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56-470: The first experimental needle gun was designed by Jean Samuel Pauly , a Swiss gunsmith. In 1808, in association with French gunsmith François Prélat in Paris, France, Pauly created the first fully self-contained cartridges ; the cartridges incorporated a copper base with integrated mercury fulminate primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly), a round bullet and either brass or paper casing. The cartridge

112-584: A university or a Fachhochschule ). Of those 817 who completed tertiary education, 70.3% were Swiss men, 22.9% were Swiss women, 4.4% were non-Swiss men, and 2.4% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Bern's school system provides one year of non-compulsory kindergarten , followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of compulsory lower secondary school, where students are grouped according to their ability and aptitude. After completing lower secondary school, students may either pursue further education or enter an apprenticeship . During

168-757: A Roman villa was found at Hubel. During the 13th century, the Counts of Kyburg were the vogts of the village. In 1729, Hans Rudolf von Diesbach built his country estate, the Schlössli, in Sinneringen. In 1844, the artist August von Bonstetten expanded the manor house and added a clock tower. By the 1950s, Sinneringen had become part of the Bern agglomeration, leading to a rapid population increase. By 2005, more than half of Vechigen's population lived in Sinneringen and Boll. Boll developed from shops and inns located at

224-438: A copper base with integrated potassium chlorate primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly), a round bullet and either brass or paper casing. Unlike later cartridges, the case walls didn't provide obturation though there was one at the base, similar to the 1855 Pottet cartridge, as the cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle or a pin; this needle-activated central-fire breech-loading gun would become

280-565: A decisive role at the Battle of Königgrätz . This Model 1861 rifle was an improvement of the Dreyse rifle by Johannes Doersch and Cramer von Baumgarten. They shortened the needle mechanism and moved the handle to the rear of the bolt. The rifle was officially adopted in the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe . More than one thousand rifles were produced until the principality was forced to join

336-571: A different course but still return to the starting position. Unfortunately, the maiden flight never took place, but the nature of the difficulties with which the aeronauts struggled is unknown. Over the defeat, these two Swiss airship pioneers came into conflict and their working relationship fell apart. During this time of working with Egg, Pauly had not forgotten about his revolutionary firearm design, and, while in England, Pauly took out two more patents for modifications to his gun. The first patent

392-546: A horse or a few strong men. Whilst fighting in Massena 's campaign against the Russians in 1799, he wrote a manual about the usage of firearms. Many bridges in the new Helvetic Republic had been destroyed during the invasion , and in 1801 Pauly submitted plans to the central government for an elegant arched bridge with great carrying capacity. Those plans were checked and approved, and he even received two hundred francs from

448-539: A major feature of firearms thereafter, and in 1809 Pauly employed the German Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse who would later become the inventor of the famous Dreyse rifle. The corresponding firearm was also developed by Pauly, who made an improved version which was protected by a patent on 29 September 1812, and the cartridge was further improved by the French gunsmith Casimir Lefaucheux in 1836. It

504-526: A paper cartridge, that many refer to as being 'combustible', whereas in reality it was quite the opposite. It held an 11-millimetre (0.43 in) round-headed cylindro-conoidal lead bullet that was wax paper patched. An inverted standard percussion cap was at the rear of the paper cartridge and hidden inside. It was fired by the Chassepot's needle (a sharply pointed firing pin) upon pressing the trigger. The Carcano Fucile di Fanteria Modello 1860/67 needle gun

560-580: A residential care home. The village also has a primary school. It is located about 10 km (6.2 mi) east of the city of Bern . The small town is situated away from the main roads of the region and is considered one of the more picturesque towns in the area. The highest point in the municipality is the Schönbrunnenchnubel at 956 m (3,136 ft), while the lowest point is the Worble at 550 m (1,800 ft). Notably, Bern Airport

616-563: A short time later, needle rifles were replaced by rifles with metal cartridges, such as the Berdan rifle . The Chassepot was named after its inventor, Antoine Alphonse Chassepot (1833–1905), who, from 1857 onwards, had constructed various experimental forms of breechloader, and the rifle became the French service weapon in 1866. In the following year it made its first appearance on the battlefield at Mentana on 3 November 1867, where it inflicted severe losses upon Giuseppe Garibaldi 's troops. It

