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40-613: Lying within Ness Ziona's city bounds is the ruin of the Arab village of Sarafand al-Kharab , which was depopulated in 1948. Some scholars believe that this is the site that the medieval Jewish traveller Ishtori Haparchi identified as the Talmudic Tzrifin , but other scholars believe Haparchi was referring to Sarafand al-Amar , 5 km distant. However, neither site has revealed archaeological remains from Talmudic times. On

80-484: A blacksmith , was killed there defending his workshop from Arab gangs. In 1891, Michael Halperin bought more land in the wadi. He gathered a group of people on the "Hill of Love", where he arrived with the "Mahane Yehuda" mounted guards company he had founded, and unfurled a blue and white flag emblazoned with the Star of David and the words "Ness Ziona" ('Banner toward Zion' or 'Miracle of Zion') written in gold. The name

120-535: A high-tech park, Kiryat Weizmann. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2005 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.6% Jewish and other non-Arabs. At the end of 2004 there were 612 immigrants (2.2%), although this rose sharply to 7.8% in 2005. The city also receives significant internal migration, and is popular among Tel Aviv residents seeking to leave the city. In 2005 there were 14,400 males and 14,900 females. 31.8% of

160-588: A new future in the Holy Land , but more than that, they were pushed to immigrate due to the developments in Europe and the growth of the nationalism aspirations of various minority groups. Several factors motivated the immigrants: The official Zionist institutions were opposed to the third immigration wave. They feared that the country would not be able to absorb such a great number of people. They even requested that only people who had enough economic resources come to

200-609: A new industrial zone was approved for the town on an area of 70 dunams . In 1955, a second industrial zone was approved. Ness Ziona is located on the Israeli coastal plain approximately 10 km (6 mi) inland of the Mediterranean Sea , to the south of Tel Aviv . The city is bordered to the north by Rishon LeZion , to the east by Be'er Ya'akov , and to the south by Rehovot . Beit Hanan , Beit Oved , Ayanot youth village and Kibbutz Netzer Sereni also border

240-546: A religiously observant Russian Jew with Zionist ideals, who had his own farmland there. Reisler traded his parcel of land in Palestine for Lehrer's land in Russia. Reuben Lehrer made aliyah (emigrated to Palestine) with his eldest son Moshe in 1883, bringing over his wife and another four of his children the following year. Lehrer placed advertisements near Jaffa port asking others to join him offering plots in his land for

280-424: A small amount of money. The pioneers that arrived established a settlement named Tel Aviv (the city of Tel Aviv did not yet exist), although the area was still known as Wadi Chanin, from its Arabic name, Wadi Hunayn. The settlement (colony, moshava ) was known for a while as Wadi Chanin after the local Arab village, and as Nahalat Reuben (lit. "Reuben's Estate") after Reuben Lehrer. In 1888, Avraham Yalovsky,

320-633: Is twinned with: Sarafand al-Kharab Sarafand al-Kharab ( Arabic : صرفند الخراب ) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict , located 50 meters (160 ft) above sea level, 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) west of Ramla , in the area that is today northeast of Ness Ziona . Sarafand or Sarafend (Ṣarafand / صرفند) is an Arabic rendition of the Phoenician place-name *Ṣrpt. Al-Kharab means "the ruined, uninhabited". Umayyad and Abbasid pottery sherds from

360-566: Is a magnet for many Israeli start-ups, among them Indigo Digital Press , which was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2002 and manufactures high-end digital printing presses. Until 1961 there was only elementary school in Ness Ziona. In 1961 (שנת הלימודים תשכ"ב), Ben Gurion High school was opened. there are 20 schools in Ness Ziona The following youth organizations have chapters in Ness Ziona: The city has been represented in

400-533: Is based on a verse from the Book of Jeremiah , Jeremiah 4:6 : "Raise a standard toward Zion...". This flag was taken by Halperin to the First Zionist Congress seven years later, where it became the model for the official flag adopted by the nascent movement. In 1905, the "Geula" organisation bought the piece of land separating the older Wadi Chanin/Nahalat Reuben and the newer Ness Ziona, allowing

