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41-553: The Nerii were an ancient Gallaecian Celtic tribe, living in the north of modern Galicia , in the Costa da Morte region. Celtici Nerii are mentioned for the first time on a tombstone on the grave of a Galician nerio called Tássionos, in a Tartessian inscription from the Bronze Age. [J.1.1] ‘Fonte Velha 6’ lokooboo niiraboo too araiai kaaltee lokoo|n ane narkee kaakiisiin|koolobo|o ii te’-e.ro-baar|e(be)e tea|siioonii ‘invoking

82-587: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gallaecia Gallaecia , also known as Hispania Gallaecia , was the name of a Roman province in the north-west of Hispania , approximately present-day Galicia , northern Portugal , Asturias and Leon and the later Kingdom of Gallaecia . The Roman cities included the port Cale (Porto), the governing centers Bracara Augusta (Braga), Lucus Augusti (Lugo) and Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and their administrative areas Conventus bracarensis , Conventus lucensis and Conventus asturicensis. The Romans named

123-641: A campaign against the Vaccaei , who lived to the west of the Celtiberians and not far from Lusitania. The commanders of the Roman province of Hispania Citerior ( Nearer Spain , on the east coast of Spain, roughly corresponding to modern Catalonia and Valencia ) were fighting in Numantine War (143–133 BC), a rebellion of the Celtiberians who lived to the west of Hispania Citerior. The war was centred on

164-608: A crossing at Acutia, a city of the Vaccaeans; and last, the Callaicans, [Gallaicans] who occupy a very considerable part of the mountainous country. For this reason, since they were very hard to fight with, the Callaicans themselves have not only furnished the surname for the man who defeated the Lusitanians [meaning Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus , Roman general] but they have also brought it about that now, already, most of

205-656: A far later date, the mythic history that was encapsulated in Lebor Gabála Érenn credited Gallaecia as the point from which the Gaels sailed to conquer Ireland , as they had Gallaecia, by force of arms. Strabo in his Geography lists the people of the northwestern Atlantic coast of Iberia as follows: ... then the Vettonians and the Vaccaeans, through whose territory the Durius [Douro] River flows, which affords

246-610: The Cantabrian Wars of 29–19 BC (in Asturias and Cantabria , to the north of Gallaecia) in which he suppressed the last rebellion against the Romans in the peninsula. Lusitania was established as a new province. Gallaecia became part of Hispania Tarraconensis , a new and larger province which replaced the province of Hispania Citerior to include central and southern Spain. In 137 BC Decimus Junius Brutus also got involved in

287-456: The libations (the pouring of a liquid as an offering to a god or spirit or in memory of the dead) for the dead in December instead of February as was customary. Plutarch explored a number of possible explanations for this peculiarity: (1) since the dead were honoured at the end of the day, it may be reasonable to do so at the end of the year; (2) it might not be fitting to honour the dead at

328-541: The Callaeci/Gallaeci) At an unknown date he built a temple by the Circus Flaminius which is thought to have been dedicated to Hercules Callaicus. This was one of various public buildings Callaicus built with the proceeds of the spoils of his war. All of them had inscriptions by Lucius Accius , the tragic poet. He had a colossal statue of a seated Mars erected in this temple. Brutus

369-589: The Gallaecians a battle near Brigantium . The final conquest of Gallaecia happened during the Cantabrian Wars , fought under the Emperor Augustus from 26 to 19 BC. The resistance was appalling: collective suicide rather than surrender, mothers who killed their children before committing suicide, crucified prisoners of war who sang triumphant hymns, rebellions of captives who killed their guards and returned home from Gaul . For Rome, Gallaecia

410-635: The Iapydians [a tribe in Illyria ], but the defeat was compensated by a victory won through the qualities of Decimus Junius Brutus." However, according to Appian , "Sempronius Tuditanus and Tiberius Pandusa waged war with the Iapydes, who live among the Alps , and seem to have subjugated them." This was the last historical record of Callaicus. Cicero said that Callaicus had the peculiar habit of performing

