator Celestino Díaz Domínguez, journalist and playwright Luis Frías Hernández, writer and doctor Hilarión Frías y Soto and poet and academic Juan B. Delgado. The early 20th century produced poet and translator Francisco Cervantes, arguably

16055-574: The first non PRI governor of the state since the Revolution. In 2008, the state’s constitution was amended to make Querétaro the official state name. The aqueduct Acueducto II was inaugurated in 2011 by President Felipe Calderón and state governor José Calzada Rovirosa . It transports water over 122 km from springs in El Infiernillo to the city of Querétaro. This is to supplement local water sources which are no longer able to meet

16224-581: The following year he did the same at Irapuato. In 1734 he pacified 10,000 indigenous rebels at San Miguel el Grande . For these accomplishments, he was promoted to colonel and assigned as an aide to the captain general of the Sierra Gorda. However, it wasn't until 1748 that José de Escandón won the Battle of Media Luna , in which the Chichimecas were decisively defeated. The Sierra Gorda missions , some 90 miles north of Santiago de Querétaro , were nestled in

16393-623: The founding of the various cities, regional fairs in Cadereyta , El Marqués , Jalpan de Serra and others to showcase local products and culture. México Folklórico is a dance group created in 1990 within the Academia de la Cultura of the state teachers’ union. It consists of teachers’ children, who are studying high school or above, as an extracurricular activity. Its repertoire includes dances and other traditions from various parts of Mexico. It has performed in many parts of Mexico, as well as in

16562-504: The governorship of the area by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán . By the 18th century, the economy of the Hidalgo area was dominated by mining and agricultural haciendas . Much of the agricultural production during the colonial period was centered on livestock such as sheep and pigs as well as the making of pulque from the native maguey plant. However, the mining of silver, gold and other metals in the Pachuca / Real del Monte area would prove to be

16731-551: The highest elevations of El Zamorano in the municipalities of El Marqués and Colón. Pure pine forests are found in Cadereyta de Montes, Pinal de Amoles, San Joaquín and Landa de Matamoros. Mixed pine and holm oak forests are found in the Sierra de El Zamorano and the El Lobo region, opposite the Sierra Madre Oriental. Deciduous oak forests are found in the municipalities of Amealco de Bonfil , Landa de Matamoros, El Marqués, and

16900-415: The late 20th and early 21st century with the municipality of Tizayuca formally added into the region in 2005. One problem the extreme southern part of the state has had in the past decade is the contamination of water from the drainage of the Valley of Mexico . Mexico City pumps out excess water from the area, as the valley has no natural drainage, to the north into Mexico and Hidalgo states. This water

17069-568: The main dish is chickpeas with saffron accompanied by tortillas in a number of colors. In Peñamiller, they celebrate with goat meat, accompanied by pulque . Another common dish in this areas is a variety of tostadas called arriero (donkey handler) . Simichol is a fermented corn drink prepared in Santiago Mexquititlán. In San Joaquín, the drink is called charape , made with piloncillo . In this and other central municipalities, gorditas de migajas (literally crumb gorditas)

17238-441: The major water parks, spas, natural pools and thermal springs in the state. Hidalgo ranks second in Mexico for the number of thermal springs. These springs have an average temperature of 38C but some reach as high as 80C. They exist due to rivers of magma that flow under the surface. Municipalities promoted under this category include Ixmiquilpan , Actopan and Cardonal . The Corridor Tulancingo y los 4 elementos (Tulancingo and

17407-584: The mid 18th century, the colonial government in Mexico City decided to make a concerted effort to bring this territory into submission, as it contained important routes to mining areas such as Zacatecas and Guanajuato . José de Escandón was sent in 1727 to pacified a revolt of Pames in Celaya , and was promoted to sergeant mayor of the regiment. In 1732, he subdued rebels at the mines in Guanajuato, and

17576-458: The mid-20th century, causing the deterioration of the state's economy, especially in the Pachuca area. In the 1950s and 1960s efforts were undertaken to shift the state's economy from agriculture and mining to manufacturing. In 1952, an automotive motor production facility called Diesel Nacional (DINA) was constructed. The old Instituto Científico Literario Autónomo de Hidalgo was converted to

