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Nicholas Gage

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Nicholas Gage (born Nikolaos Gatzoyiannis ; Greek : Νικόλαος Γκατζογιάννης ; July 23, 1939) is a Greek -born American author and investigative journalist .

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64-746: Nicholas Gage (original name, Nikos Gatzoyiannis) was born in 1939 in Lia, a village in Thesprotia , northwestern Greece. Gage spent his early years with his mother, Eleni, and four older sisters. His father, Christos, had left to find work in the United States. After World War II, Eleni and her children found themselves caught in the Greek Civil War between the communists and the Royalists. In 1947, Communist fighters gained control of Lia. When

128-481: A deal offered by Onassis's rival, Stavros Niarchos , and the project was eventually split between them. The failure was due partly to opposition from influential people within the military junta, such as Ioannis-Orlandos Rodinos, Deputy Minister of Economic Coordination, who opposed Onassis's offers in preference to Niarchos. Onassis married Athina Mary "Tina" Livanos , daughter of shipping magnate Stavros G. Livanos and Arietta Zafiraki, on 28 December 1946. Livanos

192-480: A deal with De Havilland to buy four Comet 4B jets . Onassis was also renowned for his attention to service quality, which led him to buy gold-plated utensils and candles for the dining service of the first-class section. During 1974, the last year of Onassis's involvement with the company, Olympic Airways transported 2.5 million passengers and had a work force of 7,356 persons. At the time, his ownership of Olympic Airways distinguished Onassis as one of only two men in

256-869: A large share in an airline in Latin America and $ 4 million worth of investments in Brazil. Also, he owned companies like Olympic Maritime and Olympic Tourist; a chemical company in Persia; apartments in Paris, London, Monte Carlo, Athens, and Acapulco; a castle in South France; the Olympic Tower (a 52-storey high-rise in Manhattan); another building in Sutton Place; Olympic Airways and Air Navigation;

320-442: A number of factors (namely, a series of strikes, shortage of passengers, fuel price increase, and a law from the new Greek government forbidding Olympic Airways to fire employees) led Onassis to terminate his contract. Following this event, Paul Ioannidis, a high-ranking director from Olympic Airways, said the following of Onassis: "Deep down, [he] did not want to relinquish Olympic Airways. He found it flattering to own an airline. It

384-586: A part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Thesprotia was created out of the former prefecture Thesprotia. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to the table below. Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece . Thesprotia is traditionally one of the poorest and most remote regional units of Greece . The main economic activities are agriculture and tourism, with agriculture as historically

448-641: A shipping company used for trafficking heroin. He obtained Argentine citizenship in 1929. Eventually he established his first shipping trading company in Buenos Aires, Astilleros Onassis . After gaining his first fortune in Argentina, he expanded his shipping business worldwide and relocated to New York City , United States, where he built up his shipping businesses empire while keeping offices in Buenos Aires and Athens . His legacy in Buenos Aires

512-511: A successful shipping entrepreneur and sent his children to prestigious schools. When Aristotle graduated from the local Evangelical Greek School at the age of 16, he spoke four languages: Greek (his native language), Turkish, Spanish, and English. Smyrna was occupied by Greece (1919–1922) in the aftermath of the Allied victory in World War I , but then Smyrna was re-taken by Turkey during

576-537: A telephone operator with the British United River Plate Telephone Company, while following studies in commerce and port-duty administration at Aduanas Argentinas . He later became an entrepreneur, creating an Argentine import-export company, going into business for himself and making a fortune importing English-Turkish tobacco to Argentina. He reportedly told Maria Callas that he made his fortune in Buenos Aires by forming

640-503: A tobacco trader and later a shipping owner during the Second World War . Moving to Monaco, Onassis fought Prince Rainier III for economic control of the country through his ownership of SBM and its Monte Carlo Casino . In the mid-1950s, he sought to secure an oil shipping arrangement with Saudi Arabia and engaged in whaling expeditions. In the 1960s, Onassis attempted to establish a large investment contract—Project Omega—with

704-523: Is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital and largest town is Igoumenitsa . Thesprotia is named after the Thesprotians , an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region in antiquity. Thesprotia was part of the proto-Greek region in the late Bronze Age in which Greek archaic toponyms are densely found. In antiquity, the territory of modern Thesprotia