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672-519: A single government in 1966. In 1961, a secondary school was built in the municipality, and there are now a total of five school buildings. Until 1966, the Sinneringen quarter included Sinneringen itself, the hamlets of Boll and Dentenberg, as well as farmhouses in the Worblen Valley and on Dentenberg Mountain. On the hillside above the Worblen, several Hallstatt graves were discovered, and

728-469: A small village. However, during the 1960s, the outskirts of Bern reached Boll, leading to rapid expansion. Today, the majority of Boll’s residents commute to Bern for work. The Utzigen quarter included the village of Utzigen, the hamlets of Wuhl, Birchi, and Lindental, as well as 50 houses situated on a hillside above the Worblental. Utzigen originated from a late medieval herrschaft . Beginning in

784-548: A time. The aircraft was the talk of the town and attracted crowds of onlookers who paid a guinea for the right to take a look inside the hangar and to be a spectator on the maiden flight. When Madame Tussaud's wax museum was touring Manchester, a scale model of the Flying Dolphin hung above the entrance. Egg and Pauly announced that, if the weather was calm on maiden flights, they would steer the fish-shaped balloon "in circles around London", but in strong winds they would take

840-399: A total of 837 full-time equivalent jobs. The primary sector accounted for 178 jobs, with 176 in agriculture and 2 in forestry or lumber production. The secondary sector had 148 jobs, including 51 (34.5%) in manufacturing and 90 (60.8%) in construction. The tertiary sector had 511 jobs, distributed as follows: 85 (16.6%) in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 11 (2.2%) in

896-525: Is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern , Switzerland . Until the administrative centralization of 1966, it was composed of four semi-autonomous communities: Vechigen, Sinneringen with Boll and Dentenberg, Utzigen with Lindental, and Berg with Littewil and Radelfingen. Vechigen was first mentioned in 1275 as Vechingen . Sinneringen was first mentioned between 1261 and 1263 as Sineringen . Utzigen

952-411: Is covered by rivers or lakes. In the built-up area, housing and buildings occupy 5.6%, while transportation infrastructure accounts for 2.6%. Of the forested land, 29.2% of the total area is densely forested, and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Agricultural land is used as follows: 35.6% for growing crops, 23.1% for pastures, and 2.0% for orchards or vine crops. All the water in

1008-407: Is near this town. Vechigen covers an area of 24.82 km (9.58 sq mi). Of this, 15.08 km (5.82 sq mi), or 60.7%, is used for agricultural purposes, while 7.55 km (2.92 sq mi), or 30.4%, is forested. The remaining land includes 2.12 km (0.82 sq mi), or 8.5%, that is settled with buildings or roads, and 0.06 km (15 acres), or 0.2%, that

1064-477: Is reported that Napoleon himself said of Pauly's weapons: "Inventions that precede their time remain untapped until general knowledge has reached the same level." When Paris fell to the hands of Coalition forces on 5 April 1814, von Dreyse left for Prussia , but Pauly left for London with the blueprints of his piscine airship in his luggage. He settled in Charlotte Street in the heart of London under

1120-547: The anglicised name of Samuel John Pauly , and planned to continue with his flying project under the sponsorship of Durs Egg (an established businessman, personally known to King George III and the Prince of Wales); on 25 April 1815, the King granted the two Swiss men a licence to build an "aerostatic machine in the shape of a fish or bird" with the aim to have it flying within six months. A large building (30 metres in length) with

1176-401: The 14th century, it was owned by several Bernese patrician families and was administered from Utzigen Castle . In 1669, Samuel Jenner (1624–1699) built a new castle on the site of the earlier building. After the 1798 French invasion , the herrschaft was dissolved. The Dachselhofer family, who owned the estate in 1798, lost their rights to hold the low court over the herrschaft but retained

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1232-536: The 2009-10 school year, a total of 482 students attended classes in Vechigen. The municipality had four kindergarten classes with a total of 62 students. Among the kindergarten students, 4.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (non-citizens), and 3.2% had a mother tongue different from the language of instruction. The primary level consisted of 16 classes with 296 students, of whom 6.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (non-citizens). At

