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39-562: Nguru may refer to: Pila Nguru , an aboriginal people of Australia Nguru (flute) , a small Māori nose flute from New Zealand Nguru, Nigeria , a town and LGA in Yobe State Hadejia-Nguru wetlands , northern Nigeria Nguru Lake , a lake which forms part of the aforementioned wetlands Nguru Mountains , a mountain range in Tanzania Topics referred to by

78-604: A Black Swan Theatre Company production in Hamburg , Germany in 2002. Ngapartji Ngapartji was a community and language revitalisation project as well as a stage production, developed from 2008 onwards by Rankin and Jamieson. In the production, Jamieson narrates his family's story. Pidgin Fundamentally, a pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people. A pidgin

117-536: A Chinese pronunciation of the English word business , and all attestations from the first half of the nineteenth century given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary mean "business; an action, occupation, or affair" (the earliest being from 1807). The term pidgin English ('business English'), first attested in 1855, shows the term in transition to referring to language, and by

156-417: A creole , which is the first language of a speech community of native speakers that at one point arose from a pidgin. Unlike pidgins, creoles have fully developed vocabulary and patterned grammar. Most linguists believe that a creole develops through a process of nativization of a pidgin when children of speakers of an acquired pidgin learn it and use it as their native language. Pidgin derives from

195-415: A basic stuff for moulding beads, figurines and other assorted objects. These resin products are commodities also, used as gifts and as important tradewares between tribes. The grasses were cut with stone halfway down the stem. The gathered grass was flailed with a stick to obtain spinifex dust, which then was winnowed and "yandied", yandi referring to a luandja , a softwood winnowing dish for grass seed:

234-472: A distance of 60 metres (200 ft). An officer, the expert bushman Walter MacDougall was sent to warn them of the impending tests. A total of nine small nuclear weapons ranging up to 25 kilotons were tested at Emu Junction (2 tests, 1953) and Maralinga (7 tests, 1956–1957). Given that only one officer and an assistant were assigned to warn the Spinifex people who lived across an enormous area far to

273-576: A monthly basis. It was gradually overtaken by the depot at Cundeelee from 1939, which was closed in 1942. Two other depots distributing rations to those in need existed: one at Zanthus T.A.R , the other halfway between Cundeelee and Queen Victoria Springs . By the 1950s, so little was known about these people that the British chose the Nullarbor for nuclear weapons testing, as they believed it to be devoid of people. When graded roads were built for

312-506: A pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves , absorbing certain words and features from

351-466: A pidgin usually requires: Keith Whinnom (in Hymes (1971) ) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others. Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language, a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace

390-503: A sense of tenure of territory rather than a strictly linguistic classification. The contemporary centre is found on the southern edge of the Spinifex homelands. The arid desert which forms the environment where the Pila Nguru live has tree varieties like mulga , western myall and casuarina as well as varieties of cassia , sandalwood and spinifex. Spinifex grasses (porcupine/hummock grasses) dominated communities over 22% of

429-466: Is a non-profit Aboriginal-owned art centre on Spinifex Country at Tjuntjuntjara Community . It is a member of Desart . A theatrical performance, The Career Highlights of the Mamu , covering the tribal experience during the period of the atomic tests, co-written by Big h ART's creative director Scott Rankin and Trevor Jamieson , was performed by Roy Underwood and several other Spinifex people in

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468-604: Is commonly referred to by its speakers as "Pidgin". The term jargon has also been used to refer to pidgins, and is found in the names of some pidgins, such as Chinook Jargon . In this context, linguists today use jargon to denote a particularly rudimentary type of pidgin; however, this usage is rather rare, and the term jargon most often means the specialized vocabulary of some profession. Pidgins may start out as or become trade languages , such as Tok Pisin . Trade languages can eventually evolve into fully developed languages in their own right, such as Swahili , distinct from

507-698: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pila Nguru The Pila Nguru , often referred to in English as the Spinifex people , are an Aboriginal Australian people of Western Australia , whose lands extend to the border with South Australia and to the north of the Nullarbor Plain . The centre of their homeland is in the Great Victoria Desert , at Tjuntjunjarra , some 700 kilometres (430 mi) east of Kalgoorlie , perhaps

