Nghĩa Lộ is a town in Yên Bái Province , in the north-east region of Vietnam . It is bordered by Văn Chấn District and Trạm Tấu District .
80-673: In 1951, the Viet Minh 312 Division fought French forces in the area as part of the First Indochina War . As of 2020, the district had a population of 68,206. The district covers an area of 107.78 km. Nghĩa Lộ is divided into 14 commune-level sub-divisions, including 4 wards (Cầu Thia, Pú Trạng, Tân An, Trung Tâm) and 10 rural communes (Hạnh Sơn, Nghĩa An, Nghĩa Lộ, Nghĩa Lợi, Nghĩa Phúc, Phù Nham, Phúc Sơn, Sơn A, Thạch Lương, Thanh Lương). [REDACTED] Media related to Nghia Lo at Wikimedia Commons This article about
160-583: A confederal state . The proposal was overwhelmingly rejected by the Congress. Tokelau (a dependent territory of New Zealand) voted on a referendum in February 2006 to determine whether it wanted to remain a New Zealand territory or become the third state in free association with New Zealand (after the Cook Islands and Niue). While a majority of voters chose free association, the vote did not meet
240-519: A 1949 treaty to allow the newly independent India to guide its foreign relations in a relatively loose form of association, which resulted in Bhutan sometimes being described as a "protected state". This relationship was updated in a 2007 treaty, in which the provision requiring Bhutan to accept India's guidance on foreign policy was rescinded. The existence of free relationship based on both delegation of sovereignty and benign protection can be seen as
320-645: A break in French control. Early Vietnamese resistance centered on the intellectual Phan Bội Châu . Châu looked to Japan, which had modernized and was one of the few Asian nations to successfully resist European colonization. With Prince Cường Để , Châu started the two organizations in Japan, the Duy Tân hội (Modernistic Association) and Vietnam Cong Hien Hoi . Due to French pressure, Japan deported Phan Bội Châu to China. Witnessing Sun Yat-sen 's Xinhai Revolution , Châu
400-652: A defining feature of microstates. According to the definition of microstates proposed by Dumienski (2014): "Microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints." Adopting this approach permits separating microstates from both small states and autonomies or dependencies. Microstates understood as modern protected states include such states as Liechtenstein , San Marino , Monaco , Vatican City , Andorra , Niue,
480-468: A form of association based on benign protection and delegation of sovereignty can be seen as a defining feature of microstates . A federacy , a type of government where at least one of the subunits in an otherwise unitary state enjoys autonomy like a subunit within a federation, is similar to an associated state, with such subunits having considerable independence in internal issues, except foreign affairs and defence. Yet in terms of international law it
560-509: A formal, free relationship between a political territory (some of them dependent states , most of them fully sovereign ) and a major party—usually a larger nation. The details of such free association are contained in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV) Principle VI, a Compact of Free Association or Associated Statehood Act and are specific to the countries involved. In
640-688: A large-scale purge. In addition to British support, the French also received assistance from various southern groups that modern historians consider unambiguously Vietnamese. After the August Revolution, the armed militias from the religious Hòa Hảo sect backed by the Japanese were in direct conflict with the Viet Minh who sought to take full control of the country. This ultimately led to the assassination of their leader in April 1947. The Bình Xuyên organized crime group also sought power in
720-616: A location in Yên Bái Province , Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . First Indochina War [REDACTED] DR Vietnam [REDACTED] Lao Issara (1945–1949) [REDACTED] Pathet Lao (1949–1954) [REDACTED] Khmer Issarak Supported by : [REDACTED] French Union Supported by : Total: est. 450,000 State of Vietnam : State of Vietnam: Total: est. 134,500 dead or missing Second Third The First Indochina War (generally known as
800-504: A loose form of association, some sovereign states cede some power to other states, often in terms of foreign affairs and defence. Iceland , formerly part of Denmark , became a nominally sovereign state in 1918. It remained in a personal union with the Danish Crown and continued to have a common foreign policy with Denmark until 1944, when it became fully independent. Bhutan , a former protectorate of British India , agreed in
880-534: A result of the French offensive, the Việt Minh would end up losing valuable resources and suffering heavy losses, 7,200–9,500 KIA . Nevertheless, both operations failed to capture Hồ Chí Minh and his key lieutenants as intended, and the main Vietnamese battle units managed to survive. Associated State List of forms of government An associated state is the minor partner or dependent territory in