1288-487: The Cathedral of Chartres.) Whilst in Paris, Pauly had maintained contact with the weapon manufacturer of Saint-Étienne ; using the title "Colonel Jean Samuel Pauly", he established a gunsmith workshop where he designed an automatic bridge and developed mercury fulminate platina. In 1808, in association with French gunsmith François Prélat , Pauly created the first fully self-contained cartridges ; these incorporated

1344-455: The French treasury for a similar experiment there, Pauly packed his things and moved to Paris in 1802, never to return. Under the devout sponsorship and patronage of General Ney, he moved into a beautiful apartment in Paris; under the gallicised name of Jean Pauly, he commissioned Aime Bolle, the city's most famous balloon designer, to build an airship for him in accordance with his plans drawn up in Bern. Its maiden voyage on 22 August 1804 in

1400-546: The German Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse , who later invented the famous Dreyse rifle. The first mass-produced needle gun was invented by the German gunsmith Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse , who, beginning in 1824, had conducted multiple experiments, and in 1836 produced the first viable breech loading gun model using a complete cartridge. The early Dreyse needle guns were smooth-bore. Later Dreyse guns adopted by

1456-605: The German Empire in 1871. In 1865, Johannes Friedrich Christian Carl (also known as Carlé or Karl), a ship- and insurance broker of Hamburg, patented a needle gun which was an improvement on the Dreyse gun. Sohs (Zons), a Hamburg citizen, participated in the design and development of it. The Carl system was officially adopted by the Russian Empire in 1867. Only 215,500 Carl rifles were manufactured in Russia, because

1512-489: The Helvetian State Treasury, but, as the new state was constantly on the brink of bankruptcy, further money never materialised, and, with little demand for new carriages either, Pauly had to look around for a new way of earning his living. For many years, he had set himself the ambitious goal of creating the world's first human-powered aircraft. The plan of an airship which Pauli drew in the spring of 1802

1568-525: The Prussian army were rifles using self-contained combustible cartridges holding oblong lead balls held in a papier-mâché "sabot". From 1848 onwards the new weapon was gradually introduced into Prussian service. Between 1849-1867, The British military inspector had trial an early bolt action variants. The Dreyse rifle became widely used during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 when it played

1624-603: The Worblentalbahn opened a rail station in Boll-Utzigen. By 1950, the agglomeration of Bern had expanded along this line, and the villages of Boll and Sinneringen became part of the agglomeration area. The population in these two villages grew rapidly, while it either dropped or stagnated in the rest of the municipality. As the quarters transitioned from agricultural to residential areas, the decentralized government became inefficient, leading to its centralization into

1680-488: The aeronaut operated his aerial rudder and managed, according to his own words, five or six minutes against the wind to stay in place and to enjoy the thunderous applause of the onlookers. (For the planned return to Tivoli Park, he wrote that, regrettably, he had needed the muscular strength of an additional man, so the Flying Fish drifted west for another eighty kilometers, landing four and a half hours later at dusk, near

1736-642: The cannon. Pauly fell into poverty and in c.1821, he died in London and his achievements were forgotten for many years. Samuel John Pauly married Louisa Eliza Eleanor Atkins in St Mary's Church, Lambeth on 4 July 1816 and their daughter, Mary Louisa Veronica Pauly, was baptised there on 7 December 1817. She married Richard Rowsell (1824-1860) and their descendants include the British Olympic cycling champion Joanna Rowsell Vechigen Vechigen

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1792-419: The castle and other property. The castle served as the family's summer residence until 1875, when it was sold to the municipality. The municipality then established an institute for alcoholics and unemployed men and women. At its peak, the institute housed over 500 people who worked on the large farm attached to the estate. In 1964, the castle was converted into a nursing and retirement home, and in 2001, it became

1848-640: The castle park of Sceaux was, from a technical point of view at least, quite successful, and a year later, on 4 November 1805, at half past three in the afternoon, the Flying Fish rose again. As Pauly told the readers of the Journal de Paris the next day, it sailed from the Tivoli Park in a moderate easterly wind at the speed of a galloping horse to the Champs-Élysées and the Place de la Concorde, where

1904-591: The city to secure free access to the Alpine passes for Napoleon Bonaparte, and also to rob the legendary Bernese treasury to finance the campaign in Egypt . Pauly was an artillery sergeant in the Swiss Army, and, seeing the superiority of the light and easily mobile guns of the French over the heavy Bernese ones (which required a team of oxen), he went on to design artillery for the new Helvetian army that required just