451-632: The Lugoues of the Neri people, for a nobleman of the Celtae/Galtai Galicia : he rests still within; invoking every hero, the grave of Tasiioonos has received him.’ See John T. Koch A Case For Tartessian as a Celtic Language. ActPal X = PalHisp 9, 344. This article related to Galicia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an ethnic group in Europe is

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492-553: The Lusitanian wars, as the capital of the Callaici ( Portus Cale ) was only definitively occupied by Marcus Perpena in 74 BC. Further incursions in southern Gallaecia, included Publius Licinius Crassus 's campaign of 96–94 BC. The first incursion into Northern Gallaecia happened in 61 BC, during Julius Caesar's consulship, a largely naval-based campaign across the entire Northern Hispanic coastline, defeating

533-535: The Lusitanians are called Callaicans. After the Punic Wars, the Romans turned their attention to conquering Hispania. The tribe of the Gallaeci 60,000 strong, according to Paulus Orosius , faced the Roman forces in 137  BC in a battle at the river Douro ( Spanish : Duero , Portuguese : Douro , Galician : Douro , Latin : Durius ), which resulted in a great Roman victory, by virtue of which

574-613: The River Lethe, which flows from a source in Galicia close to today's border with Portugal and has its outlet on the coast of northern Portugal. Appian wrote that he was the first Roman who thought of crossing it. Lethe was also the name of a mythical river in the underworld, and so the superstitious Roman soldiers refused to cross it until Brutus crossed it himself. Brutus also crossed the Nimis (a river which has not been identified, but

615-587: The River Tagus because no crossing of this river was mentioned by Appian. Therefore, he advanced from central Portugal to northern Portugal. He had the city of Olissipo (modern Lisbon ) fortified. Talabriga (Marnel, near Águeda ) must have been taken before the Crossing of the Durius. A fortified position was established at Vissaium ( Viseu ) . As already noted, after devastating Lusitania Brutus also reached into southern Gallaecia. Cividade de Terroso in

656-660: The Rivers Durius ( Douro ) and Tagus , lying to the north-west of Hispania Ulterior. It covered central and northern parts of present Portugal and also some territory in current western Spain . Brutus would have been unable to pursue the gangs over an area which ranged from the Rivers Lethe ( Limia ) and Durius to the River Baetis ( Guadalquivir ). This was a vast area which extended from Gallaecia , in modern-day north-western Spain and northern Portugal, to

697-776: The Roman frontier on the Rhine. They advanced south, pillaging Gaul , and crossed the Pyrenees. They set about dividing up the Roman provinces of Carthaginiensis , Tarraconensis , Gallaecia, and Baetica . The Suebi took part of Gallaecia, where they later established a kingdom. After the Vandals and Alans left for North Africa, the Suebi took control of much of the Iberian Peninsula. However, Visigothic campaigns took much of this territory back. The Visigoths emerged victorious in

738-556: The Roman kept suzerainty over the peoples of this area is unclear due lack of information. It is likely that they were forced to become Roman allies like some of the Celtiberian peoples who lived further east. There were further conflicts between the Romans and the Lusitanians later. Lusitania and Gallaecia were annexed into the Roman Empire later, when Augustus reorganised the Roman provinces of Hispania either before or after

779-577: The Roman proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus returned a hero, receiving the agnomen Callaicus ('conqueror of the Callaicoi', a Gallaecian tribe inhabiting the southernmost region of Gallaecia by the mouth of the Douro), his campaign followed the Atlantic coast all the way to the river Limia , but no further than the river Miño . This campaign was largely a punitive one, in the context of the aftermath of

820-565: The Romans as much for the Gallaeci's castros , a system of hillforts , as it was for the lure of its gold mines. This culture extended over present day Galicia , the north of Portugal , the western part of Asturias , the Bierzo , and Sanabria and was distinct from the neighbouring Lusitanian culture to the south according to the classical authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder . At

