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41-577: The nature reserve occupies lowlands on the right bank of the lower Svir River , including a portion of the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga and its waters. The zapovednik's northern border coincides with the border of the Republic of Karelia . The areas across the border belong to Olonetsky Zakaznik . About 30% of the reserve is swamp and peat bog, with additional transient fens and wetlands. The forests are coniferous spruce with an under-story of blueberry bush and shrub. The terrain features sand ridges left by

82-823: A number of urban-type settlements, are located within the catchment area of the Svir. The river flows past the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery , which housed Svirlag (one of the most infamous gulags ). The area around the river saw heavy fighting during the Continuation War 1941–1944. The right bank of the lower Svir is occupied by the Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve , established in 1980. Republic of Karelia The Republic of Karelia , Karjala or Karelia ( Russian : Каре́лия, Ка́рьяла ; Karelian : Karjala )

123-729: A vast area, spanning the south of the Republic of Karelia , the north and the east of Leningrad Oblast, the northwest of Vologda Oblast , and also includes minor areas in Arkhangelsk Oblast (the basin of the Ileksa ). The main tributaries of Svir proper are the Vazhinka (right), the Oyat (left), and the Pasha (left). The main rivers in the basin of the Svir are the Suna (the longest in

164-693: Is Archaean or Paleoproterozoic , dated up to 3.4 billion years in the Vodlozero block. This area is the largest contiguous Archaean outcrop in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Since deglaciation , the rate of post-glacial rebound in the Republic of Karelia has varied. Since the White Sea connected to the World's oceans uplift along the southern coast of Kandalaksha Gulf has totaled 90 m. In

205-527: Is 500–700 mm. The Republic of Karelia includes 18 administrative-territorial units, including: There are 818 settlements in the Republic of Karelia, including: In 2006, the implementation of municipal reform began in the republic. The Karelian people and culture developed during the Viking Age in the region to the west of Lake Ladoga . Karelians were first mentioned in Swedish sagas around

246-672: Is a republic of Russia situated in the northwest of the country. The republic is a part of the Northwestern Federal District , and covers an area of 172,400 square kilometres (66,600 square miles), with a population of 533,121 residents. Its capital is Petrozavodsk . The modern Karelian Republic was founded as an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR, by the Resolution of the Presidium of

287-658: Is coniferous. Fifty useful minerals are found in Karelia, located in more than 400 deposits and ore-bearing layers. Natural resources of the republic include iron ore , diamonds , vanadium , molybdenum , and others. The Republic of Karelia is located in the Atlantic continental climate zone. The average temperature in January is −8.0 °C (17.6 °F) and +16.4 °C (61.5 °F) in July. Average annual precipitation

328-507: Is occupied by swamps. Forty species of mammals occur in the nature reserve. Big mammals include brown bear , moose , and lynx . Svir River The Svir ( Russian : Свирь ; Veps : Süvär' ; Karelian and Finnish : Syväri ) is a river in Podporozhsky , Lodeynopolsky , and Volkhovsky districts in the north-east of Leningrad Oblast , Russia . It flows westwards from Lake Onega to Lake Ladoga , thus connecting

369-902: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) on 27 June 1923 and by the Decree of the VTsIK and the Council of People's Commissars of 25 July 1923, from the Karelian Labour Commune. From 1940 to 1956, it was known as the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic , one of the republics of the Soviet Union . In 1956, it was once again made an autonomous republic and remained part of Russia following

410-547: The Moscow Peace Treaty territories of the Karelian Isthmus were transferred to the newly created Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic. After the evacuation of Finnish Karelia , the new territories were left unpopulated, so migrants from Belarus , Ukraine , Russia, and other Soviet republics moved in. To this day, this area has one of the lowest percentages of Karelian and Finnish populations in