1960-525: The comfort of passengers. He later moved away to settle in nearby Bern in order to sell his inventions to the rich patricians there; a written testimony advertising his own carriages and promoting his technical successes may be seen in the city's trade handbook of 1796. However, all this ended when, in March 1798, more than 30,000 French soldiers marched on the Zähringerstadt in the medieval area of

2016-503: The construction rate of new housing units was 13.9 new units per 1,000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality in 2011 was 0.27%. The historical population is shown in the following chart: The entire hamlet of Lindental is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites . In the 2011 federal election , the most popular party was the SVP , which received 29.5% of

2072-407: The gates opening from the floor to the roof was built near Hyde Park; this was probably the first hangar in the history of aviation. Seamstresses were hired to sew the outer fish-shaped shell of the hydrogen-filled airship in sevenfold layers from the dried intestines of 70,000 oxen; a second, spherical balloon would provide pressure equalization inside the fish. The 10 metre tailfin serving as the helm

2128-532: The intersection of the Bern-Krauchthal and Worb-Zollikofen roads. In the 18th and 19th centuries, it consisted of a customs station, an inn, a smithy, a sawmill, and a few houses. During the 19th and 20th centuries, nearby rivers were redirected, and local swamps were drained, opening up new land around Boll for housing and farming. Despite 19th-century road construction and the completion of the Worblentalbahn rail station at Utzigen-Boll in 1913, Boll remained

2184-430: The movement and storage of goods, 36 (7.0%) in hotels or restaurants, 6 (1.2%) in the information industry, 43 (8.4%) as technical professionals or scientists, 74 (14.5%) in education, and 190 (37.2%) in health care. In 2000, there were 402 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,654 who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with approximately 4.1 workers leaving for every one entering. Of

2240-414: The municipality consists of flowing water. The municipality is located in the upper Worblental (Worblen valley). It consists of the villages of Vechigen, Sinneringen, and Boll in the valley; Utzigen on the mountain slopes; and a number of scattered hamlets and farmhouses, including Lindental, Littewil, Radelfingen, and Dentenberg. On 31 December 2009, the municipality's former district, Amtsbezirk Bern,

2296-427: The municipality. Additionally, there were 2,330 married individuals, 265 widows or widowers, and 189 divorced individuals. As of 2000, there were 466 households consisting of only one person and 118 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 1,721 apartments (89.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 164 apartments (8.6%) were seasonally occupied and 33 apartments (1.7%) were empty. As of 2010,

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2352-462: The population, adults (20–64 years old) comprised 59.1%, and seniors (over 64 years old) accounted for 19.7%. As of 2008, the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. It included 2,091 Swiss men (45.4% of the population) and 170 non-Swiss men (3.7%). There were 2,205 Swiss women (47.9%) and 142 non-Swiss women (3.1%). Of the population, 1,287 people (27.9%) were born in Vechigen and lived there in 2000. Additionally, 2,105 people (45.6%) were born in

2408-524: The same canton, 692 people (15.0%) were born elsewhere in Switzerland, and 359 people (7.8%) were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000, most of the population speaks German as their first language (4,415 or 95.7%). French is the second most common language (42 or 0.9%), followed by English (40 or 0.9%). Additionally, there are 21 Italian speakers and 1 Romansh speaker. As of 2000, there were 1,830 people who were single and never married in

2464-782: The vote. The next three most popular parties were the BDP Party (17.3%), the SPS (16.6%), and the FDP (9.8%). In total, 2,237 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 62.0%. As of 2011, Vechigen had an unemployment rate of 1.01%. As of 2008, there were a total of 1,159 people employed in the municipality. Of these, 299 people were employed in the primary economic sector , with about 105 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employed 166 people, with 37 businesses operating in this sector. The tertiary sector employed 694 people, with 94 businesses in this sector. In 2008, there were

2520-658: The working population, 27.1% used public transportation to get to work, while 48.5% used a private car. From the 2000 census, 476 residents, or 10.3% of the population, were Roman Catholic , while 3,446 people, or 74.7%, belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . The remaining population included 19 members of an Orthodox church (about 0.41%), 3 individuals (about 0.07%) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church , and 265 people (about 5.74%) who were members of other Christian churches. There