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768-526: Is the honorary president of the World of Epirotes and a recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence. He continues to speak throughout the world and writes for such publications as The New York Times and Vanity Fair . On January 5, 2024, Gage and Nicholas A. Basbanes , nonfiction book author and journalist, sued Microsoft and OpenAI in a proposed class action complaint filed in

832-738: The American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine , France, of respiratory failure, a complication of the myasthenia gravis from which he had suffered the last years of his life. Onassis was buried on his island of Skorpios in Greece, alongside his son, Alexander, and his sister, Artemis. Onassis's will established a charitable foundation in memory of his son, the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation , which received 45% of Onassis's estate. The remainder of his estate

896-576: The Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) . The Onassis family's substantial property holdings were lost, causing them to become refugees fleeing to Greece after the Great fire of Smyrna in 1922. During this period, Onassis lost three uncles, an aunt and her husband, Chrysostomos Konialidis and their daughter, who were burned to death in a church in Akhisar where 500 Christians were seeking shelter from

960-768: The Greek military junta , and he sold Olympic Airways , which he had founded in 1957. He was greatly affected by the death of his son, Alexander , in 1973 and died two years later. Aristotle Socrates Onassis was born in 1906 in Karataş , a suburb of the Ottoman port city of Smyrna (now İzmir , Turkey) in Anatolia to Greek parents Socrates Onassis and Penelope Dologlou. Aristotle had one sister, Artemis, and two half-sisters, Kalliroi and Merope, by his father's second marriage following Penelope's death (1912). Socrates Onassis became

1024-667: The Monaco Yacht Club , the Hôtel de Paris and a third of the country's acreage. Onassis's takeover of the SBM was initially welcomed by Monaco's ruler, Prince Rainier III as the country required investment, but Onassis and Rainier's relationship had deteriorated by 1962 in the wake of the boycott of Monaco by the French President, Charles de Gaulle . Onassis and Rainier had differing visions for Monaco. Onassis wished

1088-536: The Thyamis and the Acheron of Greek mythology, lined with reedbeds and plane trees. Thesprotia's coastal climate is Mediterranean. Cold winters of a semi-alpine climate dominate the eastern part and higher elevations. The regional unit Thesprotia is subdivided into three municipalities (numbered as in the map in the infobox): Thesprotia was established as a prefecture in 1937 ( Greek : Νομός Θεσπρωτίας ). As

1152-417: The U.S. government . He was charged with violating the citizenship provision of the shipping laws which require that all ships displaying the U.S. flag be owned by U.S. citizens . Onassis entered a guilty plea and paid $ 7 million. Between 1950 and 1956, Onassis had success whaling off the west coast of South America. His first expedition made a net profit of US$ 4.5 million. International agreements limited

1216-546: The Gage family's experiences as immigrants in 1950s America in the city of Worcester, Massachusetts . In 1964, Gage earned a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism . In 1985, Eleni was made into a feature film starring John Malkovich as Gage. In 1987, Eleni was cited by Ronald Reagan as an inspiration for his summit meetings to end the arms race with

1280-563: The Great Fire of Smyrna. The Asia Minor catastrophe in 1922 was devastating for the Onassis family. His father was imprisoned and his business was transferred to Turkish ownership. The rest of the family fled to Greece where they had to stay in an outdoor refugee camp. In 1923, Onassis returned to Istanbul with $ 250 in his pocket. In August of that year, he arrived in Buenos Aires , Argentina, by Nansen passport , and got his first job as

1344-611: The Greek Turkish borders, was opened to traffic in 2009. Other important roads in Thesprotia include the Greek National Road 6 (Igoumenitsa - Ioannina - Larissa ) and Greek National Road 18 ( Filiates - Paramythia - Preveza ). In 2009, construction began for a new highway that will connect Igoumenitsa and Saranda , passing by Sagiada and Konispol . The port of Igoumenitsa serves ferry routes to