17745-454: The middle of the 1800s. The 1857 Constitution was published in the city as well and a coalition of states including Querétaro, Jalisco , Aguascalientes , Zacatecas , Guanajuato and Michoacán formed a coalition to defend this constitution against the Plan of Tacubaya . During the short reign of Maximilian I , there were battles between Liberals and Conservatives (with the latter supporting

17914-649: The mining sector fell again. In 1861, the government of the vast State of Mexico was centered in Toluca , west of Mexico City. The distance of the capital was one of the reasons why the state of Hidalgo would eventually separate. When French forces invaded central Mexico in 1862 , the large territory of Mexico was divided into three military sectors for defence. The second district had its capital in Actopan and its borders were roughly commensurate with that of modern Hidalgo. The French succeeded in placing Maximilian I on

18083-407: The most important literary figure from Querétaro internationally; poet and journalist José Dolores Frías Rodríguez, songwriter Carlos Cabrera Pedraza, novelist Alfredo Coéllar Gómez and poet Carlos Septién García. The current generation of writers includes poets Román Luján, Luis Alberto Arellano, Benjamín Moreno, César Cano and Tadeus Argüeyo. Indigenous music can be found in Otomi areas, such as in

18252-401: The mountain tops of the peaks. Despite this, the region is considered to be Hidalgo's granary, growing corn, beans, wheat, tomatoes, onions, oats, olives, cactus fruit, tejocote and much more. It produces more than half of the alfalfa and green chili peppers in Mexico. Due to the lack of rainfall, irrigation from the areas above and below ground streams is important. However, it is also one of

18421-633: The mountains surrounding Pachuca lack tree cover, little slows the prevailing winds which can reach speeds of up to 120 km per hour. This gives the capital city the nickname of La Bella Airosa (Beautiful Windy City). The Valley of Mezquital is three valleys called the Actopan , the Ixmiquilpan and the Tasquillo as well as flat areas known as Tula and Alfajayucan . The vegetation is mostly that of semi arid regions with mesquite trees and various types of cacti growing. The only areas with tree cover are those near streams and other water sources and on

18590-515: The municipalities of Acaxochitlán , Cuautepec de Hinojosa , Naupan , Huauchinango , Juan Galindo , Xochiltepec , Zihuateutla , Tlaola , Chiconcuautla , Jolalpan , Zacatlán , and Ahuazotepec . On 9 September 2002 the Mexican government re-designated the basin a natural resources protection area . The five reservoirs in the basin were designated a Ramsar site (wetland of international importance) on 2 February 2008. The Ramsar site covers

18759-406: The municipalities of Amealco and the arid central areas of the state. Often this includes trios consisting of two flutes or two violins with a drum, most often played for community celebrations. The Otomi of Tolimán have a variant of Otomi music called viñuetes , which is played with one large drum, one small drum and a violin. Huapango is a dominant musical form in the Sierra Gorda and some of

18928-646: The municipalities of Amealco, Huimilpan, Pedro Escobedo, San Juan del Río and Corregidora . The center and west have drier and hotter climates, especially in areas under 2,000 m ASL. Here, the Sierra Madre Oriental and parts of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt impede moist air from arriving. This dry area includes the municipalities of Querétaro, Corregidora, El Marqués, Peñamiller, Esequiel Montes, Cadereyta, San Juan del Río, Tolimán and Tequisquiapan. The Sierra Madre Oriental area has climates that range from temperate to cold, varying significantly from north to south and even more due to altitude. The north tends to be warmer than

19097-400: The municipality of Huimilpan. Most of its economy is based on cereal production with only minor industry such as maquiladoras and textiles. There are also handcrafts produced by indigenous groups. The Cadereyta región includes this municipality, Colón , Peñamiller and Tolimán . Agriculture is limited to the rainy season, but there is significant production of livestock such as goats. There

19266-432: The natives were at the point of winning when a total eclipse of the sun occurred. This supposedly scared the natives and the Spanish claimed to have seen an image of Saint James (the patron saint of Spain) riding a white horse carrying a rose-colored cross. This event caused the natives to surrender. This event is why the city is called Santiago (Saint James) de Querétaro, with James as patron saint A stone cross imitating

