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49-585: The club was officially opened on July 29, 1979, with an initial membership of 350. Construction on the original 300 metre breakwater was completed by 1983. Griffiths Rankin Cook Architects won an architectural award in 1990 for the design of the main clubhouse. The main areas include hand and vehicle launch ramps; green and blue gazebos; Clubhouse, Registration, Office and Washrooms; youth sailing pavilion, first aid, washrooms, changing facility; wheelchair pathway; parking and dock access. Membership today

98-475: A coastal management system, breakwaters are installed parallel to the shore to minimize erosion . On beaches where longshore drift threatens the erosion of beach material, smaller structures on the beach may be installed, usually perpendicular to the water's edge. Their action on waves and current is intended to slow the longshore drift and discourage mobilisation of beach material. In this usage they are more usually referred to as groynes . Breakwaters reduce

147-1043: A Provincial Training Centre for 2012, NSC supports the training of Athletes at the Olympic level. As a Development Training Centre for 2012, NSC supports the training of Athletes from the Grassroots to the National Team Level and supports the development of Coaches from Level 1 (CANSail 1&2) to Level 4–5. The Britannia Yacht Club is developing a joint marketing campaign with the Nepean Sailing Club to increase awareness of recreational and competitive sailing in Ottawa. Through Advantage Boating, there are adult and children's Learn to Sail Programs. 45°21′14″N 75°49′27″W  /  45.353936°N 75.824078°W  / 45.353936; -75.824078 Breakwater (structure) A breakwater

196-490: A club of the Canadian Yachting Association . Some events are interclub, which means that boats from all sailing clubs on Lac Deschênes may participate. Many racing events are held in cooperation with the nearby Britannia Yacht Club and Club de voile Grande-Rivière. BYC & NSC have a schedule of cruising and day sailing events organized by the membership for fun, as memorials for members who serve in

245-722: A fleet of Martin 16 boats, wheel-chair access, and an active team of volunteers who escort the boats. A number of trophies and awards are presented for evening and series events in addition to the trophies listed in Special events. The aggregate trophies awarded on basis of points earned in evening and weekend events include the Nautilus Trophy, Journal Trophy, Kelpie Cup, C&C 27 Overall Champion, and Jam Dish. Interclub awards are scored for series racing: The Chandlery Cup, Kirby 25 Best Performance Trophy, Authentic Yachts Trophy, NSC Beagle Bown, and Keepers. Mondays typically see

294-415: A function of the distance the breakwaters are built from the coast, the direction at which the wave hits the breakwater, and the angle at which the breakwater is built (relative to the coast). Of these three, the angle at which the breakwater is built is most important in the engineered formation of salients. The angle at which the breakwater is built determines the new direction of the waves (after they've hit

343-532: A regular weekday evening racing schedule and a weekend racing schedule organized by the membership. Members of the NSC High Performance Team have the opportunity to learn what it is like to compete against the best in the world, and the experience they gain at races and regattas will certainly help them as they progress in their sailing careers. A distance race or regatta can be observed almost every weekend. Some events are open to any member of

392-442: A significant saving over revetment breakwaters. An additional rubble mound is sometimes placed in front of the vertical structure in order to absorb wave energy and thus reduce wave reflection and horizontal wave pressure on the vertical wall. Such a design provides additional protection on the sea side and a quay wall on the inner side of the breakwater, but it can enhance wave overtopping . A similar but more sophisticated concept

441-518: Is a member of the cormorant family of water birds . It is found near rivers and lakes and in coastal areas and is widely distributed across North America , from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska down to Florida and Mexico . Measuring 70–90 cm (28–35 in) in length, it is entirely black except for a bare patch of orange-yellow facial skin and some extra plumage that it exhibits in

490-432: Is a permanent structure constructed at a coastal area to protect against tides, currents, waves, and storm surges. Breakwaters have been built since antiquity to protect anchorages , helping isolate vessels from marine hazards such as wind-driven waves. A breakwater, also known in some contexts as a jetty or a mole , may be connected to land or freestanding, and may contain a walkway or road for vehicle access. Part of

