Niyoga ( Sanskrit : नियोग ) was a Hindu practice, primarily followed during the ancient period. It was permitted for the widows or wives who had no child by their spouse to procreate a child with another man. The basic purpose of niyoga is to ensure the continuation of the family lineage and to mitigate the financial and social precariousness that a childless widow would have faced in society. Niyoga was forbidden in the Kali age by Brhaspati and other smrti writers. It has been held that niyoga has nothing to do with polyandry. Sir Henry Maine thinks that the Niyoga is of a later date than the Levirate, but J. D. Mayne justified regarding the Levirate ( custom of the Hebrews in which marry with brother's wife when brother's widow has no son) as merely an enlarged form of the Niyoga, that came into effect after a man's death. The Niyoga system, which enabled a woman to choose and invite a male with the desirable seed, and bear children.
23-423: There were various clauses associated with this process: A wife or a widow must not, however, be forced to have recourse to Niyoga for inheritance or similar purposes. Baudhāyana and Vasistha say that a widow desiring Niyoga should avoid meat, honey etc. and sleep on the ground for a short period not exceeding one year. After six months of the death of her husband, she offers a funeral oblation to her husband and with
46-590: A son through niyoga on the advice of his Brahmin councilors. Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom The Kingdom of Haihaiyavansi , ruled by the Kalachuris of Raipur was a Garh Under Garha Kingdom which consisted of the central part of the present-day state of Chhattisgarh located in India . In 1740, the Maratha general of Nagpur , Bhaskar Pant conquered the kingdom for Raghoji I Bhonsle . The Raipur branch of
69-484: Is Bilaspur Airport (120 km). Per the 2011 India census, Amarkantak has a population of 8,416 of which 4,514 are males and 3,902 are females. The female sex ratio is 864 against a state average of 931. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Amarkantak is around 931 compared to Madhya Pradesh's state average of 918. Literacy rate of Amarkantak city is 80.20%, higher than the state average of 69.32%. Male literacy
92-791: Is a pilgrim town and a Nagar Panchayat in Anuppur , Madhya Pradesh , India. The Amarkantak region is a unique natural heritage area. It is the meeting point of the Vindhya and the Satpura Ranges , with the Maikal Hills being the fulcrum. This is where the Narmada River , the Son River and Johilla River (tributary of Son) originate. 15th-century Indian mystic and poet Kabir is said to have meditated in Amarkantak, and
115-514: Is around 88.06% and the female literacy rate is 71.02%. 95.51% of the population follow Hinduism . Amarkantak is known as the king of pilgrimages, or Tirthraj, because the town has many temples and holy places. It is narrated in the Hindu scriptures like the Puranas that Amarkantak is the place where celestial beings, sages, and others obtained spiritual powers. There are many ancient temples of
138-660: Is located at a distance of no more than 40 km from the town of Amarkantak in the state of Chhattisgarh on the road to Bilaspur . The forest belt in Amarkantak is a part of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve . The forests of Amarkantak are linked with the forests of Kanha National Park . Amarkantak falls on the Kanha-Achanakmar Corridor, a hilly region with dense forests. Kanha and Achanakmar are both conserved wildlife parks in India famous for Bengal tigers . Pinus caribaea , known as tropical pine ,
161-605: The Kalachuri period in Amarkantak Which were built by different Kalachuri Kings, indicating it was a prominent site for the Kalchuris. Some of those temples were: There are more than 600 species of flora found in Amarkantak. It also has many medicinal flora and some of which include Boswellia serrata , Terminalia chebula , Hedychium coronarium , and Curcuma caesia . The Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary ,
184-422: The 36 forts, and early records list 48 forts in the area. According to Willis, the term garh referred to a district, which was under the charge of the feudal lords ( thakurs or diwans ), who owed allegiance to the king. The garh was also known as chaurasi (eighty-four) because it was meant to be made up of 84 villages. The garhs were in turn made up of smaller units called taluks . The taluk , which
207-565: The Haihaiyavanshi State at the close of 1740. The branch Haihaiyavanshi ruler of Raipur , Amar Singh, did not oppose him. However, the main Haihaiyavanshi ruler of Ratanpur , Raghunath Singh offered resistance by shutting himself in his fort. A fine of one lakh rupees was imposed on Ratanpur , all the wealth that remained in the treasury was confiscated and the country was pillaged thoroughly. However, Raghunath Singh
230-711: The Vira-Mitrodaya and Aditya Purana says "The niyoga, and the taking as sons other than the Aurasha and the Dattaka, are prohibited in the Kali age by the wise. Niyoga or Levirate which Apastamba declares as unfit for practice in a degenerate later age or Manu's repudiation of widow-remarriage as unsupported by Vedic hymeneal Mantras or the text purporting to be Baudhayana's cited in the Smrti-candrika. When in almost
253-455: The approval and aid of her brother or father, and relatives of her husband, and also in consultation with the Gurus of her family, she chooses the man to have an issue by her. A characterless, mad, diseased or very aged widow is not entitled to Niyoga. Sixteen years after maturity is the proper time for Niyoga. A sickly person is to be avoided for the purpose. She must be economically independent of