546-403: Is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from a multitude of languages as well as onomatopoeia . As the lexicon of any pidgin will be limited to core vocabulary, words with only a specific meaning in the lexifier language may acquire a completely new (or additional) meaning in

585-591: The Federal Court of Australia 's Chief Justice Michael Black stated that archaeological evidence indicated a nomadic presence in the Western desert dating back some 20,000 years. There was rapid demographic expansion over most of Australia during the Holocene climatic optimum (9,000–6,000 , extending through much of the arid zones. According to Scott Cane the residual debris of artifact use peppering

624-580: The Giles Weather Station (part of the Weapons Research Establishment) during 1952–1955, officials learned that Aboriginal people – probably then around 150 – lived west of the sites. Scouting just east of this area to find suitable locations for radiation sensors that would measure the fallout, Len Beadell records stumbling on an "Aboriginal Stonehenge ", a geometrical pattern of upturned shale slabs extending for

663-426: The 1860s the term pidgin alone could refer to Pidgin English. The term came to be used in a more general linguistic sense to refer to any simplified language by the late 19th century. A popular false etymology for pidgin is English pigeon , a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages, especially in times prior to modern telecommunications . The word pidgin , formerly also spelled pigion ,

702-636: The Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993 . The ruling, by the Federal Court of Australia , in a case brought by a third party on behalf of the Spinifex people, found that agreement had been reached between the applicants and the two named respondents: the State Government of Western Australia and the Shire of Laverton , over a sector of land encompassing around 55,000 km (21,000 sq mi). This territory – which

741-618: The Spinifex Arts Project was begun to help document the native title claims. Both native title paintings, the men's combined and the women's combined, document the entire Spinifex area; they show the claimants' birthplaces and express the important traditional stories that cross and give shape to the area. The Spinifex people were the second group in Western Australia to receive recognition of their land rights in 2000, in accordance with Section 87 (agreement) of

780-523: The Spinifex people became famous for their solo and group artworks, due to the effect of a major art exhibition of their work in London . Their boldly-coloured " dot paintings " are not the usual polished commodities produced by many northern tribes for sale to a non-Aboriginal art market, but are authentic works that the Spinifex People have made for their own purposes. The Spinifex Arts Project

819-606: The area, establishing a mission in Warburton but the extremities of trying to live there rendered their activities difficult, and the native lifestyle managed to survive, with the retention of many customary ways. In times of drought during the 1920s down to 1942, itinerant Anangu sought out provisions from the Karonie T.A.R on the Cowarna Downs , where the government had established a rations depot, with food distributed on

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858-400: The cleaned seeds were then tipped into another type of dish, called ivirra , worked further with a particular rocking movement and shaking and then heated over stone to yield around 8 cubic metres yielding 600 grams. The resin, thus extracted from varieties of triodia was a key ingredient for binding the stone blades to native hafted adzes, which were of two types, tula and burren,

897-532: The desert landscape is extremely dense, attesting to a very long period of habitation. White incursions into the Pila Nguru homelands started around the 1910s, with the granting of options on pastoral leases, which however failed to be realised. By the 1930s, profiting from the proximity of the Trans-Australian Railway (T.A.R) , which had been completed just over a decade earlier, missionaries strove to undertake evangelistic pastoral work in

936-531: The eastern portion of the prohibited Maralinga area while the tests were being conducted, moving as far east as Vokes Hill and Waldana. One family of twelve were the nearest people, living at Nurrari Lakes less than 200 km west from Maralinga. Although close enough to hear the larger bombs explode, they were healthy several years after the tests. The Australian Royal Commission was unable to determine if Maralinga Tjarutja or Pila Nguru people had been exposed to damaging levels of radiation from fallout , due to

975-797: The existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such as the Chavacano language in the Philippines , Krio in Sierra Leone , and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea ). However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the Mediterranean Lingua Franca ). Other scholars, such as Salikoko Mufwene , argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that

1014-442: The former, the type used by spinifex people, using the distal edge, the other the lateral edge, for working materials. The materials for the tula adze were obtained by knapping tula flakes to form "slugs" or blades, the tool being then employed for woodwork, to hollow out yandis or fashion boomerangs and spears. The only artificial dwelling was a wiltja or windbreak. In evaluating the Pila Nguru claim to native title in 2001,