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1408-913: The Kennedy family trust, which she would lose by re-marrying. Upon Onassis's death, she would also continue to receive US$ 150,000 each year for the rest of her life. After Onassis's death, Christina settled with Jacqueline for $ 25 million in exchange for her not contesting Onassis's will. During their marriage, the Onassises inhabited six residences: her 15-room apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue in New York City, her horse farm in New Jersey, his Ave. Foch apartment in Paris (88 Avenue Foch), his house in Athens, his house on Skorpios , and his yacht Christina O . Onassis died at age 69 on 15 March 1975 at

1472-605: The King of Saudi Arabia for securing a tanker transport deal. Since the Arabian-American Oil Co. (currently, Saudi Arabian Oil Company, but still known as Aramco ) had a monopoly on Saudi oil by a concession agreement, the US government was alarmed by the tanker deal. By 1954, a specific U.S. policy for Saudi Arabia, in addition to strengthening the US "special position," was to take "all appropriate measures to bring about

1536-606: The Mafia led to two best-selling books: The Mafia Is Not An Equal Opportunity Employer and Mafia, U.S.A. He was also instrumental in exposing corruption in the past of Vice President Spiro Agnew , which led to Agnew's resignation. During the Watergate scandal , Gage was the first reporter to hear any of the Nixon tapes . His experiences as a reporter were the basis for the 1977 CBS television show The Andros Targets . In 1985,

1600-681: The Screen Actors Guild are seeking protection for creators over AI use. Open AI has issued a statement saying, “We respect the rights of content creators and owners and are committed to working with them to ensure they benefit from AI technology and new revenue models." Gage and his wife, Joan, live in North Grafton, Massachusetts . He is the father of three children: Christos , Eleni, and Marina. Thesprotia Thesprotia ( / θ ɛ s ˈ p r oʊ ʃ ə / ; Greek : Θεσπρωτία , pronounced [θesproˈtia] )

1664-635: The Slavic invasions of the Balkans. In the late Ottoman period, the area was known as Chameria , and at 1910 most of the territory of the modern prefecture of Thesprotia was known as Sancak of Resadiye or Çamlık Sancak or Igoumenitsa Sancak . Thesprotia remained under Ottoman rule until 1913, when it was ceded to Greece after the Ottoman defeat in the First Balkan War . As part of Greece

1728-482: The Soviet Union. Eleni has been lauded with many reviews; "If Eleni were fiction, it would bear the mark of genius...a devoted and brilliant achievement." __ The New York Review of Books "A story assigned by fate... minutely observed and eloquently rendered.' __ The New York Times Book Review "This Greek tragedy in its most poignant sense, a series of adversities that is so overwhelming and appalling that

1792-509: The U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The lawsuit alleges that the defendants “stole” writers’ copyrighted works to help build AI chatbot ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence system they say is worth billions of dollars. The class is defined as all nonfiction writers in the United States, many of them trained as journalists, “who are authors or legal beneficial owners” of copyrights that have or are being used by

1856-465: The United States. He is most known for two books of autobiographical memoirs, the best-selling Eleni (1983) and A Place for Us (1989). Eleni describes the life of his family in Greece during the Second World War and Greek Civil War . Gage's mother, Eleni, was executed for arranging the escape of her children from their Communist-occupied village. Decades later, as an adult, Gage sought out those responsible for her death. A Place for Us relates

1920-541: The cancellation" of an agreement between the Saudi government and Onassis to transport Saudi oil on his tankers and "in any case, to make the agreement ineffective". [Doc. 128] The arrangement would have ended monopoly control of Saudi Arabia's oil by American oil companies, but was forestalled by the US government. For this reason he became a target of the US government and in 1954, the FBI investigated Onassis for fraud against

1984-418: The communists began to retreat in the spring of 1948, they took some children with them. Fearing that her children would be sent to communist countries, Eleni made arrangements for her family to flee. Gage and three of his sisters escaped, but his mother and one of his sisters were left behind. The Communists arrested Eleni, who was put on trial and executed. Eventually, Gage and his sisters joined their father in

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2048-422: The company had inked an overall production deal with Paramount Pictures , whereas Gage would develop offices for Paramount's New York headquarters. Gage was an Executive Producer of The Godfather Part III , co-writing an early draft of the script with Mario Puzo . The movie was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards and seven Academy Awards . His book Eleni , which has been translated into 32 languages,

