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77-475: The Negro Ensemble Company was created in 1964 when Hooks created a tuition-free acting workshop for urban youth which he named the Group Theatre Workshop (GTW), in tribute to Harold Clurman 's The Group Theatre . The group became a refuge for young minority actors, with a focus on black theatre. He and his associate Barbara Ann Teer produced in a one-night showcase for friends and family of

154-675: A 2013 special report issued by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retroviral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone. The number of AIDS-related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005. The number of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011

231-520: A charismatic theatre actress and later a renowned New York acting coach. A member of the Group Theatre since its founding, Adler was the daughter of the notable Yiddish actor Jacob Adler . Clurman was her second husband. They divorced in 1960. Clurman's second marriage was to the independent filmmaker Juleen Compton . Clurman had an active career as a director, over the decades leading more than 40 productions, and helping bring many new works to

308-617: A diary, and theater programs he collected from 1926 to 1930. Clurman is a character in Names , Mark Kemble's play about former Group Theatre members' struggles with the House Un-American Activities Committee . African people The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century and consequently shows a large youth bulge , further reinforced by increasing life expectancy in most African countries. Total population as of 2024

385-464: A hundred linguistic varieties) are spoken by 75 percent, and fifteen by 85 percent, of Africans as a first or additional language. Niger–Congo is the largest phylum of African languages, with more than 500 million speakers (2017); it is dominated by the Bantu branch, spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa in the Bantu expansion , Bantu speakers accounting for about half of Niger–Congo speakers. Arabic

462-877: A memoir about the Group Theatre's beginning and their making art within American culture, called The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties . His six other books about the theater include On Directing (1972); his autobiography, All People are Famous (1974); The Divine Pastime (1974); Ibsen (1977); and Nine Plays of the Modern Theater (1981). Most of his essays and reviews can be found in The Collected Works of Harold Clurman . Uta Hagen in Respect for Acting credits Clurman with

539-520: A minority in many African states, particularly South Africa , Zimbabwe , Namibia and Réunion . South Africa has the largest population of white people in Africa. The Boers or Afrikaners , the British diaspora and the Coloureds ( multiracial ) are the largest European-descended groups in Africa today. European colonization also brought sizable groups of Asians , particularly people from

616-443: A new perspective on acting. She summarized his approach as demanding the human being within the character: In 1947, I worked in a play under the direction of Harold Clurman. He opened a new world in the professional theatre for me. He took away my 'tricks.' He imposed no line readings, no gestures, no positions on the actors. At first I floundered badly because for many years I had become accustomed to using specific outer directions as

693-570: A permanent company, they expected to increase the synergy and trust among the members, who included Stella Adler , Morris Carnovsky , Phoebe Brand , Elia Kazan , Clifford Odets , and Sanford Meisner . In the summer of 1931, the first members of the Group Theatre rehearsed for several weeks in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut , at the Pine Brook Country Club . They were preparing The House of Connelly by Paul Green , their first production, directed by Strasberg. Clurman

770-442: A play—text, acting, lighting, scenery and direction—needed to work together to convey a unified message. Clurman would read the script over and over, each time focusing on a different element or character. He tried to inspire, guide and constructively critique his designers rather than dictate to them. He also used Richard Boleslavsky's technique of identifying the "spine," or main action, of each character, then using those to determine

847-723: A result of these critiques, the Initiative later transformed to address the increase of accessibility of health services, the enhancement of quality of health services, and the overall improvement of health system management. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost. The Eastern African , Central African , Western African and Southern African regions experience disproportionate rates of infectious and chronic diseases in comparison to other global regions. Type 2 diabetes persists as an epidemic in

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924-535: A strong creative force. He wrote his thesis on the history of French drama from 1890 to 1914. Clurman returned to New York in 1924 and started working as an extra in plays, despite his lack of experience. He became a stage manager and play reader for the Theatre Guild . He briefly studied Stanislavski's system under the tutelage of Richard Boleslavsky , and became Jacques Copeau 's translator/assistant on his production of The Brothers Karamazov , based on

1001-489: Is about 1.5 billion, with a growth rate of about 100 million every three years. The total fertility rate (births per woman) for Africa is 4.1 as of 2024, the highest in the world. The most populous African country is Nigeria with over 206 million inhabitants as of 2020 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a. Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen). Source: Maddison and others (University of Groningen) and others. Registration of vital events in most of Africa