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#1732791453910960-615: A sizable regular army facilitated by large popular support. They used guerrilla warfare doctrine and instruction from Mao's China, and used war materiel provided by the Soviet Union. This combination proved fatal for the French bases, culminating in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ . An estimated 400,000 to 842,707 soldiers died during the war as well as between 125,000 and 400,000 civilians. Both sides committed war crimes including killings of civilians (such as
1040-577: A state to United Nations treaties and bodies. Neither has decided to join the UN, as New Zealand has expressed a view that such a move would lead to their loss of right to automatic acquisition of New Zealand citizenship . However, New Zealand has never formally opposed such application, nor has it argued that either country would not be within its sovereign right to do so. Both Niue and the Cook Islands have established their own nationality and immigration regimes. The Federated States of Micronesia (since 1986),
1120-500: A subject of international law . Informally it can be considered more widely: from a post-colonial form of amical protection, or protectorate , to a confederation of unequal members when the lesser partners delegate to the major one (often the former colonial power) some authority normally exclusively retained by a sovereign state, usually in such fields as defence and foreign relations, while often enjoying favourable economic terms such as market access . According to some scholars,
1200-454: A treaty specifying that Tatarstan was "associated" with the latter (rather than being an integral part of it). Through the agreement, Tatarstan delegated certain powers (such as some foreign relations and defence) to Russia. Changes made to Tatarstan's constitution in 2002 have been seen by some commentators as fundamentally changing this relationship, with Tatarstan now functioning as essentially an integral part of Russia. While Puerto Rico
1280-413: Is a completely different situation because the subunits are not independent international entities and have no potential right to independence. The concept of associated state was originally used to refer to arrangements under which Western powers afforded a (sometimes very limited) degree of self-government to some of their colonial possessions after the end of World War II . Soon after the conclusion of
1360-514: Is described as a ' free associated state ' under its Spanish-language constitution, its status is not equivalent to that of a separate state under international law, since it legally remains a U.S. territory . Some scholars and politicians have proposed Puerto Rico sign a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. similar to those in force in the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau. A similar path has been proposed in order to update
1440-552: Is under the sovereignty of the U.S. Constitution . Unlike the Marshall Islands , Micronesia , and Palau , Puerto Rico is not considered to be an associated state under U.S. domestic law, with the English-language Puerto Rican constitution referring to it as a 'commonwealth.' The official Spanish name of Puerto Rico can lead observers to believe that its political status is equivalent to that of
1520-752: The Nhân Dân journal) calling for a general uprising, resistance and guerrilla warfare against the Japanese. It also called on the French in Vietnam to recognize Vietnamese independence and on the DeGaulle French government (Allied French) to recognize Vietnam's independence and fight alongside them against Japan. In an article from August 1945, (republished 17 August 1970), the North Vietnamese National Assembly Chairman Truong Chinh denounced
1600-628: The August Revolution , Japanese forces allowed the Việt Minh and other nationalist groups to take over public buildings and weapons. For the most part, the Japanese Army destroyed their equipment or surrendered it to Allied forces, but some of the weapons fell to the Việt Minh, including some French equipment. The Việt Minh also recruited more than 600 Japanese soldiers to train Vietnamese. On 25 August, Hồ Chí Minh persuaded Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and become "supreme advisor" to
1680-747: The Franco-Thai War , the Vichy French in Indochina defended their colony in a border conflict in which the forces of Thailand invaded while the Japanese sat on the sidelines. Thai military successes were limited to the Cambodian border area, and in January 1941 Vichy France's modern naval forces soundly defeated the inferior Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang . The war ended in May, with
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#17327914539101760-676: The Ho–Sainteny agreement . In February 1946, he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions and ports in China, including Shanghai, in exchange for Chinese troops withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946. This left the VNQDĐ without support, and they were suppressed by Việt Minh and French troops. The Việt Minh massacred thousands of VNQDĐ members and other nationalists in
1840-872: The Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam , and alternatively internationally as the French-Indochina War ) was fought between France and Việt Minh ( Democratic Republic of Vietnam ), and their respective allies, from 19 December 1946 until 21 July 1954. Việt Minh was led by Võ Nguyên Giáp and Hồ Chí Minh . Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although