2112-553: The country to remain a resort for an exclusive clientele, but Rainier wished to build hotels and attract a greater number of tourists. Monaco had become less attractive as a tax haven in the wake of France's actions, and Rainier urged Onassis to invest in the construction of hotels. Onassis was reluctant to invest in hotels without a guarantee from Rainier that no other competing hotel development would be permitted, but promised to build two hotels and an apartment block. Unwilling to give Onassis his guarantee, Rainier used his veto to cancel

2176-410: The deck. Among them all, just one could be considered adult. All animals that pass within the range of the harpoon are killed in cold blood." In 1954 the government of Peru claimed the Onassis fleet were whaling within 320 kilometres (200 mi) of the coast of Peru without permission and sent naval vessels to intercept them. Peruvian air force planes were also sent and dropped bombs that exploded near

2240-466: The defendants to “train their large language models” and it estimates the class to include tens of thousands of people. It seeks damages of up to $ 150,000 for each work infringed. This lawsuit follows several other suits and letters of complaint filed alleging copyright infringement not only by these defendants, but also by Meta Platforms, Alphabet and IBM. These suits by authors and performers, and actions by The Authors Guild, The Writers Guild of America and

2304-527: The entire hotel project, and publicly attacked SBM for their 'bad faith' on television, implicitly criticising Onassis. Rainier and Onassis remained at odds over the direction of the company for several years and in June 1966 Rainier approved a plan to create 600,000 new shares in SBM to be permanently held by the state, which reduced Onassis's stake from 52% to under a third. In the Supreme Court of Monaco

2368-473: The fact that they were both married. They met in 1957 during a party in Venice promoted by Elsa Maxwell . After this first encounter, Onassis commented to Spyros Skouras : "There [was] just a natural curiosity; after all, we were the most famous Greeks alive in the world." Callas and Onassis both divorced their spouses but did not marry each other, although their relationship continued for many years. Onassis

2432-733: The factory ship. Most vessels in the fleet were captured by the Peruvian vessels and taken to Payta where they were interned. The venture came to an end after the business was sold to Kyokuyo Hogei Kaisha Whaling Company, one of the biggest Japanese whaling companies, for $ 8.5 million. Norwegian authorities suspected the involvement of Hjalmar Schacht in Onassis's whaling enterprises. Schacht had previously been connected with Onassis's Saudi Arabian deals. In 1956, Greek airlines in general faced economic difficulties, whereby companies like TAE were affected by strikes and cash shortage. The Greek government decided to give this and other companies to

2496-567: The fleet operated under flags of convenience where laws and regulations are looser than those of the owners' country. More austere regulations in countries such as the United States, which afforded higher wages and safety standards, allowed access to domestic routes with higher freight rates but at far greater running expense. As was then common practice in international shipping, Onassis's fleet had mostly Panamanian and Liberian flags and sailed tax-free while operating at low cost. This and his astute business sense helped Onassis earn handsome profits in

2560-711: The fragmentation of the Roman Empire into East and West, it was part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire until the late Middle Ages, except for a period of Bulgarian rule in the 9th-11th centuries. In c. 1430 it fell to the Ottomans. From the 8th-9th until the 15th century, the region was called Vagenetia , a name deriving from the Slavic tribe of the Baiounitai , who appear in the early 7th century during

2624-587: The highly competitive shipping market. Onassis made large profits when the Big Oil companies like Mobil , Socony , and Texaco signed long-term contracts known as time charters at fixed prices before the stock market fell. The high profitability of the Onassis fleet has been attributed in large part to his disregard for standards that normally govern international shipping. For example, after his Liberian-registered tanker SS  Arrow ran aground and spilled oil into Chedabucto Bay , Nova Scotia in 1970, still

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2688-577: The island of Skorpios ; the 325 ft (99.06 m) luxury yacht Christina O and, finally, deposit accounts and accounts in treasuries in 217 banks in the whole world. In October 1968, amidst the Greek military junta and shortly after his marriage to Jacqueline Kennedy , Onassis announced the launch of Project Omega, a $ 400 million investment program that aimed to build considerable industrial infrastructure in Greece including an oil refinery and aluminum smelter. Onassis had cultivated Greek junta dictator Georgios Papadopoulos , for his assistance with