440-507: Is believed to have been established in the late 19th century, driven by Egyptian migration and Bedouin settlement in response to the demand for manpower in emerging Jewish colonies. The specific period of its earlier settlement and the reasons behind its destruction remain unclear. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Sarafand al-Kharab had a population of 385 Muslims , increasing in

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480-482: The 1931 census to 974; 938 Muslims, 33 Christians and 3 Jews, in a total of 206 residential houses. Sarafand al-Kharab was one of a number of villages in the Lydda-Ramle district of Mandatory Palestine whose equine population was struck by an epidemic of African horse sickness in 1944, resulting in "stand-still" orders preventing the movement of horses outside of town between September and November 1944 and

520-553: The Givati Brigade . Much of the territory abandoned by the fleeing Arab residents of nearby villages was added to Ness Ziona, increasing its size from 8 to 15.3 square kilometres (3.1 to 5.9 sq mi) immediately after the war. During the war, Ness Ziona's population almost tripled to become 4,446 (according to an October 23, 1949 survey), and until 1950 the local council absorbed 9,000 olim , most of whom were housed in ma'abarot (provisional housing camps). In 1952,

560-638: The West Bank . An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 22 houses and a population of 107 in Sarfend el Charab , though the population count included men only. In 1882, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) noted the village on their maps as Khurbet Surafend , and described the archeological remains at the place as being "a tank or birkeh of rubble in cement, resembling those at Ramleh , here exists, with traces of other ruins." The village

600-465: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The outlying villages of Kfar Aharon and Tirat Shalom (now part of Ness Ziona) frequently exchanged fire with the Arab villages al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa (now western Rehovot ). Most of Ness Ziona's youth joined the Haganah to fight off these threats. On May 15, 1948, Sarafand al-Kharab was evacuated of Arab inhabitants, and on May 19, al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa were conquered by

640-600: The 8th-10th centuries (part of the Early Muslim period) have been found here. An Arabic inscription on a slab of marble, formerly held in the private collection of Baron d'Ustinow , was found in Sarafand al-Kharab. Dating to the Fatimid period and ostensibly brought to the village from Ashkelon , it states: "The slave of amir al-mu'minin may Allah bless him and his pure ancestors, and his noble descendants. And he

680-861: The Arabs to the contrary. The League of Nations , established in early 1920, gave the British the mandate to administer Palestine. The Third Aliyah was triggered mainly by the October Revolution in Russia , antisemitic pogroms in Eastern Europe and the Balfour Declaration , and it was hindered by the British quotas. In the 1960s Everett S. Lee described the push and pull factors in migration . This model can also be applied to prior migration waves. Immigrants had high hopes for

720-816: The Elected Assembly and the National Council were founded, also Haganah , a clandestine paramilitary organization. Among the immigrants to Palestine during the Third Aliyah were people who later-on founded the State of Israel, including David Ben-Gurion and Golda Meir , and also several prominent activists and intellectuals. Many of them would later become pioneers in Israeli culture. Many of them arrived in Palestine in December 1919 on board

760-695: The basis of excavations at Sarafand al-Kharab, it is believed to have been founded no earlier than the late Byzantine period. In 1878, the German Templer Gustav Reisler purchased lands in Wadi Hunayn , planted an orchard, and lived there with his family. The name " Wadi-Chanin ", with its German orthography, became the standard Western name for the place for several decades to come. After losing his wife and children to malaria, Reisler returned to Europe. He travelled to Odessa in 1882 and met Reuben Lehrer, born Patchornik (1832–1917),

800-476: The city. The city has been designed to have a rural character due to urban planning that bans the construction of buildings higher than eight stories. Property values have risen by 30 percent in recent years. Ness Ziona is located in the Gush Dan metropolitan area. Ness Ziona is composed of a central core and villages that came under its municipal jurisdiction over time. The city also has two industrial zones and