1920-666: The Mỹ Trạch massacre by French troops), rape and torture. At the International Geneva Conference on 21 July 1954, the new socialist French government and the Việt Minh agreed to give the Việt Minh control of North Vietnam above the 17th parallel , but this was rejected by the State of Vietnam and the United States. A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm , creating
2000-655: The Potsdam Conference , 200,000 troops of the Chinese 1st Army occupied northern Indochina to the 16th parallel, while the British under the South-East Asia Command of Lord Mountbatten occupied the south. The Chinese troops had been sent by Chiang Kai-shek under General Lu Han to accept the surrender of Japanese forces occupying that area, then to supervise the disarming and repatriation of
2080-773: The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Soon an insurgency , backed by the communist north, developed against Diệm's anti-communist government. This conflict, known as the Vietnam War , included large U.S. military intervention in support of the South Vietnamese and ended in 1975 with the defeat of South Vietnam to the North Vietnamese and the reunification of Vietnam. Vietnam was absorbed into French Indochina in stages between 1858 and 1887. Vietnamese nationalism grew until World War II, which provided
2160-404: The 1911 revolution and anti-Japanese war which had made it "not the same as feudal China". In September 1945, Ho Chi Minh called on the people to contribute gold to purchase weapons for the Viet Minh and also gifts for the Chinese, presenting a golden opium pipe to the Chinese general Lu Han. Lu Han pressured Ho Chi Minh for rice to feed the Chinese occupation force. Rice sent to Cochinchina by
2240-477: The Allies by surrendering Indochina to Japan. Ho Chi Minh blamed Dong Minh Hoi and VNDQQ for signing the agreement with France which allowed its soldiers to return to Vietnam. Chinese communist guerrilla leader Chu Chia-pi visited northern Vietnam multiple times in 1945 and helped the Viet Minh fight against the French from Yunnan. Chiang Kai-shek forced the contentious French and Việt Minh to come to terms in
2320-638: The Chinese forces which started gradually returning to China. In further negotiations, the French would seek to ratify Vietnam's position within the Union and the Vietnamese main priorities were preserving their independence and the reunification with the Republic of Cochinchina , which had been created by High Commissioner Georges d'Argenlieu in June. In September, once main negotiations had broken down in Paris over these two key issues, Ho Chi Minh and Marius Moutet ,
2400-489: The Chinese soldiers occupied northern Indochina, Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh tried to appease the Chinese soldiers with welcome parades in Hanoi and Haiphong, while reassuring the Vietnamese people that China supported Vietnam's independence. Viet Minh newspapers emphasized the common ancestry (huyết thống) and culture shared by Vietnamese and Chinese, and their common struggle against western imperialists, and expressed admiration for
2480-548: The Chinese were fully investigated, to the extent of executions for some Vietnamese who attacked Chinese soldiers. While Chiang Kai-shek, Xiao Wen (Hsiao Wen) and the Kuomintang Chinese government were uninterested in occupying Vietnam beyond the allotted time period and involving itself in the war between the Viet Minh and the French, the Yunnan warlord Lu Han wanted to establish a Chinese trusteeship of Vietnam under
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2560-693: The Cook Islands, they involved the United Nations and included in the agreement the possibility of future independence. These considerations became relevant in later Special Committee on Decolonisation debates on the West Indies Associated States . The Cook Islands and Niue have the status of "self-government in free association". New Zealand cannot legislate for them, and in some situations they are considered sovereign states . In foreign relations, both interact as sovereign states, and they have been allowed to sign on as
2640-730: The French Minister of the Colonies , signed a temporary modus vivendi which reaffirmed the March Accord, although no specifications were made on the issue of a Nam Bộ (Cochinchina) reunification referendum and negotiations for a definitive treaty were set to begin no later than January 1947. In the north, an uneasy peace had been maintained during the negotiations, in November however, fighting broke out in Haiphong between
2720-613: The French agreeing to minor territorial revisions which restored formerly Thai areas to Thailand. Hồ Chí Minh, upon his return to Vietnam in 1941, formed the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (League for the Independence of Vietnam), better known as the Việt Minh. He founded the Việt Minh as an umbrella organization , seeking to appeal to a base beyond his own communist beliefs by emphasizing national liberation instead of class struggle. In March 1945, with
2800-530: The French and the Japanese" for the deaths of "more than two million" Vietnamese. American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and General Joseph Stilwell privately opposed continued French rule in Indochina after the war. Roosevelt suggested that Chiang Kai-shek place Indochina under Chinese rule; Chiang Kai-shek supposedly replied: "Under no circumstances!" Following Roosevelt's death in April 1945, U.S. resistance to French rule weakened. Japanese forces in Vietnam surrendered on 15 August 1945, and an armistice