451-453: The White Sea and Lake Ladoga . The White Sea has a shoreline of 630 kilometers (390 mi). It has an area of 172,400 km (66,600 sq mi). It shares internal borders with Murmansk Oblast (north), Arkhangelsk Oblast (east/south-east), Vologda Oblast (south-east/south), and Leningrad Oblast (south/south-west), and it also borders Finland ( Kainuu , Lapland , North Karelia , Northern Ostrobothnia , and South Karelia );

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492-594: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. "Karelia" derives from the name of the ethnic group— Karelians . The name "Karjala" has unknown origins, however, it is theorised that it may come from the Proto-Finnish word karja , meaning "herd", which was borrowed from the Proto-Germanic harjaz ("army"); the ending -la means "earth". The republic is in the northwestern part of Russia, between

533-459: The 10th century. Russians first mentioned Karelians in 1143, they called Karelians "Korela" . Sweden 's interest in Karelia began a centuries-long struggle with Novgorod (later Russia ) that resulted in numerous border changes following the many wars fought between the two, the most famous of which is the Pillage of Sigtuna of 1187 . In 1137 the oldest documented settlement was established,

574-516: The 1930s, the goal yet again shifted, now to improving the cultural and physical development and well-being of the locals by creation of many free clinics and hospitals , "Houses of Physical Culture", Theaters etc. Many of the Finns who fled to Karelia were detained and most likely shot during The Great Purge of 1937, with the Karelian ethnic Finns' population dropping to 21%. Karelia has one of

615-767: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union . After the Likbez policy was fulfilled, the Republic now shifted its goal from educating the people to expanding the production and electrifying the Republic according to the GOELRO plan. The first steps were the creation of Mevezegorsky and Pudozsky tree-cutting factories, the Kondopoga Paper Factory , and the launch of the Kem and the Uhta hydroelectrostations . In

656-522: The German army crossed Zapadnaya Dvina , Finnish president Risto Ryti announced declaration of war on the Soviet Union. The Finnish army crossed the Soviet border on 1 July. Soon after the evacuation of border regions began, On 3 July, a republican evacuation commission was created. At its first meeting, it was decided to evacuate children under 14 out of Petrozavodsk. The same decision also refers to

697-639: The Karelian Labour Commune became the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic due its de-facto large autonomy, with the government of the region directly managing the local economy without having to pay its taxes to the RSFSR's state budget. The formal increase of the autonomy was first vetoed by People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR , but it was later accepted by the Central Committee of

738-566: The Republic. After the beginning of World War II , mass rallies were held on the territory of the republic, at which the inhabitants of Karelia declared their readiness to stand up for the defense of the Soviet Union. Workers of the Onega Tractor Plant wrote “We will work only in such a way as to fully meet the needs of our Red Army. We will double, triple our forces and crush, destroy the German fascists ". On 24 June 1941, after

779-551: The Supreme Commander. On 30 September, the position of the defenders of the city deteriorated sharply. The Finnish army managed to break through Soviet defenses and cut the highway to Kondopoga in the area of the Sulazhgorsky brick factory. In the south Finns came close to the city outskirts. On 1 October, due to the threat of encirclement, an order was received from the command to withdraw the main units defending

820-585: The Svir basin), the Shuya , the Vodla , and the Vytegra. The basin of the Svir also includes an enormous amount of freshwater lakes, the biggest of which, behind Lake Onega, are Lake Vodlozero , Lake Syamozero , Lake Gimolskoye , Lake Lizhmozero , and Lake Shotozero . The city of Petrozavodsk and the towns of Suoyarvi , Kondopoga , Medvezhyegorsk , Pudozh , Vytegra , Podporozhye, and Lodeynoye Pole, as well as

861-805: The Svir. After Peter the Great connected the Svir with the Neva by the Ladoga Canal in the 18th century, the river has been part of the Mariinsk Canal System, currently the Volga–Baltic Waterway . The Onega Canal is a bypass of Lake Onega from the south, which connects the Svir with the Vytegra . The Svir is heavily used for navigation, with both cargo traffic and cruise ships. There are two dams with hydroelectric power plants on