840-489: The country. However, the harsh reality changed their expectations: the bad economic situation of Jews of Eastern Europe, and also the riots, forced many to emigrate to countries which did open their gates—the United States and Western Europe —and to those who had a pioneering impulse and a Zionist recognition, Palestine was suitable as their new home. Many of the new immigrants of the Third Aliyah were affiliated with

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880-558: The deaths of 730 horses in the district. In the 1945 statistics the village had a population of 1,040; 930 Muslims and 110 Christians, with a total of 5,503 dunams of land. (3,545 Arab-owned, 1,611 Jewish-owned, 347 public lands) In 1944-45, a total of 4,235 dunams were devoted to citrus and bananas and 499 dunams were allocated to cereals; 64 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards, while 33 dunams were classified as built-up, urban areas. By 8 April, Haganah reports mentioned that Palestinian women and children had started evacuating

920-534: The grid beyond the original geographical limits that had been projected by the concession it was given. The high-tension line that exceeded the limits of the original concession ran along some major towns and agricultural settlements, offering extended connections to the Jewish settlements of Rishon Le-Zion, Nes-Ziona and Rehovot (in spite of their proximity to the high-tension line, the Arab towns of Ramleh and Lydda remained unconnected). The Great Synagogue of Ness Ziona

960-612: The house of Muhammad Darwish , are occupied by Israeli families. Most of them have gable roofs and rectangular doors and windows. One house is comprised of two stories and has a slanted roof. The school is used by Israeli students. A pond and a pump house in the orchard of Mahmud Yusuf Darwish are still undamaged. Castor oil ( Ricinus ) plant and mulberry trees grow on the site. The cemetery is overgrown with cactus plants. The surrounding land are cultivated by Israelis." Third Aliyah The Third Aliyah ( Hebrew : העלייה השלישית , romanized :  HaAliyah HaShlishit ) refers to

1000-511: The population was 19 years of age or younger, 15.2% between 20 and 29, 21% between 30 and 44, 19.1% from 45 to 59, 3.1% from 60 to 64, and 9.7% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2006 was 5.8%. In 2005, there were 11,830 salaried workers and 984 self-employed. The mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was NIS 7,597, a 9.2% increase over 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of NIS 9,802 (an 8.4% increase) versus NIS 5,595 for females (a 14% increase). The mean income for

1040-459: The ruins") acquired its name during this period. Both the Sarafand villages belonged to the District of Ibn Humar. Dovid Grossman (scholar) believed that the village had have been settled by Bedouins and Egyptians in the late 19th century. A more recent study, based on oral histories of former residents, indicated that Sarafand al-Kharab had been established by refugees from Abwein in

1080-499: The second tier. The club plays at the Ness Ziona Stadium . The town is also home to a basketball team, Ironi Nes Ziona B.C. , playing in the national premier league . Ness Ziona has two main roads – Highway 42 to the west, and Road 412 (Weizmann Street), which goes through the city center and connects to Rishon LeZion and Rehovot. Ness Ziona is also served by 5 bus lines operated by Egged (company) . Ness Ziona

1120-468: The self-employed was 7,064. There were 290 people receiving unemployment benefits and 986 receiving an income guarantee ( welfare ). Ness Ziona is home to the Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), a secret government defence research institute working in chemical and biological research with 350 employees, and Zenith Solar , a solar energy company. The Kiryat Weizmann Science Park

1160-638: The socialist ideas of Ber Borochov and the concept "religion of labor" by A. D. Gordon . One key idea of the Third Aliyah was a continuation of the Second—the establishment of a socialist Jewish society in the Land of Israel. In hindsight one can state that the attempts of immigrants from the First Aliyah in hard manual labor failed clamorously, while the pioneers from the Second Aliyah fought hard and