19435-471: The north and west to the center of New Spain in Mexico City. Various trade routes converged here and the city became a cultural crossroads. The activities of Franciscan missionaries were a decisive factor in building the economic, social, political and religious institutions of the state. They were also mostly responsible for the building of most of the religious buildings and the acquisition of paintings and sculptures that can still be seen. These works gave

19604-467: The north, causing a certain amount of panic in the area with an average strength of 3.5 on the Richter magnitude scale ; this is not normal for this area. The quakes are believed to be related to mining in the area, but the government denies this. As of 2020, the state had a population of 2,368,467 and a population density of 137 inhabitants per square kilometer. Over the 20th century, from 1900 to 2005,

19773-603: The north, with many eventually settling in the Valley of Mexico. The Toltecs initially settled in Xochicoatlán , now the municipality of Molango , at the beginning of the 7th century. From here they dispersed to locales such as Huejutla and Tollatzingo (now called Tulancingo ) where they eventually had their capital of Tollan, today known as Tula. The Toltecs were eventually overrun by Chichimecas , who established their capital in Metztitlán . The Aztecs arrived in

19942-472: The northeast of Mexico City extending into modern Hidalgo state. Evangelization efforts followed soon thereafter with the first Franciscans arriving in 1523. This changed the social, economic and cultural structure of the areas as the Spanish took control of natural resources — especially minerals — and the labor the Indians provided. It also led to a massive decrease in the native population, especially during

20111-549: The northeast. The Sierra Gorda mountain range is a branch of the Sierra Madre Oriental which crosses northwest Hidalgo and ends in San Luis Potosí . These are mostly mountains of volcanic origin. The Tula and Moctezuma Rivers meet here, whose waters then cut the Moctezuma Canyon, which has walls up to 480 meters high. The Sierra de Tenango or Sierra Norte de Puebla mountain range begins to one side of

20280-526: The northern territories and because of its livestock production. There was also a significant textile industry for local and regional markets. Querétaro was the first major producer of wool cloth in New Spain. At the end of the century, The Real Fabrica de Tabaco (Royal Tobacco Factory) was established, the second most important of its type in New Spain. There was also some mineral production, especially silver in an area called El Doctor. The city of Querétaro

20449-467: The one the Spanish supposedly saw was erected on the hill, which later was accompanied by a church and monastery. During the rest of the 16th century, the Spanish city of Querétaro would form the northern extension of known lands to the Spanish conquerors. The Spanish initially shared power in the area with local indigenous leaders until well into the 17th century in many areas. Indigenous power waned over time, eventually disappearing completely. However,

20618-464: The production of animal products has increased. Crops as a percentage of agricultural production dropped from 34% in 1988 to 25.8% in 1993. One of the leading milk producers in the country, Querétaro farms also breed livestock and dairy cows. Livestock production is important and growing, mostly consisting of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses and domestic fowl. Querétaro is one of the top producers of chicken in Mexico. The largest producers of livestock in

20787-516: The region. The priority of the state government is to encourage industries which use low levels of water for environmental reasons. These have mostly been auto parts, food processing and electronics. Other major industries include chemicals, plastics, textiles, paper products and printing and wood products. Most are micro- and small-sized operations. Querétaro’s major cities are home to industrial complexes that produce machinery and other metallic products, chemicals and processed foods. However, most of

20956-577: The rest of the Americas and Europe. The cooking of the Sierra Gorda region is strongly influenced by the Huasteca cuisine of neighboring Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí states. One notable dish is sacahuil , which is a large tamal wrapped in the leaves of a plant called a papatla . This dish is most prevalent in Landa de Matamoros and Jalpan de Serra. During festivals in San Miguel Tolimán,

21125-581: The river and its basin include the Puebla frog ( Lithobates pueblae ) and the tree fern Cyathea mexicana . On 20 October 1938, President Lázaro Cárdenas decreed the Necaxa River basin in Hidalgo and Puebla a protected forest zone ( zona protectora forestal ) in order to preserve the basin's forests and climate, prevent soil erosion, and stabilize the rivers' flow for production of hydroelectricity. The protected forest zone covers an area of 421.29 km in

21294-468: The sector. The British introduced steam-powered machinery and other modern techniques as well as a large quantity of Cornish miners . Many of these Cornish miners stayed and English names and foods such as pasties (called “ pastes ” in Spanish) help define the state, especially in the Pachuca and Real del Monte areas. These Englishmen were forced to sell their interest to Mexican capitalists in 1849, and