2880-599: The French colonial administration, the Japanese ruled from behind the scenes, as did the Germans in Vichy France . For Vietnamese nationalists, this was a double-puppet government, with the Axis powers behind the French behind the Vietnamese local officials. Emperor Bảo Đại collaborated with the Japanese, just as he had with the French, ensuring his continued safety safety and comfort. From October 1940 to May 1941, during
2960-500: The French gradually retook control of much of Indochina. Hồ Chí Minh agreed to talk with France but negotiations failed. After one year of low-level conflict, all-out war broke out in December 1946 between French and Việt Minh forces as Hồ Chí Minh and his government went underground. The French tried to stabilize Indochina by reorganizing it as a Federation of Associated States . In 1949, they put former Emperor Bảo Đại back in power, as
3040-706: The French in October 1945 was divided by Ho Chi Minh, with only one third to the northern Vietnamese and two thirds to the Chinese. After 18 December 1945, elections were postponed for 15 days in response to a demand by Chinese general Chen Xiuhe to allow the Dong Minh Hoi and VNQDD to prepare. Beyond their food quota, the occupiers seized several rice stockpiles and other private and public goods, and were accused of rapes, beatings, occupying private dwellings, and burning down others, resulting only in apologies or partial compensation. By contrast, Vietnamese crimes against
3120-558: The French side. Vietnamese society also polarized along ethnic lines: the Nung minority assisted the French, while the Tay assisted the Việt Minh. In March 1946, a preliminary accord signed between the French and Ho Chi Minh which acknowledged the DRV as a free state within an Indochinese Federation in a " French Union " and allowed a limited number of French troops within its borders to replace
3200-624: The French, despite the previous support of the Việt Minh by American OSS representatives. The DRV ruled as the only civil government in all of Vietnam for a period of about 20 days, after the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại , who had governed under the Japanese rule. On 23 September 1945, with the knowledge of the British commander in Saigon, French forces overthrew the local DRV government, and declared French authority restored in Cochinchina. Guerrilla warfare began around Saigon immediately, but
3280-535: The Japanese Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere as a regime to plunder Asia and to replace the United States and British colonial rule with Japanese colonial rule. Truong Chinh also denounced the retreating Japanese's Three Alls policy: kill all, burn all, loot all. According to Truong the Japanese also tried to pit different ethnic and political groups within Indochina against each other and attempted to infiltrate
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3360-538: The Japanese under Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi , Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Army Group based in Saigon. Allied troops in Saigon were an airborne detachment, two British companies of the Indian 20th Infantry Division and the French 5th Colonial Infantry Regiment, with British General Sir Douglas Gracey as supreme commander. The latter proclaimed martial law on September 21, and Franco-British troops took control of Saigon. As agreed at
3440-794: The Japanese Army. In the North, the Chinese permitted the DRV government to remain in charge of local administration and food supply. Initially, the Chinese kept the French Colonial soldiers interned, with the acquiescence of the Americans. The Chinese used the VNQDĐ , the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang , to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents. Chiang Kai-shek deliberately withheld his best soldiers from Vietnam, holding them in reserve for
3520-690: The Japanese-imposed Famine of 1945 , one to two million Vietnamese starved to death in the Red river delta of northern Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government accused both France and Japan of the famine. By the time the Chinese came to disarm the Japanese, Vietnamese corpses littered the streets of Hanoi. In the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , Hồ Chí Minh blamed "the double yoke of
3600-560: The Marshall Islands (since 1986), and Palau (since 1994) are associated with the United States under what is known as the Compact of Free Association , giving the states international sovereignty and ultimate control over their territory. However, the governments of those areas have agreed to allow the United States to provide defense; the U.S. federal government provides funding grants and access to U.S. social services for citizens of these areas. The United States benefits from its ability to use