1200-486: The third wave, or aliyah , of modern Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe . This wave lasted from 1919, just after the end of World War I , until 1923, at the start of an economic crisis in Palestine. 35,000 to 40,000 Jews arrived in Palestine during the Third Aliyah. The bellwether of the Third Aliyah was the ship SS Ruslan , which arrived at Jaffa Port on December 19, 1919 carrying 671 new immigrants and people returning after being stranded in Europe during

1240-479: The top division of Israeli football by two different clubs; Maccabi Ness Ziona competed in the top flight in the first post- independence season. However, they lost all 24 games, and were relegated. A new club, Sektzia Ness Ziona was formed in 1956 and reached the top flight in 1966. However, they were relegated after only one season. After folding, they reformed as Ironi Ness Ziona in 2001, and since then have reverted to their former name and reached Liga Leumit ,

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1280-617: The two Jewish settlements to unite into one larger village. In 1926, a new Arab village, Wadi Hunayn, developed across the Jaffa-Jerusalem road from a watermelon farm established there by the Abu Jaber clan from Sarafand el-Kharab, and became part of the same administrative unit as Ness Ziona. Until the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , it was the only mixed Arab-Jewish village in Mandatory Palestine. The coexistence was, on

1320-479: The village. News of the Deir Yassin massacre might have prompted further evacuation. By September 1948, Sarafand al-Kharab was one village Israeli general Avner considered "suitable" for filling with newly Jewish immigrants, so-called olim . In 1992 the village site was described as follows: "A major part of the village has been destroyed. Many houses, however, remain; no more than six of them, including

1360-489: The war. The pioneers of the Third Aliyah originated mainly from Eastern European countries: 45% from Russia, 31% from Poland , 5% from Romania , and 3% from Lithuania . Three secret commitments of Great Britain , substantially contradicting each other, formed the basis for the conflicts that followed thereafter: Among the immigrants of the Second Aliyah (1904–1914) were a few thousand young pioneers influenced by

1400-629: The whole, a peaceful one. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities , Ness Ziona had a population of 319 Jews. By the 1931 census , it had increased to 1,013 inhabitants in 221 houses. In 1921 a pump and a system of water pipes were installed. In 1924 the British Army contracted the Israel Electric Company for wired electric power. The contract allowed the Electric Company to extend

1440-414: The young men and women from the Third Aliyah succeeded right from the beginning. They built roads and bridges, they drained swamps and they set up functioning farms. Many of them were already trained in Russia for a life of farming. But, since World War I , the basis for all immigration to Palestine had changed fundamentally. The Ottomans had withdrawn, and the British had taken power – despite promises to

1480-506: The youth movements HeHalutz and Hashomer Hatzair . Most of them were socialist-oriented and secular, even anti-religious. Their intention was to build not the Jewish state, but a socialist state. Most of the newcomers were young halutzim (pioneers), who built roads and towns and commenced the draining of marshes in the Jezreel Valley . Afterwards they became a smaller proportion of the immigrants. The importance of those pioneers

1520-468: Was built in the 1920s, during the period of the Third Aliyah . In 1935, a temporary workers' camp named Givat Michael after Michael Halperin, was established near Ness Ziona. It was meant as a training camp for new settlement groups (" gar'in "), two of which went on to establish the kibbutzim of Gal On and Mesilot . Ness Ziona was attacked by Arab forces during the 1936–39 Arab Revolt , and

1560-501: Was just as great as that of the pioneers of the Second Aliyah . Their ideology contributed a great deal to the construction of Palestine, and so they imprinted their mark on Zionism and also on the development of the Jewish settlements in Palestine. The list below shows that also many intellectuals and artists were part of the Third Aliyah. Histadrut , the General Labor Federation, was established at this time,

1600-501: Was then in charge of ... in the border stronghold of Ashqelon in the month of (?) of Rabi' II of the year 440." AH 440 corresponds to 1048/49 CE. A vault dating from the Crusader period has been found in the village. In 1838, Edward Robinson reported that there were two villages by the name of Sarafand in the area, one of which was inhabited by Muslims and the other ruined. Thus, it may be that Sarafand al-Kharab ("Sarafand of

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