21463-597: The south, but average temperatures can range from 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F) in lower elevations and between 14 and 20 °C (57 and 68 °F) in higher elevations. The state’s ecosystems have 18 different classifications ranging from tropical rainforest to arid scrub brush. Deciduous rainforest is found in parts of the north, center and west of the state such as Jalpan de Serra , Arroyo Seco and Landa de Matamoros. Small deciduous forests are found in Jalpan de Serra and Landa de Matamoros. Oyamel forests are found in

21632-477: The state are Jalpan, Cadereyta, San Juan del Río and Querétaro. Forest land is one of the state’s two main natural resources. These forests contain commercial species such as pine, oak, cedar , juniper , mesquite and more. Most of these are found in and around the Sierra Gorda area. There is about 70,000 hectares of possible productive land but only 17,000 have been studied for management. Land actively involved in forestry operations equals 9,358m2, most of which

21801-576: The state at the beginning of the 20th century with fifty-four primary schools and the first graduates of the state’s first teachers’ college. At the same time, strikes and other movements against the Diaz regime had begun in the state and elsewhere in the country. The largest strike in the state was against the El Hércules factory in 1909. At the start of the Mexican Revolution , there were revolts in Jalpan de Serra and Cadereyta along with protests in

21970-866: The state culturally, economically and educationally. For many years, the official name of the state was Querétaro Arteaga , but in 2008 the State Legislature approved the adoption of the simpler name Querétaro . Querétaro is located in the north-central area of Mexico, or the Sierra Madre Oriental, connecting the wetter climes of the south with the drier deserts of the north. The state is divided into 18 municipalities: Amealco de Bonfil , Arroyo Seco , Cadereyta de Montes , Colón , Corregidora , El Marqués , Ezequiel Montes , Huimilpan , Jalpan de Serra , Landa de Matamoros , Pedro Escobedo Municipality , Peñamiller , Pinal de Amoles , Querétaro , San Joaquín , San Juan del Río , Tequisquiapan and Tolimán . Three of Mexico’s geographic zones cover parts of

22139-517: The state every 24 hours, on average. This has made attendance at private universities climb 11% especially at ITESM -Querétaro, Universidad Anáhuac and the Universidad del Valle de México . Most of the families are moving to the area in and around the capital. Over 96% of the population is Catholic, with very small percentages reporting as Protestant or Evangelical. The state is not culturally or socially homogenous. The first large distinction

22308-465: The state had a new constitution. In 1920, the first airmail flight took place with a biplane piloted by Horacio Ruiz Gaviño taking off from Pachuca and landing in Mexico City 53 minutes later carrying 543 letters, 61 postcards and other items. The war left the mining industry in ruins again and the desertion of same by the American companies. Modernization of the nearly destroyed infrastructure began in

22477-580: The state have managed to maintain a relatively strong independent cultural identity since the Conquest. These ethnic groups include the Nahua , the Otomis and the Tepehuas , each still speaking their own language. The largest group is the Otomi, which has over 250,000 speakers in the state. The total number of people who speak an indigenous language of any kind was estimated at 320,029 in 2005. According to

22646-430: The state in the center and south. The area is mostly volcanic rock with peaks and mesas between 200 m (656 ft) and 3,000 m (9,843 ft) and valleys between 1,800 m (5,906 ft) and 1,900 m (6,234 ft) ASL. The state is divided into five geographical regions: The Sierra Gorda , El Semidesierto Queretano, Los Valles Centrales, El Bajío Queretano and La Sierra Queretana. The Sierra Gorda

22815-425: The state is Nicandro Castillo , who wrote mostly popular music in the mid-20th century. As part of a performing group called Los Plateados, his work became part of a number of Mexican films, including Cuando habla el corazón , Seda, sangre y sol and Así se quiere en Jalisco . Other important musicians from the state include Abundio Martínez and Demetrio Vite Hernández . The best known celebrity and artist from

22984-524: The state is "Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro" (Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro). The formal name of the capital is Santiago de Querétaro. However, both are commonly referred to simply as Querétaro. The most likely origin of the name is from the Purépecha word "Créttaro" which means "place with crags". However, there have been other explanations of the name including that it comes from Nahuatl and means Mesoamerican ball court , or even "island of