2576-529: Was 1 Jewish individual, 45 people (about 0.98%) who were Islamic , 5 individuals who were Buddhist , 27 who were Hindu , and 5 who belonged to another church. Additionally, 306 people (about 6.63%) had no religious affiliation, identified as agnostic or atheist , and 143 individuals (about 3.10%) did not answer the question. In Vechigen, about 1,832 residents, or 39.7% of the population, have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 817 people, or 17.7%, have completed higher education (either at

2632-474: Was a Swiss inventor and gunsmith of the early 19th century. Parish records show that he was baptised in Vechigen near Bern , Switzerland on 13 April 1766, the son of Johann Pauli and Veronika Christine (née Pulfer). Pauly started working as a carriage builder and mechanic in his father's workshop; he was constantly looking for technical improvements (such as a self-lubricating axle) and also ways to increase

2688-479: Was developed by Salvatore Carcano, an Italian technician. This rifle was operated by pulling a cocking knob on the back of the action, retracting the needle and allowing the bolt handle to be lifted. It was adopted in 1867 in Italy. The Carcano Modello 1868 needle fire rifle had very few differences from the 1860/1867 model. Jean Samuel Pauly Jean Samuel Pauly (1766 – c. 1821), born Samuel Johannes Pauli ,

2744-539: Was dissolved. The following day, 1 January 2010, it became part of the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Wing Argent. As of December 2020, Vechigen had a population of 5,512, with 6.8% being resident foreign nationals as of 2010. Between 2000 and 2010, the population grew by 4.4%, with migration contributing 3.8% and natural population change (births and deaths) accounting for 0.6%. As of 2010, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) made up 21.2% of

2800-443: Was granted on 4 August 1814 and covered a new design of using compressed air to move a needle into the priming compound quickly so the heat from this would then ignite the priming compound or powder; it also detailed a cannon that used a similar ignition design. The second patent was granted on 14 May 1816 and was an improvement on the first, covering the pistol and additional variations of the gun; it also went into much more detail on

2856-520: Was in the form of a fish, with an elongated black hull, a vertical red tail fin, and two lateral fins to the left and right of the head to control it; two round, golden-rimmed eyes and a golden mouth gave the vehicle a dream-like and friendly look. Although the dignitaries of Bern became very enthusiastic about this project, there was still no money to be had from them, so after learning that General Michael Ney in France had donated fifty thousand francs from

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2912-410: Was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated central-fire breech-loading gun became a major feature of firearms thereafter. The corresponding firearm was also developed by Pauly. Pauly made an improved version which was protected by a patent on 29 September 1812. The cartridge was further improved by the French gunsmith Casimir Lefaucheux in 1836. In 1809, Pauly employed

2968-481: Was made of silk and whalebone, as were the rudders on the left and right. As for the drive, Pauly had learned from his Paris flights that muscle power alone was not enough, so new to his plans was the lightest possible steam engine. On 16 August 1816, the London Observer reported that the "Flying Dolphin" was almost complete and would soon begin regular air traffic to Paris, with fifteen to twenty passengers

3024-402: Was rebuilt in 1513/14, and the bell tower dates from 1486. In 1834, the municipality of Vechigen was formed with four quarters: Vechigen, Sinneringen with Boll and Dentenberg, Utzigen with Lindental, and Berg with Littewil and Radelfingen. Each quarter was responsible for local administration, including schooling and road construction, while the municipality handled taxation and finance. In 1913,

3080-458: Was referred to as Uzingen in 1275. The Vechigen valley and mountain originally belonged to the Baron of Belp-Montenach. However, in 1298, they lost their land to the growing city of Bern . From then on, Vechigen was one of the four outer parishes of Bern, and until 1798, residents of the village were also citizens of the city. The village church of St. Martin was first mentioned in 1275. It

3136-659: Was reported at the French Parliament that " Les Chassepots ont fait merveille ! ", or loosely translated: "The Chassepots have done wonderfully!" The heavy cylindrical lead bullets fired at high velocity by the Chassepot rifle inflicted wounds that were even worse than those of the earlier Minié rifle . In the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) it proved greatly superior to the German Dreyse needle gun , outranging it by 2 to 1. The Chassepot used

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