861-470: The attacks on the Vaccaei. Aemilius sent them back to Rome and wrote that it would be dangerous to abandon the war. The siege lasted a long time, during which the Romans run short of food and many men and all the animals died. Aemilius and Brutus eventually had to withdraw, doing so in a very disorderly manner. The Pallantines harassed their flanks and rear and killed many men. When Rome heard of this, Aemilius

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902-532: The beginning of the sowing, a time of new life; (3) December was dedicated to Saturn , who was a god of the underworld; or, (4) that "Brutus deemed it proper to bestow upon the dead first-fruits" of the revelries of the festival of the Saturnalia . Plutarch also wondered whether "this statement, that Brutus alone sacrificed to the dead in this month" was wrong. "For it is in December that they make offerings to Larentia and bring libations to her sepulchre." Larentia

943-503: The edge of the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior. Therefore, Brutus attacked their towns for revenge, to destroy their homes and for plunder for his army, obliterating everything in his path. Women fought valiantly with their men. Some people fled to the mountains and, when they asked for pardon, Brutus took their belongings as a fine. In 137 BC Brutus crossed the River Durius and therefore crossed into Gallaecia . Brutus also reached

984-400: The knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames—who, now crying out the barbarian song of their native tongue, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous caetrae " (a caetra was a small type of shield used in the region). Gallaecia, as a region, was thus marked for

1025-553: The levy of the soldiers, "something happened in front of the recruits that served as an example." A man was accused before the plebeian tribunes of deserting the army in Hispania. He was sentenced, "sent under the yoke, chastised with rods, and sold for one sesterce ." In 138 BC Decimus Junius Brutus founded the Roman colony of "Valentia Edetanorum" (today's Valencia ) in Hispania Citerior. Valentia, which means valour,

1066-847: The northwest part of Hispania or the Iberian Peninsula Gallaecia after the Celtic tribes of the area the Gallaeci or Gallaecians. The Gallaic make their entry into written history in the first-century epic Punica of Silius Italicus on the First Punic War : Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives Callaecia pubem, barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis, nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra, ad numerum resonas gaudentem plaudere caetras. (Book III pp. 344–347) "Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in

1107-468: The optimates, a political faction which supported the interests of the aristocracy and was opposed to both the plebeian tribunes (the representatives of the plebs) and populares , a political faction which championed the cause of the poor and wanted reforms to help them. During his consulship he and his colleague P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica opposed the plebeian tribunes. The plebeian tribune Gaius Curiatus sent both consuls to prison because they did not allow

1148-484: The outskirts of modern Póvoa de Varzim , was one of the major cities in the heartland of the native Castro Culture in coastal northern Portugal, which had notable Carthaginian influence in trade and culture. The archaeological site shows clear signs of complete destruction and burning dating to the time of Decimus Junius Brutus. After the destruction the city was rebuilt using some Roman principles. Decimus Junius Brutus pacified Lusitania and southern Gallaecia. The way

1189-413: The plebeian tribunes to select ten men who would be exempt from military service. The two consuls also opposed a proposal by the tribunes to purchase grain from abroad because the price of grain was going up. Scipio Nasica made a speech which quieted the restless plebs. Appian (who wrongly identified Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus as a praetor called Sextius Junius Brutus) wrote that (in 138 BC) Brutus

1230-811: The task of consolidation of conquered territory, ultimately never expanded into these highly defended mountains, which the Romans before them also had taken generations to incorporate. In Charlemagne 's time, bishops of Gallaecia attended the Council of Frankfurt in 794. During his residence in Aachen , he received embassies from Alfonso II of Gallaecia , according to the Frankish chronicles. Sancho III of Navarre in 1029 refers to Bermudo III of León as Imperator domus Vermudus in Gallaecia . Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus Decimus Junius Brutus belonged to