539-659: Is a wave-absorbing caisson, including various types of perforation in the front wall. Such structures have been used successfully in the offshore oil-industry, but also on coastal projects requiring rather low-crested structures (e.g. on an urban promenade where the sea view is an important aspect, as seen in Beirut and Monaco ). In the latter, a project is presently ongoing at the Anse du Portier including 18 wave-absorbing 27 m (89 ft) high caissons. Wave attenuators consist of concrete elements placed horizontally one foot under

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588-589: Is almost 1900 members. The club maintains its emphasis on sailing. The club has floating dock facilities for over 500 boats. The club also maintains an active dry sail program for day-sailing. The sailing season extends from mid-April to late October. Sail training programs are active during the summer months for both youth and adults. Every year the club hosts sailing regattas that attract sailors from across Canada and internationally. The local racing scene consists of fleet, PY and PHRF races on an almost daily basis along with special racing events on weekends throughout

637-518: Is designed to absorb the energy of the waves that hit it, either by using mass (e.g. with caissons), or by using a revetment slope (e.g. with rock or concrete armour units). In coastal engineering , a revetment is a land-backed structure whilst a breakwater is a sea-backed structure (i.e. water on both sides). Rubble mound breakwaters use structural voids to dissipate the wave energy. Rubble mound breakwaters consist of piles of stones more or less sorted according to their unit weight: smaller stones for

686-430: Is limited in practice by the natural fracture properties of locally available rock. Shaped concrete armour units (such as Dolos , Xbloc , Tetrapod , etc.) can be provided in up to approximately 40 tonnes (e.g. Jorf Lasfar , Morocco), before they become vulnerable to damage under self weight, wave impact and thermal cracking of the complex shapes during casting/curing. Where the very largest armour units are required for

735-434: Is more dark gray or brownish. The underparts of a juvenile are lighter than the back with a pale throat and breast that darkens towards the belly. As a bird ages, its plumage will grow darker. The bill of a juvenile will be mostly orange or yellowish. A very common and widespread species, it winters anywhere that is ice-free along both coasts, as far north as southern Alaska (on the west coast) and southern New England (on

784-413: Is yellow or orange. An adult in breeding plumage will be mostly black with the back and coverts being a dark grayish towards the center. Nuptial crests, for which the species is named, are either white, black or a mix of the two. These are located just above the eyes with the bare skin on the face of a breeding adult being orange. A non-breeding adult will lack the crests and have more yellowish skin around

833-801: The Southern California Bight ) and inland to the Colorado River , resident on Atlantic Coast in Long Island and surrounding areas, southern New England , Florida , Cuba , and Yucatán Peninsula . Its breeding range extends north throughout most of north-central North America, from Utah north to Alberta east through the Great Lakes states to Nova Scotia , and south to northern Massachusetts , along with parts of Alaska adjoining Bristol and Kuskokwim Bays. Its nonbreeding range extends throughout all coastal plains in

882-871: The Canadian Forces, and as fundraisers for local charities. Nepean Sailing Club also features a restaurant named "The Galley". It is open to the public, and features a patio overlooking the harbour. The Galley can be found on the upper floor of the clubhouse, and has a large room that can be rented for events. For birdwatchers, species in or passing through the area include Arctic tern , black tern , New World blackbirds , black brant , Canada geese , common goldeneye , common merganser , common tern , double-crested cormorants , great blue heron , green-winged teal , gulls , killdeer , northern pintails , rails , red-throated loon , ring-billed gull , songbirds , spotted sandpiper , swallows , loggerhead shrike , least bittern , and wood ducks . The fish species in

931-471: The Newport breakwater. The dissipation of energy and relative calm water created in the lee of the breakwaters often encourage accretion of sediment (as per the design of the breakwater scheme). However, this can lead to excessive salient build up, resulting in tombolo formation, which reduces longshore drift shoreward of the breakwaters. This trapping of sediment can cause adverse effects down-drift of