1078-409: Is also a factor, as child mortality rates are higher in rural areas in comparison to urban regions. Routine immunization has been introduced to countries within Sub-Saharan Africa in order to prevent measles outbreaks within the region. Neglected tropical diseases such as hookworm infection encompass some of the most common health conditions which affect an estimated 500 million individuals in

1155-616: Is driven by East Africa , Middle Africa and West Africa , which regions are projected to more than quintuple their populations over the 21st century. The most extreme of these is Middle Africa, with an estimated population increase by 681%, from less than 100 million in 2000 to more than 750 million in 2100 (almost half of this figure is driven by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , projected to increase from 47 million in 2000 to 362 million in 2100). Projected population growth

1232-798: Is incomplete. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations . The Sahara Desert , covering most of North Africa , and the smaller Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa , are very sparsely populated. Heavily populated areas include the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Nile River valley and delta, Nigeria and vicinity and

1309-579: Is less extreme in Southern Africa and North Africa , which are expected, respectively, to not quite double and triple their populations over the same period. Population estimates by region (in billions): All but two countries in Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2023 and accounted for 27.1% of global livebirths. In September 1987, UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Committee announced

1386-404: Is the most widely spoken single language in Africa by far, with a population of Arab Africa of the order of 330 million (2017). Other Afroasiatic languages are spoken by of the order of 100 million speakers in Africa (2017). Nilo-Saharan are spoken by of the order of 100 million speakers (2017). Khoisan groups a number of mostly endangered click languages , the largest being Khoekhoe with of

1463-708: Is the story of the murder of a black soldier on a Southern army base during World War II , and the subsequent investigation by a black army captain. It examines black pride and black self-hatred, and won both the Pulitzer Prize and the New York Drama Critics Circle Best Play awards. The original cast included Adolph Caesar , Denzel Washington , Samuel L. Jackson , Brent Jennings , Steven Anthony Jones, Charles Brown , Larry Riley , Peter Friedman , Cotter Smith , James Pickens Jr. , Eugene Lee , and Stephen Zettler. In 1984, it

1540-512: Is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect ) at between 1,250 and 2,100, and by some counts at "over 3,000", Nigeria alone has over 500 languages (according to the count of SIL Ethnologue ), Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication. Arabic , Somali , Berber , Amharic , Oromo , Igbo , Swahili , Hausa , Manding , Fulani and Yoruba are spoken by tens of millions of people. Twelve dialect clusters (which may group up to

1617-580: The African Union ratified the Maputo Protocol in July 2003, which pledges to prohibit female genital mutilation . The Sub-Saharan African region alone accounts for about 45% of global infant and child mortalities . Studies have shown a relationship between infant survival and the education of mothers, as years of education positively correlate with infant survival rates. Geographic location

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1694-843: The Indian subcontinent , to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and East African countries. The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled by the dictator Idi Amin in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans. The Malagasy people of Madagascar are Austronesian people and native African people, but those along

1771-1114: The Kalahari Desert of Namibia and Botswana ; There are several other small families and language isolates , as well as languages that have yet to be classified . In addition, the Afroasiatic languages are spread throughout Western Asia , North Africa , the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel . The Afroasiatic homeland may be either in Western Asia or in Africa. More recently introduced to Africa are Austronesian languages spoken in Madagascar , as well as Indo-European languages spoken in South Africa and Namibia ( Afrikaans , English , German ), which were used as lingua francas in former European colonies . The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa

1848-601: The Khoikhoi , they form the Khoisan . The San are the pre-Bantu indigenous people of southern Africa, while Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous African peoples of Central Africa. The peoples of West Africa primarily speak Niger–Congo languages belonging mostly, though not exclusively, to its non- Bantu branches, though some Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic -speaking groups are also found. The Niger–Congo-speaking Yoruba , Igbo , Fulani , Akan and Wolof ethnic groups are

1925-623: The Off-Broadway Theatre Row Building complex, was named for him; it has since been renamed Theatre Five , after all theatres in the complex were renamed in a numbered format. Ronald Rand brought Harold Clurman to life in his acclaimed solo play, LET IT BE ART!, which has been performed for 22 years in 26 countries, 20 U.S. states, and at the Theatre Olympics in New Delhi and Kerala. Harold Clurman

2002-651: The Oromo and Somali speak languages from the Cushitic branch of Afro-Asiatic. In southern Ethiopia and Eritrea, Nilotic peoples related to those in South Sudan are also found, while Bantu and Khoisan ethnic minorities inhabit parts of southern Somalia near the Kenyan border. Prior to the decolonization movements of the post- World War II era, Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during