1271-450: The town of Numantia , which was difficult to besiege, holding out for ten years. In 137 BC the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina was sent to Hispania Citerior to continue the war after the Roman senate rejected a peace treaty made by the other consul for the year, Gaius Hostilius Mancinus . Aemilius did not want to keep his army idle while he was waiting for instructions from Rome and

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1312-702: The wars that followed, and eventually annexed Gallaecia. After the Visigothic defeat and the annexation of much of Hispania by the Moors , a group of Visigothic states survived in the northern mountains, including Gallaecia. In Beatus of Liébana (d. 798), Gallaecia became used to refer to the Christian part of the Iberian peninsula , whereas Hispania was used for the Muslim one. The emirs, preferring to focus on

1353-408: Was Talabriga. Brutus ordered the inhabitants to hand over the deserters, the prisoners, hostages and their weapons and to leave the town. They disobeyed and he had them surrounded by soldiers to scare them and then took their horses, provisions and public money, but gave them back the town. When he completed his campaign Brutus then returned to Rome. Brutus must have moved into Lusitania from north of

1394-568: Was a region formed exclusively by two conventus —the Lucensis and the Bracarensis —and was distinguished clearly from other zones like the Asturica, according to written sources: In the 3rd century AD, Diocletian created an administrative division which included the conventus of Gallaecia, Asturica, and possibly Cluniense. This province took the name of Gallaecia since it

1435-552: Was named in honour of the valour of the Roman soldiers. Edetanorum indicated that the city was in the territory of the Edetani , an Iberian people. It was built on the site of an Iberian town. Livy said that Valentia was founded to give land to soldiers who had fought under Viriathus, the Lusitanian leader. In 136 BC the Roman Senate granted Brutus a triumph and gave him the cognomen Callaicus or Callaecus (winner against

1476-399: Was probably greedy for glory and booty. He falsely accused the Vaccaei of aiding the Celtiberians as an excuse for war. He ravaged the countryside and besieged Pallantia , their main city. He convinced Brutus, who was the commander of Hispania Ulterior and his brother-in-law, to join him. Messengers from the senate arrived and asked why Aemilius sought a new war. They warned him not to continue

1517-514: Was probably the Minho in Galicia, the last tract of which forms part of today's northern border of Portugal. He launched an assault against the Bracari , a tribe of southern Gallaecia centred on modern-day Braga , Portugal, because they attacked his baggage train. The fighting women killed themselves and their children when they were captured. A number of towns submitted but then rebelled. One of them

1558-561: Was recalled, stripped of his command and consulship, and fined. Brutus does not seem to have been punished. Callaicus was married to a Clodia (who had previously been married to Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus and had three children with him) and with her had at least two children, a son named Decimus Junius Brutus and a daughter named Junia who became the mother of Gaius Claudius Marcellus . The ancient Roman historian Livy wrote that in 138 BC, when Decimus Junius Brutus and his consular colleague, Publius Cornelius Nasica, held

1599-527: Was sent to the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior ( Further Spain , in modern Andalusia in the south) to deal with many guerrilla bands which were raiding Lusitania in emulation of Viriathus , the Lusitanian chieftain who led the Lusitanian War (or Fiery War, 155–139 BC) against the Romans and who had been assassinated the year before. The guerrilla bands raided Lusitania, which was between

1640-641: Was the most populous and important zone within the province. In 409, as Roman control collapsed, the Suebi conquests transformed Roman Gallaecia (convents Lucense and Bracarense) into the Kingdom of Galicia (the Galliciense Regnum recorded by Hydatius and Gregory of Tours ). On the night of 31 December 406 AD, several Germanic barbarian tribes, the Vandals , Alans , and Suebi , swept over

1681-475: Was the patron of Lucius Accius, who wrote a tragedy on the tyranny of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus , the last king of Rome , and his expulsion by Lucius Junius Brutus (the founder of the Roman Republic and an ancestor of Callaecus) titled Brutus in honour of his patron. In 129 BC, according to Livy , Brutus helped the consul Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus , who "at first fought unsuccessfully against

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