980-542: The Ottawa River near BYC include brown trout , small mouth bass and walleye . The reptiles , amphibians , and salamanders include American eels , American ginseng , American bullfrog , green frog , mudpuppy , painted turtles , snapping turtles , spotted turtle , and spring peeper . The mammals in the area include beaver , coyotes , eastern chipmunks , mink , muskrat , otter , porcupine , raccoons , red foxes , red squirrels , and woodchucks . As

1029-762: The US, including the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains south to Campeche , as well as the Bahamas , Turks and Caicos , and Cayman Islands , along with all areas previously stated to be resident. On the Pacific Coast, range includes all areas previously mentioned to be resident, along with British Columbia and the Southern California Bight. The double-crested cormorant swims low in the water, often with just its neck and head visible, and dives from

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1078-530: The United States Army Corps of Engineers Coastal engineering manual (available for free online) and elsewhere. For detailed design the use of scaled physical hydraulic models remains the most reliable method for predicting real-life behavior of these complex structures. Breakwaters are subject to damage and overtopping in severe storms. Some may also have the effect of creating unique types of waves that attract surfers, such as The Wedge at

1127-520: The birds ate. Breeding occurs in coastal areas as well as near inland rivers and lakes. They build stick nests in trees, on cliff edges, or on the ground on suitable islands. They are gregarious birds usually found in colonies, often with other aquatic birds, and have a deep, guttural grunt call. The double-crested cormorant's numbers decreased in the 1960s due to the effects of DDT . Colonies have also been persecuted from time to time in areas where they are thought to compete with human fishing. Recently

1176-644: The breakwaters), and in turn the direction that sediment will flow and accumulate over time. The reduced heterogeneity in sea floor landscape introduced by breakwaters can lead to reduced species abundance and diversity in the surrounding ecosystems. As a result of the reduced heterogeneity and decreased depths that breakwaters produce due to sediment build up, the UV exposure and temperature in surrounding waters increase, which may disrupt surrounding ecosystems. There are two main types of offshore breakwater (also called detached breakwater): single and multiple. Single, as

1225-403: The breakwaters, leading to beach sediment starvation and increased coastal erosion . This may then lead to further engineering protection being needed down-drift of the breakwater development. Sediment accumulation in the areas surrounding breakwaters can cause flat areas with reduced depths, which changes the topographic landscape of the seabed. Salient formations as a result of breakwaters are

1274-432: The breeding season when it grows a double crest in which black feathers are mingled with white. Five subspecies are recognized. It mainly eats fish and hunts by swimming and diving. Its feathers, like all cormorants, are not waterproof, and it must dry them out after spending time in the water. Once threatened by the use of DDT , the numbers of this bird have increased markedly in recent years. The double-crested cormorant

1323-625: The choice depending on tidal range and water depth. They usually consist of large pieces of rock (granite) weighing up to 10–15 tonnes each, or rubble-mound. Their design is influenced by the angle of wave approach and other environmental parameters. Breakwater construction can be either parallel or perpendicular to the coast, depending on the shoreline requirements. Double-crested cormorant Carbo auritus Lesson, 1831 Dilophalieus auritus (Lesson, 1831) Phalacrocorax dilophus Phalacrocorax auritus Nesocarbo auritum The double-crested cormorant ( Nannopterum auritum )

1372-465: The collided wave energy and prevent the generation of standing waves. As design wave heights get larger, rubble mound breakwaters require larger armour units to resist the wave forces. These armour units can be formed of concrete or natural rock. The largest standard grading for rock armour units given in CIRIA 683 "The Rock Manual" is 10–15 tonnes. Larger gradings may be available, but the ultimate size

1421-620: The control measures are not extended to the general public (no hunting season). In May 2008, the Canadian government reduced significantly the number of nests of the birds on Middle Island , a small island in Lake Erie and part of Point Pelee National Park. This is an attempt to keep the small island in balance and preserve its vegetation but opponents to the plan have argued that it is based on faulty information, provided in part by anglers who view cormorants as competitors. As of 2021,

1470-461: The core and larger stones as an armour layer protecting the core from wave attack. Rock or concrete armour units on the outside of the structure absorb most of the energy, while gravels or sands prevent the wave energy's continuing through the breakwater core. The slopes of the revetment are typically between 1:1 and 1:2, depending upon the materials used. In shallow water, revetment breakwaters are usually relatively inexpensive. As water depth increases,