2079-593: The St. Mark's Playhouse (where many black performers had performed in the long-running show, The Blacks ) and hired Gerald Krone as company manager. Ward was invited by the New York Times to write an opinion piece for its Sunday edition on the state of black theatre. His piece, "American Theatre: For Whites Only?", published in August 1966, was a scathing indictment of America's theatre establishment and posited

2156-596: The St. Mark's Playhouse primarily because of its flexible configuration. During this era of Black Power , the decision to use the term, "Negro", rather than the more current, "Black", was controversial. The name was intended as a tribute to the Harlem Renaissance and the legacy of its artists ( Langston Hughes , Zora Neal Hurston , Countee Cullen , Jessie Fauset , Claude McKay , Ethel Waters , etc.), some of whom were still alive and living in New York at

2233-460: The 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million pieds-noirs in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, people in Africa of European descent remain

2310-465: The 1972-73 season, the resident company was disbanded, staff was cut, workshops were cancelled, and salaries were deferred. The decision was made to produce only one new play per year. The play chosen that year was The River Niger by Joseph A. Walker . A poetic play set in Harlem during the turbulent racial redefining of the 1970s, the work depicts the struggles of a proud black family divided between

2387-515: The 2000s decade as the African Decade on African Traditional Medicine in an effort to promote The WHO African Region ’s adopted resolution for institutionalizing traditional medicine in health care systems across the continent. Public policy makers in the region are challenged with consideration of the importance of traditional/indigenous health systems and whether their coexistence with the modern medical and health sub-sector would improve

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2464-590: The 20th century, small but economically important communities of Lebanese and Chinese have also developed in the larger coastal cities of West and East Africa, respectively. There are three major linguistic phyla native to Africa: Niger–Congo languages (including Bantu ) in West , Central , Southeast and Southern Africa ; Nilo-Saharan languages (unity debated) spoken from Tanzania to Sudan and from Chad to Mali ; Khoisan languages (probably no phylogenetic unit, see Khoe languages ), concentrated in

2541-477: The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease. Tuberculosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale, especially in high HIV-prevalent populations in the sub-Saharan African region, with a high case fatality rate . National health systems vary between countries. In Ghana , most health care is provided by

2618-546: The Negro Ensemble Company, the three founders wanted to inform New York and the world that they were not "an exclusionary... but an inclusive... black theatre; an arts institution dedicated to discovering, nurturing and expanding a theatrical exploration of what it was to be black within in a 'world view' perspective ." Part of this approach was to acknowledge that playwrights of many races, ethnicities, and nationalities had been, and currently, were writing about

2695-590: The Wise fascinated him, although he did not understand Yiddish. He attended Columbia and, at the age of 20, moved to France to study at the University of Paris . There he shared an apartment with the young composer Aaron Copland . In Paris, he saw all sorts of theatrical productions. He was influenced especially by the work of Jacques Copeau and the Moscow Art Theatre , whose permanent company built

2772-513: The actors. The plays chosen were Gwendolyn Brooks 's We Real Cool and Douglas Turner Ward 's Happy Ending . Jerry Tallmer, reviewer for the New York Post , happened to attend this showcase and gave it a glowing review. This inspired Hooks to produce Happy Ending and Ward's Day of Absence as a double bill presented by Robert Hooks Productions. After raising $ 35,000 from music executives Clarence Avant and Al Bell , Hooks booked

2849-502: The body of plays and performance literature that form the backbone of the African-American theatrical canon. While the company often received glowing reviews, had sold-out audiences, and was producing some of the critically acclaimed theatre of the era, the early 1970s found the Negro Ensemble Company in financial trouble. The 145-seat theatre had become too small to generate the revenue needed for its ambitious projects. During

2926-644: The centuries have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula. Small communities of Afro-Asiatic-speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan. In the Horn of Africa , Afro-Asiatic -speaking groups predominate. Ethiopian and Eritrean groups like the Amhara and Tigrayans (collectively known as Habesha ) speak languages from the Semitic branch of Afro-Asiatic language family, while

3003-550: The coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as Cape Coloureds (people with origins in two or more races and continents). Beginning with the 21st century many Hispanics , primarily Mexicans , Central Americans , Chileans , Peruvians , and Colombians , have immigrated to Africa. Around 500,000 Hispanics have immigrated to Africa, most of whom live in South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Ghana. During