23153-462: The state is Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta, better known as El Santo . Born in Tulancingo in 1917, not only was he Mexico's best known lucha libre wrestler, he experienced success in the movies, playing his lucha libre character battling evil. He never took off his mask in public, until a few weeks before his death in 1984. Day of the Dead in the state is referred to as the "Xantolo" which extends from October 31 to November 2. Like in other parts of Mexico,

23322-414: The state is dry, with the exception of the north, which is temperate and rainy. The average temperature is 18 °C (64 °F). Three well-defined climate areas are in the state. The south has a temperate and fairly wet climate. Temperatures are relatively stable through the year, ranging from an average of between 12 and 18 °C (64 °F), with most rain falling in the summer. This region includes

23491-580: The state is very rugged. At its lowest point it is only a few meters above sea level, and at its highest it is over 3,300 meters above sea level. The state is divided into three geographical regions: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Sierra Madre Oriental (mountain ranges), and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , which contains the highest peaks. Each of these regions is distinct from the rest. The Sierra Alta region

23660-399: The state shares with most of the rest of Mexico such as tacos, tamales , moles and a specialty of central Mexico, mixiote . Another common central Mexican dish popular in the state is barbacoa . This dish has its origins in the pre-Hispanic period, when it was meat cooked in an underground pit. Today, it is most often cooked in pots in more conventional ovens, but the meat, today mostly pork,

23829-489: The state until the Porfirio Díaz period, the economy, especially the mining sector was erratic. In the late 1880s, a number of modern inventions, such as the telegraph , telephone and railroad helped the Hidalgo economy. It also brought in another wave of foreign investment in the mining industry. By the mid-1900s, much of the mining production in Pachuca and Real del Monte was controlled by U.S. based interests such as

23998-461: The state was seized in 1915 by Agustin Sangins, who declared himself in favor of Victoriano Huerta , prompting opponents to take up arms in the Huasteca area, Jacala and Tulancingo. Victory initially went to those in support of Huerta. When Huerta's government fell, the state had a chaotic succession of governors, each of whom supported different factions. When the war finally wound down by 1920,

24167-853: The state with a large number of people under the age of thirty. The mining sector has also been responsible for immigration to the state, most notably that of the Cornish in the 19th century in the Pachuca and Real de Monte areas. While most descendants of these Cornish immigrants now are monolingual Spanish speakers, many have retained the Protestant faith. The Cornish have influenced the cuisine here as well, with one of Hidalgo's signature dishes being “pastes” (pa-stays) , which are Cornish dough pockets filled with Mexican style meat, vegetable and sweet fillings. Over 70% identify themselves as Catholic with significant minorities as Protestant or Evangelical. Another significant minority are those who practice

24336-451: The state's 176 former haciendas which were constructed between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Most were devoted to mining or the making of pulque . Many contain the original buildings, including the main residences as well as tours. Many of these are in rural municipalities, which conserve old traditions. In the Apan area, most of the old haciendas were devoted to the making of pulque, which

24505-470: The state's border with Querétaro . This river flows into the Pánuco River in San Luis Potosí . The Amajac begins in the Sierra de Pachuca and flows southeast. The Metztitlan River begins at the state's border with Puebla state and eventually flows into Metztitlan Lake. Principal lakes in the state are the Metztitlán , Zupitlan or Tulancingo, San Antonio, Pueblilla and Carrillos. The state also has

24674-717: The state's indigenous (especially Otomi ) culinary heritage based a number of traditional native animal and vegetable products. One of these is the use of a number of edible insects , many of which are considered delicacies such as escamoles (ant eggs) and maguey larvae as well as others such as larvae found on nopal plants, “chacas” (beetles) and “chicharras” ( cicadas ). Other local animals still used for food include tadpoles (called atepocates), salamanders and their larvae, squirrels and rabbits. Plant species still commonly used include mesquite beans, nopal and other cactus, and various cactus fruit such as “tunas” (cactus pears) and “ xoconostle .” These are often prepared in dishes that

24843-447: The state, especially in the south, but would never incorporate the area completely into either empire. The Aztec’s interest in the area was mostly to use it as a bulwark against marauding northern Chichimeca tribes, and it never became a tributary state. During this time, as well, a number of new peoples entered the state, most likely from the north, primarily the Pames and the Chichimeca Jonaz . The first group practiced agriculture in