2752-421: The islands of Corfu and Paxoi (includes Antipaxoi), as well as Italy. Aristotle Onassis Aristotle Socrates Onassis ( / oʊ ˈ n æ s ɪ s / , US also /- ˈ n ɑː -/ ; Greek : Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης , romanized :  Aristotélis Onásis , pronounced [aristoˈtelis oˈnasis] ; 20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a Greek and Argentine business magnate . He amassed

2816-506: The main economic activity. The main tourist attractions of the region are its numerous beaches, particularly the resort of Syvota . Other tourist attractions are the remains of ancient cities such as Gitani . In 1996, construction began on the A2 motorway , officially called Egnatia Odos . The road, which links the Ionian coast at Igoumenitsa to Thessaloniki and further to Alexandroupoli

2880-708: The most significant oil spill off Canada's East Coast (about 25% of the amount spilled by the Exxon Valdez in Alaska in 1989), there was a Commission of Inquiry . Led by Patrick McTaggart-Cowan , executive director of the Science Council of Canada , the Commission found that the Arrow had been operating with almost none of its navigation equipment serviceable: " radar had ceased to function an hour before

2944-420: The number, size and dates between which whales could be taken. The Onassis factory ship and its attendant catcher ships paid little attention to these restrictions. The Norwegian Whaling Gazette made accusations based on sailors' testimonials, such as one given by Bruno Schalaghecke, who worked on the factory ship Olympic Challenger : "Pieces of fresh meat from the 124 whales we killed yesterday still remains on

3008-795: The old-money Greek traditionalists who held Onassis in very low esteem. The couple had been living separately by the mid-1950s, with the beginning of the end of the marriage, according to Onassis' biographer, Peter Evens, coming after Livanos found Onassis in bed with a friend of hers at their home in Cap d'Antibes , the Château de la Croë . The house was then acquired by Onassis's brother-in-law and business rival Stavros Niarchos , who bought it for his wife, Eugenia Livanos , Athina's sister. Onassis and Livanos divorced in June 1960 during Onassis's well publicised affair with Maria Callas. Onassis and legendary opera soprano Maria Callas carried on an affair despite

3072-454: The orders of Napoleon Zervas at the end of World War II , Muslim Albanians numbered to only 77 individuals in the 1951 census. Thesprotia borders Albania to the north, the regional unit of Ioannina to the east and Preveza to the south. The Ionian Sea lies to the west. Much of the regional unit is mountainous. Most farmland is located in the valleys in the central, southern and the western part. Two of Thesprotia's rivers are legendary:

3136-552: The private sector, and, on 30 July 1956, Onassis signed a contract granting him the operational rights to the Greek air transport industry. When Onassis heard during the negotiations that he would not be able to use the five Olympic rings in his logo due to copyright issues, he simply decided to add a sixth ring. Operation effectively started in 1957, with one DC-4, two DC-6s and 13 DC-3s. The following year saw 244,000 passengers transported. The agreement lasted until 10 December 1974, when

3200-478: The province of Margariti became part of Preveza prefecture and the provinces of Paramythia and Filiates were part of Ioannina prefecture . The area above river Acheron continued to be referred to as Tsamouria in official Greek government communication until 1937, when the separate prefecture of Thesprotia was established. In 1923, the population of Thesprotia was 60,705, In 1920, there were 20,319 Muslim Albanians in Thesprotia. After their expulsion on

3264-609: The reader will feel as if his heart is being torn out, page by page." __ San Diego Union "Her life and death glow with dignity and humanity...Through Eleni's love and sacrifices for her children, we glimpse a more profound reality that rises above the shameful record of brutality and inquisition inflicted by men upon other men and women in the name of causes and crusades. All of their legions and philosophies are not this woman's soul." __ Chicago Tribune Gage first achieved fame as an investigative reporter for The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times . His acclaimed coverage of

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3328-478: The scheme, loaning Papadopoulos the use of his villa and buying dresses for his wife. The project was financially supported by the American bank First National City, and Onassis's American financial supporters eventually tired of the unfavourable terms demanded by him. The project was heavily criticized by people such as Helen Vlachos , a journalist from Athens. Another Greek Colonel, Nikolaos Makarezos , preferred