1519-649: The decline of some sport-fish populations in the Great Lakes and other areas. In light of this belief, and because of calls for action by the public, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (the U.S. federal government agency charged with their protection) has recently extended control options to some other government entities. This includes culling of populations and measures to thwart reproduction, in an effort to control their growing numbers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service retains oversight and

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1568-577: The east coast). It can be found as far south as Mexico and the Bahamas . It migrates from the coldest parts of its breeding range, such as eastern Canada , and has occurred in Europe as a very rare vagrant , for example in Great Britain, Ireland , and the Azores . It is resident on Pacific Coast from Aleutian Islands south to Nayarit , Mexico (but excluding parts of British Columbia and

1617-525: The effect of the incident wave, creates waves in phase opposition to the incident wave downstream from the slabs. A submerged flexible mound breakwater can be employed for wave control in shallow water as an advanced alternative to the conventional rigid submerged designs. Further to the fact that, the construction cost of the submerged flexible mound breakwaters is less than that of the conventional submerged breakwaters, ships and marine organisms can pass them, if being deep enough. These marine structures reduce

1666-624: The face. The bill of the adult is dark-colored. The double-crested cormorant is very similar in appearance to the larger great cormorant , which has a more restricted distribution in North America, mainly on the Canadian maritime provinces ; it can, however, be separated by having more yellow on the throat and the bill. The neotropic cormorant also looks very similar, and the two species can sometimes be found together where their ranges meet. The plumage of juvenile double-crested cormorants

1715-406: The free surface, positioned along a line parallel to the coast. Wave attenuators have four slabs facing the sea, one vertical slab, and two slabs facing the land; each slab is separated from the next by a space of 200 millimetres (7.9 in). The row of four sea-facing and two land-facing slabs reflects offshore wave by the action of the volume of water located under it which, made to oscillate under

1764-570: The help of breakwaters. Mobile harbours, such as the D-Day Mulberry harbours , were floated into position and acted as breakwaters. Some natural harbours, such as those in Plymouth Sound , Portland Harbour , and Cherbourg , have been enhanced or extended by breakwaters made of rock. Types of breakwaters include vertical wall breakwater, mound breakwater and mound with superstructure or composite breakwater. A breakwater structure

1813-548: The intensity of wave action in inshore waters and thereby provide safe harbourage. Breakwaters may also be small structures designed to protect a gently sloping beach to reduce coastal erosion ; they are placed 100–300 feet (30–90 m) offshore in relatively shallow water. An anchorage is only safe if ships anchored there are protected from the force of powerful waves by some large structure which they can shelter behind. Natural harbours are formed by such barriers as headlands or reefs . Artificial harbours can be created with

1862-450: The material requirements—and hence costs—increase significantly. Caisson breakwaters typically have vertical sides and are usually erected where it is desirable to berth one or more vessels on the inner face of the breakwater. They use the mass of the caisson and the fill within it to resist the overturning forces applied by waves hitting them. They are relatively expensive to construct in shallow water, but in deeper sites they can offer

1911-638: The most exposed locations in very deep water, armour units are most often formed of concrete cubes, which have been used up to ~ 195 tonnes Archived 2019-05-12 at the Wayback Machine for the tip of the breakwater at Punta Langosteira near La Coruña, Spain. Preliminary design of armour unit size is often undertaken using the Hudson's equation , Van der Meer and more recently Van Gent et al.; these methods are all described in CIRIA 683 "The Rock Manual" and

1960-414: The name suggests, means the breakwater consists of one unbroken barrier, while multiple breakwaters (in numbers anywhere from two to twenty) are positioned with gaps in between (160–980 feet or 50–300 metres). The length of the gap is largely governed by the interacting wavelengths. Breakwaters may be either fixed or floating, and impermeable or permeable to allow sediment transfer shoreward of the structures,