25012-470: The state. The second region averages about 800 meters above sea level and is more temperate in climate. The coldest climates at the highest areas are the most populated and average about 2,000 meters above sea level. Major elevations in the state include Cerro la Peñuela (3,350 masl), Cerro el Jihuingo (3,240masl), Cerro la Paila (3,200 masl), Cerro las Navajas (3,180 masl), Cerro el Agual Azul (3,040 masl) and Cerro la Estancia (3,020 masl). In addition to

25181-581: The state. As it is near the mountain range, its topography is relatively rugged. Los Valles Centrales (Central Valleys) is in the center of the state, overlapping almost all of the area formed by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , with the exception of the north of the El Marqués municipality, which is in the Mesa del Centro. The continental divide runs through here marked by the Sierra Queretana,

25350-459: The state. Exports in 2002 totaled $ 3.35 billion USD, and direct investment in 2003 reached $ 169 million. Many of these companies are headquartered in modern industrial parks, one of the newest and most technologically advanced being El Marques Industrial Park . This facility was inaugurated in 2003, with an initial investment of $ 13 million USD. The park occupies a space of 274 acres (1.11 km ) with international tenants from Italy, Germany, Spain,

25519-587: The state. The Mesa del Centro is in the center-west of the state, and mostly consists of small mesas with an average altitude of 2,000 meters (6,562 feet) above sea level (ASL). A few elevations reach over 3,000 meters (9,843 feet). The Sierra Madre Oriental occupies the northeast of the state and includes the cities of Huasteca area. The topography of this area is rugged, with long mountain chains and narrow valleys. Elevations here range between 900 m (2,953 ft) and 3,000 m (9,843 ft) m ASL. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt occupies about half of

25688-705: The states of Tlaxcala , Hidalgo , Mexico , and the Federal District , in addition to many people in the center of the country. Five dams were built in the Necaxa River basin for water storage and producing hydroelectricity . Small-scale forestry takes place in the watershed. The river basin's reservoirs are habitat for waterfowl , including the great egret ( Ardea alba ), snowy egret ( Egretta thula ), little blue heron ( Egretta caerulea ), neotropic cormorant ( Phalacrocorax olivaceus ), ringed kingfisher ( Megaceryle torquata ), and green kingfisher ( Chloroceryle americana ). Endangered species found in

25857-461: The state’s manufacturing companies are located in or around the city of Querétaro. Carnation and Purina are among the best-known food processing companies with facilities in the state, and numerous textile mills manufacture clothing made of wool, cotton and henequen . One of the biggest employers is Tremec , an auto parts manufacturer. Currently, there are 392 companies with direct foreign investment and 238 exporting companies that have located in

26026-407: The state’s population has grown from 232,389 to the current figure. Growth rates were highest in the 1970s at over 4%, but since have come down to 1.9%. The fastest rates of population growth in the state now are in Querétaro and San Juan del Río at about 4%. Two, Arroyo Seco and Peñamiller , have lost population in the previous decades. The capital city of Santiago de Querétaro has nearly half of

26195-483: The state’s population. Other major cities include San Juan del Río (208,462) Corregidora (104,218) El Marqués (79,743) and Cadereyta de Montes (57,204). About 37% lives in the 1420 communities with between 1 and 1,999 inhabitants, and 16% in communities of between 2,000 and 14,999. The population of the state is sparse in most areas, concentrated in only one true urban center and some smaller communities. Living standards are higher than average for Mexico in and around

26364-399: The temperature is moderated by cooler winds and clouds. Cold climates dominate the highest altitudes where freezing temperatures at night are not uncommon. Rainfall varies widely from as low as 250mm per year to as high as 2,800mm per year. The main indicator of climate type is altitude. The north of the state has the lowest elevation and the hottest climate. It is also the smallest region of

26533-527: The three main geographic/climate regions, the state subdivides into a number of sub-regions. Sub-regions include the La Huasteca area. This extends like a green sash across part of the state, and altitude does not exceed 800 masl. It is mostly located near the Gulf Coast and receives a significant amount of rainfall from this body of water. Most plants are either of arid and desert habitats , or of