3080-535: The company was heckled by right-wing protesters who resented the play's anti-imperialist message. Many of the plays produced by the Negro Ensemble Company dealt with complex, sometimes disturbing, and often ignored aspects of the black experience and the American experience. The company's nurturing of black playwrights (such as Lonne Elder III with Ceremonies in Dark Old Men and Charles Fuller with Zooman and The Sign ) over four decades contributed to

3157-583: The equitability and accessibility of health care distribution, the health status of populations, and the social-economic development of nations within sub-Saharan Africa. Speakers of Bantu languages (part of the Niger–Congo family) predominate in southern, central and southeast Africa. The Bantu farmers from West Africa's inland savanna progressively expanded over most of Africa. But there are also several Nilotic groups in South Sudan and East Africa,

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3234-601: The experiences of Africans and African Americans , and about colonialism . The first repertory season, 1967–1968, was not without controversy. The company presented Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Australian playwright Ray Lawler ; Kongi's Harvest by Nigerian playwright Wole Soyinka , Daddy Goodness by Richard Wright , and as their first play, Song of the Lusitanian Bogey by Swedish-German playwright Peter Weiss . The Weiss play addresses

3311-618: The government and largely administered by the Ministry of Health and Ghana Health Services . The healthcare system has five levels of providers: health posts which are first level primary care for rural areas, health centers and clinics, district hospitals, regional hospitals and tertiary hospitals. These programs are funded by the government of Ghana, financial credits, Internally Generated Fund (IGF), and Donors-pooled Health Fund. A shortage of health professionals compounded by migration of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa to other parts of

3388-610: The largest and most influential. In the central Sahara, Mandinka or Mande groups are most significant. Chadic -speaking groups, including the Hausa , are found in the more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara and Nilo-Saharan communities such as the Kanuri , Zarma and Songhai are present in eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa . The peoples of North Africa comprise three main groups: Berbers in

3465-591: The launching of the Bamako Initiative — chartered in response to financial issues occurring in the region during the 1980s, and with the aim of increasing access to vital medications through community involvement in revolving drug funds. The 1987 Bamako Initiative conference, organized by the WHO was held in Bamako , the capital of Mali , and helped reshape the health policy of sub-Saharan Africa. The meeting

3542-569: The like-minded Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg , he began to create what would become the Group Theatre. In November 1930, Clurman led weekly lectures, in which they talked about founding a permanent theatrical company to produce plays dealing with important modern social issues. Together with 28 other young people, they formed a group that developed a groundbreaking style of theater that strongly influenced American productions, including such elements as Stanislavski -trained actors, realism based on American stories, and political content. By building

3619-402: The material from which to construct the mask for my character, the mask behind which I would hide throughout the performance. Mr. Clurman refused to accept a mask. He demanded ME in the role. My love of acting was slowly reawakened as I began to deal with a strange new technique of evolving in the character. I was not allowed to begin with, or concern myself at any time with, a preconceived form. I

3696-548: The mixed Swahili people on the Swahili Coast , and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan ( San and Khoikhoi ) and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Native Bantu -speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea , and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa , the distinct people known as the "San" have long been present. Together with

3773-497: The most influential figures in U.S. theater by PBS . He was one of the three founders of New York City's Group Theatre (1931–1941). He directed more than 40 plays in his career and, during the 1950s, was nominated for a Tony Award as director for several productions. In addition to his directing career, he was drama critic for The New Republic (1948–1952) and The Nation (1953–1980), helping shape American theater by writing about it. Clurman wrote seven books about

3850-483: The need for a unique black theatre institution. This article caused McNeil Lowery of the Ford Foundation contact Ward to set up a meeting with Ward, Hooks, and Krone. Invited to present a proposal, they came with a bid for an ensemble company much like Bertolt Brecht 's Berliner Ensemble . The concept of a true ensemble company (a nucleus of actors performing a roster of plays back-to-back within each season)

3927-1077: The northwest, Egyptians and Libyans in northeast, and Nilo-Saharan -speaking peoples in the east. The non-native Muslim settlers who arrived in the 7th century introduced the Arabic language and Islam to the region, initiating a process of linguistic Arabization of the region's inhabitants. The Semitic Phoenicians (who founded Carthage ) and Hyksos , the Indo-Iranian Alans , the Indo-European Greeks , Romans and Vandals settled in North Africa as well. Berber -speaking populations still make significant communities within Morocco and Algeria and are still also present in smaller numbers in Tunisia and Libya . The Berber-speaking Tuareg and other often- nomadic peoples are