2009-479: The population of double-crested cormorants has increased. Some studies have concluded that the recovery was allowed by the decrease of contaminants, particularly the discontinued use of DDT. The population may have also increased because of aquaculture ponds in its southern wintering grounds. The ponds favor good over-winter survival and growth. In 1894, Thomas McIlwraith in his book, Birds of Ontario , concludes his section on double-crested cormorants by saying: "When

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2058-580: The same nuptial crests. Five subspecies are recognized: The double-crested cormorant is a large waterbird with a stocky body, long neck, medium-sized tail, webbed feet, and a medium-sized hooked bill. It has a body length of between 70 and 90 cm (28 and 35 in) long, with a wingspan of between 114 and 123 cm (45 and 48 in). Double-crested cormorants weigh between 1.2 and 2.5 kg (2.6 and 5.5 lb). Males and females do not display sexual dimorphism . This species has dark-colored plumage with bare supra-loreal skin and gular skin that

2107-715: The sea, freshwater lakes, and rivers. Like all cormorants, the double-crested dives to find its prey. It mainly eats fish , but will sometimes also eat amphibians , crustaceans and insects . Fish are caught by diving under water. Smaller fish may be eaten while the bird is still beneath the surface but bigger prey is often brought to the surface before it is eaten. Double-crested cormorants are also considered pests to aquaculturists because of their intense predation on fish ponds which can cause thousands of dollars in losses to farmers. Cormorants regurgitate pellets containing undigested parts of their meals such as bones. These pellets can be dissected by biologists in order to discover what

2156-617: The season. Many racing events are held in cooperation with the nearby Britannia Yacht Club (BYC) and Club de Voile Grande-Rivière (CVGR). Mondays typically see the women's racing. Tuesdays are PHRF. Wednesdays see 5o5s, Lasers racing one design, catamarans, and Albacores and Fireballs combining for handicap racing. Thursdays see C&C27s, Tanzer 22s, and Sharks race one design, J24s and Kirby 25s racing level, with three fleets of JAM (jib and main) racing PHRF . A distance race or regatta can be observed almost every weekend. The Nepean Sailing Club also maintains an active Able Sail program with

2205-460: The surface. It uses its feet for propulsion and is able to dive to a depth of 1.5–7.5 m (4 ft 11 in – 24 ft 7 in) for 30–70 seconds. After diving, it spends long periods standing with its wings outstretched to allow them to dry, since they are not fully waterproofed. This species flies low over the water, with its bill tilted slightly upward, sometimes leaving the colony in long, single-file lines. Food can be found in

2254-475: The women's PHRF racing and the skiffs and Lasers racing. Tuesdays are PHRF keelboats. Wednesdays see 5o5s, Lasers racing one design, catamarans, and Albacores and Fireballs combining for handicap racing. Thursdays see C&C27s, Tanzer 22s, Sharks, Mirage 24s race one design with three fleets of jib and main (JAM) racing PHRF. NSC has a racing program involving both ( PHRF and JAM fleets). NSC fields teams to compete against other clubs in team racing . BYC has

2303-572: The young are sufficiently grown, they gather into immense flocks in unfrequented sections, and remain until the ice-lid has closed over their food supply, when they go away, not to return till the cover is lifted up in the spring." For populations nesting in the Great Lakes region, it is believed that the colonization of the lakes by the non-native alewife (a small prey fish ) has provided optimal feeding conditions and hence good breeding success. Double-crested cormorants eat other species of fish besides alewives and have been suspected of contributing to

2352-480: Was described by René Primevère Lesson in 1831. It was formerly classified in the genus Phalacrocorax , but a 2014 study supported reclassifying it and several other American cormorant species into the genus Nannopterum . The IOC followed this classification in 2021. Its scientific genus name is derived from the Greek words νᾶνος  : nános , "small" and πτερόν  : pterón , "wing". This genus name

2401-525: Was originally coined for the flightless cormorant ( N. harrisi ), which does have very small wings; although the double-crested cormorant has normal-sized wings, it (along with the neotropic cormorant , N. brasilianum ) was still reclassified into the genus Nannopterum when the relationship between it and the flightless cormorant became apparent. The species name is from the Latin auritus , "eared", referring to its nuptial crests. Its common name refers to

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