3680-660: The Red River region and Lai Cai were occupied by a column from Yunnan. Vietnamese VNQDD fighters accompanied the Chinese soldiers. Lu Han occupied the French governor general's palace after ejecting the French staff under Sainteny. On 9 October 1945, General Leclerc arrived in Saigon, accompanied by French Colonel Massu 's Groupement de marche unit. Leclerc's primary objectives were to restore public order in south Vietnam and to militarize Tonkin (northern Vietnam). Secondary objectives were to explore taking back Chinese-occupied Hanoi, and to negotiate with Việt Minh officials. While
3760-750: The Russian Federation. In Transnistria a referendum took place in September 2006 , in which secession from Moldova and "future free association" with Russia was approved by a margin of 97%, even though the results of the referendum were internationally unrecognised. Other situations exist where one state has power over another political unit. Dependent territories and the United Kingdom's Crown dependencies are examples of this, where an area has its own political system and often internal self-government, but does not have overall sovereignty. In
3840-450: The UK retained responsibility for foreign relations and defence. The United Nations never determined whether these associated states had achieved a full measure of self-government within the meaning of the United Nations Charter and General Assembly resolutions. Within a few years after the status of associated state was created, all six of the former associated states requested and were granted full independence, except for Anguilla within
3920-415: The Viet Minh. The Japanese forced Vietnamese women to join Burmese, Indonesian, Thai and Filipino comfort women as slaves to the Japanese army. The Japanese inflicted two billion US dollars worth (1945 values) of damage, including destruction of industrial plants, 90% of heavy vehicles, motorcycles, and cars, and 16 tons of junks , railways, port installations, and one third of the bridges. In
4000-434: The Việt Minh before the beginning of the seasonal rains in May, and military operations were postponed until their conclusion. Come October, the French launched Operation Léa with the objective of swiftly putting an end to the resistance movement by taking out the Vietnamese main battle units and the Việt Minh leadership at their base in Bắc Kạn . Léa was followed by Operation Ceinture in November, with similar aims. As
4080-473: The Việt Minh government and the French over a conflict of interest in import duty at the port. On November 23, 1946, the French fleet bombarded the Vietnamese sections of the city killing 6,000 Vietnamese civilians in one afternoon. The Việt Minh quickly agreed to a cease-fire and left the cities. This is known as the Haiphong incident . There was never any intention among the Vietnamese to give up, as General Võ Nguyên Giáp soon brought up 30,000 men to attack
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#17327914539104160-473: The Việt Minh to attack well-defended bases in remote areas at the end of their logistical trails succeeded at the Battle of Nà Sản . French efforts were hampered by the limited usefulness of tanks in forest terrain, the lack of a strong air force, and reliance on soldiers from French colonies. The Việt Minh used novel and efficient tactics, including direct artillery fire, convoy ambushes, and anti-aircraft weaponry to impede land and air resupplies, while recruiting
4240-440: The World War all but lost, Japan launched the Second French Indochina Campaign to oust the Vichy French, and formally installed Emperor Bảo Đại as head of a nominally independent Vietnam . The Japanese arrested and imprisoned most of the French officials and military remaining in the country. In Hanoi on 15–20 April 1945, the Tonkin Revolutionary Military Conference of the Việt Minh issued a resolution (reprinted 25 August 1970 in
4320-462: The aforementioned associated states eventually became fully independent states. Puerto Rico has been a dependent territory of the United States since the Spanish–American War . In the Spanish-language version of its current (1952) constitution it is officially named Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , which translates to "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico." It exercises substantial internal self-government similar to U.S. states , and
4400-427: The associated states of the Cook Islands, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Niue, and Palau. However, unlike these polities, Puerto Rico is not considered a state under international law and scholars usually do not regard it as an associated state similar to the others. Puerto Rico retains the right to choose free association, full independence, or becoming a U.S. state. When New Zealand offered an associated status to
4480-449: The case of the Cook Islands and Niue , the details of their free association arrangement are contained in several documents, such as their respective constitutions, the 1983 Exchange of Letters between the governments of New Zealand and the Cook Islands, and the 2001 Joint Centenary Declaration. Free associated states can be described as independent or not, but free association is not a qualification of an entity's statehood or status as
4560-408: The city. Although the French were outnumbered, their superior weaponry and naval support made any Việt Minh attack unsuccessful. In 19 December, hostilities between the Việt Minh and the French broke out in Hanoi , and Hồ Chí Minh, along with his government, was forced to evacuate the capital in favor of remote forested and mountainous areas. Guerrilla warfare ensued, with the French controlling most of