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4004-454: The novel by the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky . Clurman began work as an actor in New York. He felt that the standard American theater, though successful at the box office, was not culturally significant. He said, "I was interested in what the theater was going to say [...]. The theater must say something. It must relate to society. It must relate to the world we live in." Together with

4081-577: The oppression of black people from an international perspective, set in colonized Angola . Some black activists protested, accusing NEC of taking "white money" and for producing the work of a white playwright. On one occasion, activists attempted to storm the theatre during a performance of the Weiss play. Soon afterward, the NEC production of Song of the Lusitanian Bogey in London created further controversy, where

4158-485: The past and the future. This was the first NEC production to transfer to Broadway , where it ran for nine months, won a Tony Award for Best Play , and embarked on a national tour. This helped to ensure the continued existence of the NEC. In July 1980, the NEC relocated to a new 299-seat home at Theatre Four at 424 West 55th Street, where it would remain until 1991. In 1981, the NEC presented what would be its most successful production. A Soldier's Play by Charles Fuller

4235-410: The principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. In Mauritania, there is a small Berber community and Niger–Congo-speaking peoples in the South, though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates. In Sudan, although Arabic and Arab culture predominates, it is also inhabited by originally Nilo-Saharan -speaking groups such as the Nubians , Fur , Masalit and Zaghawa who over

4312-430: The region posing a public health and socioeconomic crisis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Scarcity of data for pathogenesis and subtypes for diabetes in Sub-Saharan African communities has led to gaps in documenting epidemiology for the disease. High rates of undiagnosed diabetes in many countries leaves individuals at a high risk of chronic health complications, thus, posing a high risk of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality in

4389-412: The region. In 2011, Africa was home to 69% of all people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. In response, a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, the abstinence, be faithful, use a condom campaign, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation 's outreach programs. According to

4466-506: The southern coast of West Africa , Ethiopia , the greater East African Rift area, Madagascar , coastal and urban South Africa , and the Middle Africa megacities of Kinshasa and Luanda . The increase in population is explosive, with a population under the age of 14 in the exponential growth phase, a difference from almost the rest of the world, which is already in balance ( United States 1966, Europe 1969, Mexico 1990, Latin America 2000, India 2009, Asia 1977). As of 2019,

4543-445: The spine of the play. He encouraged his actors to find "active verbs" to describe what their characters were trying to accomplish. In 1937, tensions among Clurman, Crawford and Strasberg caused the latter two to resign from the Group; four years later, the Group Theatre permanently disbanded. Clurman went on to direct plays on Broadway, more than 40 in all, and write as a newspaper theatre critic. In 1943 Clurman married Stella Adler ,

4620-422: The stage. He is considered "one of the most influential theater directors in America". In addition, Clurman helped shape American theater by writing about it, as drama critic for The New Republic (1948–1952), The Nation (1953–1980), and New York (1968). He encouraged new styles of production, such as that of the Living Theater , and championed contemporary plays and playwrights. He wrote

4697-468: The sub-Saharan African region. Results of Global Burden of Disease studies reveal that the age-standardized death rates of non-communicable diseases in at least four Sub-Saharan countries including South Africa , Democratic Republic of Congo , Nigeria , and Ethiopia supersede that of identified high-income countries. Improvement in statistics systems and increase in epidemiological studies with in-depth analysis of disease risk factors could improve

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4774-541: The theatre, including his memoir The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties (1961). Clurman was born on the Lower East Side of New York City, the son of Jewish parents from Kamenets Podolsky, Russia now Ukraine, in Eastern Europe, Samuel, a doctor, and Bertha Clurman. He had three older brothers, Morris, Albert, and William. His parents took him at age six to Yiddish theater , and Jacob Adler 's performances in Yiddish translations of Karl Gutzkow 's Uriel Acosta and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 's Nathan

4851-399: The time. The term, "New Negro", made popular by philosopher and journalist Alain Locke , was used during the Harlem Renaissance to invoke an outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit to the practices and laws of Jim Crow . Krone, who was serving as administrative director for the company, was Caucasian, which caused some vocal protest from black nationalists . When introducing

4928-401: The total population of Africa is estimated at 1.3 billion, representing 16 percent of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the population of Africa may reach 2.49 billion by 2050 (about 26% of the world's total) and 4.28 billion by 2100 (about 39% of the world's total). The number of babies born in Africa compared to the rest of the world is expected to reach approximately 37% in