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902-638: The biggest burial sites of Stalinist purges in Russia, Sandarmokh , where possibly thousands of victims were executed. During the Winter War, a Soviet puppet government was created in occupied territories. The Finnish Democratic Republic was to incorporate most of Finland's pre-war territories plus some western parts of the KASSR. Some members of the FDP government were also members of the KASSR government. After

943-662: The borders measure 723 km. The main bodies of water next to Karelia are the White Sea (an inlet of the Barents Sea ) to the north-east and Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga both shared with neighboring Oblasts to the south. Its highest point is the Nuorunen peak at 576 m (1,890 ft). As a part of the Fennoscandian Shield 's ancient Karelian craton , most of the Republic of Karelia's surficial geology

984-454: The camps recalled that the staff often treated them more harshly than was supposed to according to the instructions. According to them, the Finns, in the presence of children, shot prisoners and beat women, children, and the elderly. One of the prisoners told the Finnish historian Helga Seppel that before leaving Petrozavodsk, the invaders shot several young people for unknown reasons. During

1025-486: The city. The fighting near Petrozavodsk allowed the authorities to evacuate most of the civilian population and a significant part of the production capacities. In total, more than 500 thousand people were evacuated from the republic to the east. Petrozavodsk University was temporarily relocated to Syktyvkar . After the capture of Petrozavodsk, the capital of Soviet Karelia was transferred first to Medvezhyegorsk, then to Belomorsk. Less than 90 thousand people remained in

1066-421: The ecology of surrounding areas, and it was again proposed that a protected area be established to study this impact. In 1976 a large-scale program started, and, in particular, Nizhnesvirsky Zakaznik was established. Eventually, the zakaznik was transformed into a nature reserve in 1980. It is an important stopover location for migratory birds . The predominant tree species is Scots Pine . A considerable area

1107-479: The evacuation of 150 families of leading party and Soviet workers in Karelia. Those residents who could work had to remain in the harvest and defense work. By September the Finnish army already reached Petrozavodsk and captured Olonets. Petrozavodsk offensive began on 20 September. To protect the city, the 7th Army under the command of General K.A. Meretskov was directly subordinated to the Headquarters of

1148-550: The interval 9,500–5,000 years ago the uplift rate was 9–13 mm/ yr . Before the Atlantic period , uplift rate had decreased to 5–5.5 mm/yr, to then rise briefly before arriving at the present uplift rate is 4 mm/yr. There are about 27,000 rivers in Karelia. Major rivers include: There are 60,000 lakes in Karelia. The republic's lakes and swamps contain about 2,000 km of high-quality fresh water. Lake Ladoga (Finnish: Laatokka ) and Lake Onega ( Ääninen ) are

1189-508: The largest lakes in Europe . Other lakes include: The lakes Ladoga and Onega are located in the south of the republic. White Sea coast: In Lake Onega: In Lake Ladoga: The majority of the republic's territory (148,000 km (57,000 sq mi), or 85%) is composed of state forest stock. The total growing stock of timber resources in the forests of all categories and ages is 807 million m³. The mature and over-mature tree stock amounts to 411.8 million m³, of which 375.2 million m³

1230-729: The local government. In 1917, the Murmansk Railroad was built, leading to the Karelian lands becoming a lot more strategically important. This has led much of intelligentsia to believe that the Russian tourism and Immigration into the region would rise, leading to further assimilation of the Karelians to the Russian culture. During the Finnish and the Russian Civil Wars the local peasantry rebelled against

1271-418: The modern-day city of Olonets (Aunus) . Karelians converted to Orthodox Christianity in 1227. The Karelians' alliance with Novgorod developed into domination by the latter in the 13th century, when Karelia became a part of Novgorod under the name of Obonezhie pyatina as an autonomy. Later Karelia had anti-Novgorod revolts in the 13th and 14th centuries. Later Karelia became a part of Muscovy when Novgorod