4640-496: The concept of associated state under the 1946 French constitution automatically extended to the territories of Morocco and Tunisia , which up until then had been protectorates of France. However, unlike their counterparts in Southeast Asia, neither Morocco nor Tunisia became part of the French Union. The associated state concept as applied to former French colonial possessions has been described as 'neo-colonial' as it did not afford them real internal or external sovereignty. All of
4720-442: The conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia . At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the allied Combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Indochina south of latitude 16° north was to be included in the Southeast Asia Command under British Admiral Mountbatten . On V-J Day , September 2, Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed in Hanoi ( Tonkin 's capital)
4800-411: The country and although initially fought alongside the Việt Minh, they would later support Bảo Đại. Militias from the Cao Đài sect, which had initially joined the Viet Minh in their struggle against the return of the French, made a truce with France when their leader was captured on 6 June 1946. The Viet Minh later attacked the Cao Đài after open conflict had erupted with France, which led them to join
4880-425: The country except far-flung areas. By January the following year, most provincial capitals had fallen to the French, while Hue fell in February after a six-week siege. In 1947, Hồ Chí Minh and General Võ Nguyên Giáp retreated with his command into the Việt Bắc , the mountainous forests of northern Vietnam. By March, France had taken control of the main population centers in the country. The French chose not to pursue
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#17327914539104960-432: The empire – North Africans; Laotian, Cambodian and Vietnamese ethnic minorities ; Sub-Saharan Africans – and professional French troops, European volunteers, and units of the Foreign Legion . The use of French metropolitan recruits was forbidden by the government to prevent the war from becoming more unpopular at home. It was called the "dirty war" ( la sale guerre ) by French leftists. The French strategy of inducing
5040-428: The establishment of a new autonomous government in the southern Philippines. However the deal was halted by the Supreme Court of the Philippines , which ruled that the BJE's proposed "associative relationship" with the Philippine national government was incompatible with the Constitution of the Philippines . Some form of free association has been suggested as a solution to occasional calls of self-determination by
5120-489: The establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). In late September 1945, Chinese forces entered Tonkin, and Japanese forces to the north of that line surrendered to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek . At the same time, British forces landed in Saigon ( Cochinchina 's capital), and Japanese forces in the south surrendered to the British. The Chinese acknowledged the DRV under Hồ Chí Minh, then in power in Hanoi. The British refused to do likewise in Saigon, and deferred to
5200-439: The fight against the Communists inside China, and instead sent undisciplined warlord troops from Yunnan under Lu Han to occupy Vietnam north of the 16th parallel and accept the Japanese surrender. In total, 200,000 of General Lu Han's Chinese soldiers occupied north Vietnam starting August 1945. 90,000 arrived by October, the 62nd army came on 26 September to Nam Dinh and Haiphong , later arriving at Lang Son and Cao Bang and
5280-423: The former St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla union, which separated from the associated state before independence and became a British dependent territory on its own. Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Tatar ASSR unilaterally seceded from the Russian SFSR , as the "sovereign state" of Tatarstan and a "subject of international law". In 1994 Tatarstan and the Russian Federation entered into
5360-479: The islands as strategic military bases. A formal association existed under the West Indies Act 1967 between the United Kingdom and the six West Indies Associated States . These were former British colonies in the Caribbean : Antigua (1967–1981), Dominica (1967–1978), Grenada (1967–1974), Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1967–1983), Saint Lucia (1967–1979), and Saint Vincent (1969–1979). Under this arrangement, each state had internal self-government, but
5440-512: The new Việt Minh-led government in Hanoi . On September 2, aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, CEFEO Expeditionary Corps leader General Leclerc signed the armistice with Japan on behalf of France. The same day, Hồ Chí Minh declared Vietnam's independence from France. Deliberately echoing the American Declaration of Independence, he proclaimed: We hold the truth that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among them life, liberty and
5520-446: The only law enforcement, the Imperial Japanese Army remained in power, keeping French colonial troops and Sainteny detained, to the benefit of the developing Vietnamese nationalist forces. The Viet Minh claimed that they, alongside Meo ( Hmong ) and Muong tribesmen, subdued the Japanese in a nationwide rebellion from 9 March to 19 August 1945, taking control of 6 provinces, although some of these claims are contested. Beginning with