26702-531: The throne of Mexico, who visited Pachuca in 1865. Soon thereafter, insurgent activity against the French government intensified and after Maximilian was overthrown, the new republican government decided to make this military district the state of Hidalgo in 1869. The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , the first leader of the Mexican Independence movement. From the establishment of

26871-574: The tropical rainforests of the Huasteca area in the state of San Luis Potosí . The Sierra Gorda was made a biosphere reserve in 1997, the Reserva de la Biosfera de la Sierra Gorda, to protect its abundance of species and ecosystems. In 2001, the area was registered with the Man and the Biosphere Programme of UNESCO. This area is managed by la Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas of

27040-418: The valleys and the latter in the mountain areas. When the Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century, the largest indigenous group in the state was the Otomi, many of whom were living more or less under Purépecha rule. This population would increase with Otomi refugees from Aztec lands fleeing the Spanish. Another significant group was the Chichimecas. With the fall of Tenochtitlán, then

27209-399: The war, the economy of the state recovered slowly. Between 1940 and 1960, economic progress came more rapidly, with the industrial infrastructure growing and modernizing. During the same period, the population grew substantially as well. Much of industrial growth from then to the present can be seen in the various industrial parks located north of the capital city. In the following thirty years,

27378-623: The war. Ortiz de Dominguez sent word to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Dolores, Guanajuato (now Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato) that the plot was discovered. At that point, Hidalgo decided to begin the revolt against colonial rule in on 15 September, rather than in December as planned. Gonzalez was imprisoned in the Philippines from 1810 to 1838 for his role. The Corregidor and his wife were caught and imprisoned for their parts as well. Soon after,

27547-413: The west, Hidalgo to the east, México to the southeast and Michoacán to the southwest. The state is one of the smallest in Mexico, but also one of the most heterogeneous geographically, with ecosystems varying from deserts to tropical rainforest , especially in the Sierra Gorda , which is filled with microecosystems. The area of the state was located on the northern edge of Mesoamerica , with both

27716-438: The widest varieties of wild birds including eagles, hummingbirds , and wild turkeys. Reptiles include a wide variety of snakes, and mammals include coyotes, bobcats, wild boar, spotted deer, and rabbits. Tropical crops raised here include sugar cane , coconuts, pineapple, bananas, mamey , and tamarind . Traditionally, Hidalgo's economy has been based on mining and agriculture, with manufacturing more recently. Most industry

27885-505: Was added to the state's name in 1867 in honor of General José María Arteaga . Originally from Mexico City, Arteaga became governor of Querétaro and distinguished himself as a soldier in the middle of the 19th century. It was removed in 2008. Agricultural settlements dated to about 500 BCE have been found in the San Juan del Río and Huimilpan areas, which was during the Teotihuacan era. The ancient city had interest and influence in

28054-457: Was established in San José de Escandón -today in the municipality of Pinal de Amoles- which governed what is now the northern half of the state. Decline of mining in the area would have this seat of government moved to Cadereyta in 1675, but this territory would be joined with the alcaldía mayor of the city of Querétaro to form the modern state. The territory of Querétaro was consolidated during

28223-478: Was split with the remaining portion becoming the modern State of Mexico . What is now Hidalgo was originally the districts of Tula, Tulancingo and Huejutla of the former entity. The state of Hidalgo would not be formally created until the 1860s. The economic consequences to the mines of Pachuca and Real del Monte during the War of Independence were ruinous. In 1824, British mining companies were brought in to revive

28392-461: Was strategic in the development of events just before the start of the Mexican War of Independence . It was the site of the conspiracy among Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , Ignacio Allende , Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and her husband the Corregidor of Querétaro Miguel Domínguez . The plot was uncovered when another conspirator, Epigmenio González , was caught with a stockpile of weapons to start

28561-432: Was the director of the old Academia de Dibujo y Pintura de San Fernando, which trained more artists in the state such as Agustín Rivera Ugalde. The 20th century produced artists such as Braulio Rodríguez Granda, Jesús Rodríguez de la Vega, Jesús Águila Herrera and Restituto Rodríguez Camacho. The current generation of Querétaro artists includes Rafael Rodríguez, Virginia Ledesma, Ramsés de la Cruz and Juan Eduardo Muñoz . In

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