1053-536: The government turned over the pristine wilderness area of 21,000 km (8,100 sq mi) jointly to the Pila Nguru and the Maralinga Tjarutja . Spinifex art began as what Philip Batty called "intercultural debris", reflecting their experience of the impact of the outside world. The genre of what the Pila Nguru call "government paintings" were visual documents created to furnish evidence of their land title, to be produced in court. In early 2005,

1092-428: The lack of medical records and medical centres. Maralinga bomb plume maps show prevailing northerly winds during tests, whereas the Spinifex lands are 300 km to the west of Maralinga. The closest group was at Nurrari Lakes about 180 km west. Scott Cane's otherwise definitive native title study, Pila Nguru (2000), contained almost no details as to how bomb testing radiation affected the Spinifex people. In 1997

1131-557: The languages they were originally influenced by. Trade languages and pidgins can also influence an established language's vernacular , especially amongst people who are directly involved in a trade where that pidgin is commonly used, which can alternatively result in a regional dialect being developed. Pidgins are usually less morphologically complex but more syntactically rigid than other languages, and usually have fewer morphosyntactic irregularities than other languages. Characteristics shared by most pidgins: The initial development of

1170-407: The pidgin. Pidgins have historically been considered a form of patois , unsophisticated simplified versions of their lexifiers, and as such usually have low prestige with respect to other languages. However, not all simplified or "unsophisticated" forms of a language are pidgins. Each pidgin has its own norms of usage which must be learned for proficiency in the pidgin. A pidgin differs from

1209-495: The remotest community in Australia. Their country is sometimes referred to as Spinifex country . They maintain in large part their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle within the territory, over which their claims to native title in Australia and associated collective rights were recognised by a 28 November 2000 Federal Court decision. In 1997, an art project was started in which Indigenous paintings became part of

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1248-445: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nguru . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguru&oldid=986219975 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1287-648: The territory was for public right-of-way along an existing road which traversed some of the territory. The native title claim was made by twenty-one families constituting the current Spinifex people. Some people of the Spinifex had begun returning to their land from around 1980. From 2001 many of those who left to live at the Christian missions have since returned to their homelands and the Unnamed Conservation Park Biosphere Reserve (now Mamungari Conservation Park ). In 2004

1326-558: The title claim. In 2005, a major exhibit of their works in London brought the artists widespread attention. Spinifex people speak south western dialects of the Wati language division of the Pama–Nyungan languages . The name Pila Nguru is an abbreviation of Anaṉgu tjuta pila nguru ("people-land-spinifex-from", or people from the land of the spinifex) and reflects an identity rooted in

1365-468: The traditional Australian landmass, and the arid desert areas contain some 35 species. The variety called "soft spinifex" or in pidgin English , bush araldite , is Triodia pungens , prized for its cementing qualities. The general term in Western desert languages for the plant is tjanpi , the plain where it grows is pila , the plant itself, in the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara languages

1404-448: The west of the test sites, many of the Spinifex were never informed, nor did they leave the area. Officially, all were forced to leave their lands and were not allowed within 200 km of ground zero . Officials made a leaflet drop, but the Spinifex could not read the leaflets and were wary and afraid of the aircraft . In the later stages of the bomb trials, MacDougall discovered that up to 40 Spinifex people may have been hunting over

1443-464: Was tjapura , while the Spinifex resin extracted from it is called kiti . Spinifex grasses were worked to produce cakes of resin that had four basic uses: (a) as a waterproofer, by caulking any wooden object employed for carry around water; (b) as a putty to fill holes or fissures in work materials; (c) as an adhesive to bind materials when making tools, weaponry and ceremonial objects; and (d) as

1482-599: Was designated as either unallocated land or park reserve , and contained no pastoral leases – lies to the north of the lands of the Nullarbor peoples, to the east of the people in the Pilki area and to the south of the Ngaanyatjarra Lands, the eastern boundary being formed by the South Australian border. Apart from the area of two nature reserves, the only specific "other interests" identified within

1521-424: Was first applied to Chinese Pidgin English , but was later generalized to refer to any pidgin. Pidgin may also be used as the specific name for local pidgins or creoles , in places where they are spoken. For example, the name of the creole language Tok Pisin derives from the English words talk pidgin . Its speakers usually refer to it simply as "pidgin" when speaking English. Likewise, Hawaiian Creole English

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