5600-528: The people of Tobago , the smaller island within the nation of Trinidad and Tobago , either within the single state (analogous to the situation of Scotland within the United Kingdom) or as a separate political entity. According to statements of officials of Abkhazia and Transnistria ( self-proclaimed partially recognized republics seceded from the former USSR's constituent republics of Georgia and Moldova respectively), both intend, after recognition of their independence, to become associated states of
5680-428: The political relationship between the Faroe Islands and Denmark , in which the former would become an associated state of the latter. The government of the U.S. unincorporated territory of Guam , led by then- Governor Eddie Calvo , started campaigning in early 2011 for a plebiscite on Guam's future political status, with free association following the model of the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau as one of
5760-537: The possible options. The plebiscite, however, only allowed "native inhabitants" as defined under Guam law to register for it. A white , non- Chamorro resident, Arnold Davis, filed a federal lawsuit in 2011 for being denied registration for the plebiscite and a July 2019 ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ultimately blocked the plebiscite on the basis that the law
5840-580: The principles of the Atlantic Charter with the aim of eventually preparing Vietnam for independence. Ho Chi Minh sent a cable on 17 October 1945 to American President Harry S. Truman calling on him, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Premier Joseph Stalin and Prime Minister Clement Attlee to go to the United Nations against France and demand that they not be allowed to return to occupy Vietnam, accusing France of having sold out and cheated
5920-555: The pursuit of happiness. Ho Chi Minh denounced the reimposition of French rule, accusing the French of selling out the Vietnamese to the Japanese twice in four years. On 13 September 1945, a Franco -British task force landed in Java , main island of the Dutch East Indies (for which independence was being sought by Sukarno ), and Saigon, capital of Cochinchina (southern part of French Indochina), both being occupied by
6000-501: The ruler of a newly established State of Vietnam . The first few years of the war involved a low-level rural insurgency against the French. During 1950 the conflict to a considerable extent turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons, with the French supplied by the United States, and the Việt Minh supplied by the Soviet Union and a newly communist China. Guerrilla warfare continued to occur in large areas. French Union forces included colonial troops from
6080-595: The two-thirds threshold needed for approval. A similar referendum in October 2007 under United Nations supervision yielded similar results, with the proposed free association falling 16 votes short of approval. The establishment of a Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE) was proposed in 2008 by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Philippines . The two parties were to sign a memorandum of agreement on ancestral domain which would lead to
6160-546: The war, the French colonial territories of Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos were designated as 'associated states' within the newly created French Union . The arrangement afforded these countries a limited degree of internal and external sovereignty (for example, they were allowed to enter into diplomatic relations with a small number of countries), but for the most part reserved for France effective control over foreign relations, as well as military, judicial, administrative, and economic activities. According to some French jurists,
6240-750: Was inspired to commence the Viet Nam Quang Phục Hội movement in Guangzhou . From 1914 to 1917, he was imprisoned by Yuan Shikai 's counterrevolutionary government. In 1925, he was captured by French agents in Shanghai and spirited to Vietnam. Due to his popularity, Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest until his death in 1940. In September 1940, the Empire of Japan launched its invasion of French Indochina , parallel with its ally Germany's conquest of metropolitan France . Keeping
6320-672: Was race-based and violated constitutionally protected voting rights; the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the Government of Guam's appeal in May 2020. In 2003, then- Basque Country president Juan José Ibarretxe proposed to the Spanish Congress of Deputies a reform that would have transformed the region from an autonomous community within Spain into a state in free association, thus making Spain
6400-592: Was signed between Japan and the United States on 20 August. The Provisional Government of the French Republic wanted to restore its colonial rule in French Indochina as the final step of the Liberation of France . On 22 August, OSS agents Archimedes Patti and Carleton B. Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate Allied POWs, accompanied by French official Jean Sainteny . As
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