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1312-611: The new Soviet State due its Prodrazverstka policy, causing several squards of the " Whiteguard " to cross into the Karelian lands, where then was organized a government that later swiftly declared independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Republic , creating the Uhtua Republic . Later in 1920 Finnish forces occupied Olonets, creating another puppet government , which then merged with

1353-700: The occupation, Petrozavodsk was renamed to Äänislinna . Only a few territories of the KFSSR managed to escape the Finnish occupation: the Belomorsky , Loukhsky , Kemsky , Pudozhsky regions, as well as part of the Medvezhiegorsky , Tungudsky and Ukhta regions. By 1942, about 70 thousand people lived here. After the end of the Siege of Leningrad Soviet army was ordered to liberate Karelia. On 21 June 1944 Svir-Petrozavodsk operation started. On 27 June

1394-470: The occupied territory, half of which are representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples: Karelians, Vepsians, and Finns. The Finnish administration has officially recognized them as a " kindred " population. The rest received the status of "unrelated" people. Most of them have been put into concentration camps , along with communists and people who could not speak Finnish or Karelian. Former prisoners of

1435-872: The other Karelian state into the United Karelian Government . The regions were reclaimed by the Red Army later the same year, the Tartu peace was signed and the Karelian United Government was dissolved. As many other ethnically non-Russian states within RSFSR , the Karelia would receive autonomy within RSFSR, establishing the Karelian Labour Commune on 8 June 1920, which enjoyed a large de-facto autonomy approved by Lenin in early 1921. In 1921, an uprising

1476-491: The retreating glaciers in the last Ice Age. The reserve is in the Scandinavian and Russian taiga ecoregion, and has a humid continental climate ( Köppen's Dfb). It was first proposed in the 1950s that protected areas on the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga be created. At the time, the proposals were rejected by the authorities. The expansion and the industrial growth of the city of Leningrad caused considerable impact on

1517-796: The river. The Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station , in Svirstroy, sits 81 kilometres (50 mi) from the river's mouth while the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station , located in Podporozhye, is 128 kilometres (80 mi) away. Above the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station, the Svir is built as the Ivinsky Razliv Reservoir . Locks are built around both dams. Since the Svir flows out of Lake Onega, its drainage basin occupies

1558-399: The two largest lakes of Europe . It is the largest river flowing into Lake Ladoga. The length of the Svir is 224 kilometres (139 mi), whereas the area of its drainage basin is 84,400 square kilometres (32,600 sq mi). The towns of Podporozhye and Lodeynoye Pole , as well as urban-type settlements Voznesenye , Nikolsky , Vazhiny , and Svirstroy are located at the banks of

1599-410: Was annexed in the second half of the 15th century. During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the modern-day capital of Karelia, the city of Petrozavodsk was founded as a cannon factory by Peter the Great . On 9(21) September 1801 Olonets Governorate was created by order of Alexander I . After the whole of Finland was acquired by the Russians in the 1808-1809 war , the Grand Duchy of Finland

1640-406: Was established, to which the part of Karelia known as " Old Finland " was transferred by the will of the Tsar. In 1906, the Union of White Sea Karelians (Vienan karjalaisten liitto) was created. The Union's main goal was to improve the life of the common Karelians and additionally develop their own national identity. The union was temporarily dissolved in 1911 after series of repressions done by

1681-484: Was started by the Forest Guerrillas in an attempt to gain control over Karelia yet again, but it was defeated by the Soviets shortly after. During the years of its existence, the Commune was actively educating the people, opening the schools and libraries as of the Likbez policy were open and maintained, the Commune was later expanded in 1923 by transferring the Kolezhemskaya, Lapinskaya, Navodnitskaya and many other posads from Arkhangelsk Governorate . In 1923,

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