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#1732782312880276-531: The eastern province of the tenth-century Tripuri Kalachuri or Chedi kingdom, which was centered in the upper Narmada River valley. The kingdom was located east of the main routes between northern and southern India, and thus was unaffected by the Muslim invasions of the 13th-16th centuries. The Haihaiyavanshi state enjoyed under Garha Kingdom 700 years of peaceful existence due to its borders being protected by precipitous mountain ranges on almost all sides. In
299-647: The greater Kosala, was made common for Dakshin Kosal or Chhattisgarh by the Chedi - Haihaiyavanshi rulers of this region to make their state sound more dignified and their sovereignty seem more pronounced. The town of Amarkantak is said to have been built by the Haihayavanshis. The Bhonsle Maratha armies passed through Chhattisgarh on their way to invade the Odia kingdoms in eastern India. Bhaskar Pant invaded
322-521: The kingdom survived until 1753, also being annexed by the Marathas of Nagpur . The last ruler was Mohan Singh , who ruled under the suzerainty of Raghoji Bhonsle of Nagpur and died in 1758. The Kalachuris of Raipur branched off from the Kalachuris of Ratnapura in the 14th century; the Ratnapura branch was, in turn, an offshoot of the Kalachuris of Tripuri . The Raipur State originated as
345-417: The person whom she appoints for Niyoga and provide for the necessary ex-penses for food, unguents, etc. herself i.e. from the estate of her husband. The Niyoga has been declared by Manu, and again prohibited by the same ; on account of the successive deterioration of the four ages(Yuga) of the world, it must not be practised by mortals in the present (Kaliyuga) age according to law. Brahma Purana, cited in
368-707: The place is now known as Kabir Chabutra. Amarakantaka is a combination of two Sanskrit words, amara (immortal) and kantaka (obstruction or thorn). The poet Kalidas has mentioned it as Amarakuta , which later became Amarakantaka . Amarkantak is located in Madhya Pradesh in India at 22°40′N 81°45′E / 22.67°N 81.75°E / 22.67; 81.75 . It has an average elevation of 1,048 m (3,438 ft). Roads running through Rewa , Shahdol , Anuppur, Jabalpur , Katni , Bilaspur and Gaurella connect it. The nearest railway stations are Pendra Road and Anuppur . The nearest airport
391-409: The region with ease. According to a tradition, popularized by Cecil Upton Wills (1919), the principalities Raipur and Ratanpur were "sub-kingdoms", and each had 18 forts; the name " Chhattisgarh " derives from these 36 ( Chhattis ) forts ( garh ). However, experts disagree with this theory for several reasons: the name Chhattisgarh does not appear in early records, no historical records identify
414-574: The same breath the smrti indicates an institution like niyoga (levirate), and the conditions which should govern its application,and also condemns it as an "animal practice" (paśu-dharma), Manusmriti, IX, 59-63 and IX, 64-69, the juxta-position of apparently opposed views should be treated not as an instance of inconsistency, or carelessness in composition, or of interpolation, but, as explained by Brhaspati, as an indication of applicability and inapplicability to different time-cycles or yugas. The Haihaya (Kalachuri) ruler Raja Raj Singh (c. 1689–1712) begot
437-461: The second half of the 12th century, on the accession of Suradeva, the 20th king, the Ratnapura state was divided between him at Ratanpur (Ratnapura) and his younger brother Brahmadeva founded a younger branch at Raipur to the south. At the end of the 16th century, the Haihaiyavanshi kings recognized the suzerainty of the Mughal Empire . It has been conjectured that the name Mahakosal,
460-712: The state was firmly established. After the death of Raghunath Singh in 1745, Mohan Singh a member of the Haihaiyavanshi Raipur branch, was placed on the throne by Raghoji I Bhonsle . He was loyal to the Bhonsle Nagpur Kingdom and paid regular tribute to the Bhonsle treasury. However, in 1758, Bimbaji Bhonsle was sent against him to assume direct control of Chhattisgarh . Mohan Singh started amassing his forces near Raipur , but died shortly after and thus, Bimbaji Bhonsle assumed rule of
483-513: Was not harmed and was allowed to rule at Ratanpur under the suzerainty of the Marathas. Having crushed the Haihaiyavanshi king, the nominal overlord of the many petty chieftains and surrounding states, The Marathas demanded that the petty rulers formerly under Haihaiyavanshi rule submit to them, with which they complied. Raigarh fell to the Bhonsles in 1741, and by 1742 Maratha control over
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#1732782312880506-437: Was planted in Amarkantak in 1968 on the advice of Forest Research Institute , Dehradun on the recommendations of National Commission on Agriculture looking to the future demand of quality pulpwood. This work was undertaken under a World Bank Technical Assistance Project by clearing natural sal forests. The naturalists and environmentalists in India raised controversy over it; ultimately the project of tropical pine plantation
529-570: Was supposed to contain 12 villages and was also known as bahron (twelve) was held by a dao or barhainya whose authority in the unit closely resembled that of the diwan within the taluk . The village was held by a gaonthia or headman. Several parts of Chhattisgarh country were held by feudatory chiefs who ruled under the suzerainty of the Haihaiyavanshis. Some were Kanker State , Sarangarh State and Sakti State . Amarkantak Amarkantak ( NLK Amarakaṇṭaka )
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