5005-637: The uncontrolled population growth since the mid 20th century is the decrease of infant mortality and general increase of life expectancy without a corresponding reduction in fertility rate , due to a very limited use of contraceptives . Further factors generally associated with decreased fertility include wealth, education, and female labor participation . Uncontrolled population growth threatens to overwhelm infrastructure development and to cripple economic development. Kenya and Zambia are pursuing programs to promote family planning in an attempt to curb growth rates. The extreme population growth in Africa

5082-452: The understanding of non-communicable diseases (i.e.: diabetes , hypertension , cancer , cardiovascular disease , obesity , etc.) in sub-Saharan Africa as well as better inform decisions surrounding healthcare policy in the region. Onchocerciasis ("river blindness"), a common cause of blindness , is also endemic to parts of the region. More than 99% of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein. In response,

5159-429: The world (namely English-speaking nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom ) has negatively impacted productivity and efficacy of the region's health systems. More than 85% of individuals in Africa use traditional medicine as an alternative to often expensive allopathic medical health care and costly pharmaceutical products. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) Heads of State and Government declared

5236-432: The year 2050. The population of Africa first surpassed one billion in 2009, with a doubling time of 27 years (growth rate 2.6% p.a.). Population growth has continued at almost the same pace, and total population is expected to surpass 2 billion by 2038 (doubling time 29 years, 2.4% p.a.). Sub-Saharan Africa are expected to make more than half of the global population increase projected through 2050. The reason for

5313-432: Was 25 percent less than the number in 2001. Malaria is an endemic illness in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur. Studies show that more than half of the world's maternal deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. However progress has been made in this area, as maternal mortality rates have decreased for multiple countries in the region by about half since 1990. Additionally,

5390-403: Was accepted and they were awarded a three-year, $ 1.5 million grant to establish the company. From the beginning, they resisted demands that the new company be located in Harlem and instead, sought out a space downtown where they could build on the existing theatre audience while cultivating an informed black theatre-going audience that hadn't previously existed on a significant scale. They chose

5467-406: Was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $ 20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation , which was made possible through a donation by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg . Harold Clurman Harold Edgar Clurman (September 18, 1901 – September 9, 1980) was an American theatre director and drama critic. In 2003, he was named one of

5544-560: Was assured that a form would result from the work we were doing. Clurman died a week before what would have been his 79th birthday, on September 9, 1980, in New York City of cancer. He is buried in Mt. Carmel Cemetery, Glendale, Queens. Note: All works are plays and are the original productions unless otherwise noted. Clurman's legacy is his contribution to the creation of a uniquely American theater. The Harold Clurman Theatre, within

5621-575: Was attended by African Ministers of Health who advocated for improvement of healthcare access through the revitalization of primary healthcare. The new strategy substantially increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform , resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. The public health community within the region raised issues in response to the initiative, of which included: equity, access, affordability, integration issues, relative importance given to medications, management, dependency, logistics, and sustainability. As

5698-765: Was awarded the Republic of France's Legion d'Honneur . The Stella Adler and Harold Clurman Collection came to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 2003. The collection includes original and reproduced materials gathered by Marjorie Loggia. Of particular interest are a handwritten draft of The Fervent Years , a photocopy typescript of "Plans for a First Studio," handwritten and typescript drafts of Lies Like Truth , and an edited typescript of Reminiscences: An Oral History . Among other noteworthy Clurman material are his correspondence (with Stella Adler and others), contracts and royalties,

5775-409: Was made into a movie, featuring several original cast members and NEC alumni (notably Adolph Caesar , Denzel Washington , and David Alan Grier ). The film of A Soldier's Story was nominated for three Academy Awards . In 2005, the Negro Ensemble Company, Inc., a restructured incarnation of the original Negro Ensemble Company, was formed, with NEC alumna Charles Weldon as Artistic Director . It

5852-410: Was the scholar of the group — he knew multiple languages, read widely, and listened to a broad array of music. Strasberg dealt with acting and directing, and Crawford dealt with the business. The first play which Clurman directed for the Group Theatre was Awake and Sing! by Clifford Odets in 1935. The play's success led Clurman to develop his directing style. He believed that all the elements of

5929-403: Was uncommon in American theatre. A theatre based on the black experience, created and staffed by black artists, was even more of a departure. In the legacy of the Group Theatre Workshop, this new theatre incorporated a workshop providing tuition-free acting, directing, writing, and theatre administration instruction, which was intended to raise a new generation of theatre professionals. The proposal

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