3392-558: The share creation was challenged by Onassis who claimed that it was unconstitutional, but the court found against him in March 1967. Following the ruling Onassis sold his holdings in SBM to the state of Monaco and left the country. According to Frank Brady in Onassis: An Extravagant Life , Onassis's words about the issue were: "We were gypped ." During the oil boom of the 1950s Onassis was in final discussions with

3456-611: The shares of Monaco's Société des bains de mer de Monaco (SBM) via the use of front companies in the tax haven of Panama, and took control of the organisation in the summer of that year. Onassis moved his headquarters into the Old Sporting Club on Monaco's Avenue d'Ostende shortly after taking control of the SBM. The SBM was a significant owner of property in Monaco: its assets included the Monte Carlo Casino ,

3520-519: The ship struck; the echo sounder had not been in working condition for two months; and the gyrocompass ... had a permanent error of three degrees west. The officer on watch at the time of the accident, the ship's third officer, "had no license" and none of the crew had any navigational skill except the master, "and there are even doubts about his ability." Onassis arrived in the Mediterranean principality of Monaco in 1953 and began to purchase

3584-578: The world to own a private airline, the other being Howard Hughes of TWA . Onassis was involved in the privatization of the Greek national airline and founded the privatized Olympic Airways (today Olympic Air ) in 1957. Stocks accounted for one-third of his capital, held in oil companies in the United States, the Middle East, and Venezuela. He also owned additional shares that secured his control of 95 multinational businesses in five continents. He owned gold-processing plants in Argentina and Uruguay and

3648-596: The world's largest privately-owned shipping fleet and was one of the world's richest and most famous men. He was married to Athina Mary Livanos , had a long-standing affair with opera singer Maria Callas , and was married to American former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy . Onassis was born in Smyrna in the Ottoman Empire and fled the city with his family to Greece in 1922 in the wake of the burning of Smyrna . He moved to Argentina in 1923 and established himself as

3712-403: Was 17 at the time of their marriage; Onassis was 40. Onassis and Livanos had two children, both born in New York City: a son, Alexander (1948–1973), and a daughter, Christina (1950–1988). Onassis named his legendary super-yacht after his daughter. To Onassis his marriage to Athina was more than the fulfillment of his ambitions. He also felt that the marriage dealt a blow to his father-in-law and

3776-421: Was a friend of Jacqueline Kennedy , widow of U.S. President John F. Kennedy . They married on 20 October 1968 on Onassis's private Greek island, Skorpios . Before the marriage, an agreement was reached between Onassis and Ted Kennedy , Jacqueline's former brother-in-law. Jacqueline would receive US$ 3 million, plus US$ 1 million for each of her two children, to compensate for the US$ 150,000 she then received from

3840-406: Was awarded first prize by the Royal Society of Literature of Great Britain and was nominated in the category of best biography by the National Book Critics Circle . His most recent book is Greek Fire: The Story of Maria Callas and Aristotle Onassis , an account of the relationship between Aristotle Onassis and opera singer Maria Callas , which was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 2000. Gage

3904-429: Was inhabited by the ancient Greek tribe of Thesprotians and was bordered by the neighboring regions of Molossia to the north and Chaonia to the east. Thesprotia is mentioned at the Epic Cycle as a place where Odysseus sailed and married the local queen Callidice of Thesprotia . Thesprotia became part of the Epirote League before it was annexed by Rome where it became part of the Roman province of Epirus . After

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3968-434: Was left to his daughter, Christina. Christina's share has since passed to her only child, Athina , at the time making Athina one of the wealthiest women in the world. Jacqueline Onassis also received her share of the estate, settling for a reported $ 10 million ($ 26 million according to other sources), which was negotiated by her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy . This amount would reportedly grow to several hundred million under

4032-414: Was something in which he took deep pride. It was his accomplishment. He was married to the sea, but Olympic was his mistress. We used to say that he would spend all the money he made at sea with his mistress in the sky." Onassis's time at the head of Olympic Airways is known as a golden era, due to investments he made in training and the acquisition of cutting-edge technology. For example, in 1959, he signed

4096-468: Was the creation of a shipping empire and a Hellenic Culture Fund providing youth scholarships and an academic international exchange program between Argentina , Greece , Monaco and the United States ; the programs are funded and administered by the Onassis Foundation and were eventually under the managing direction of his daughter Christina Onassis . Onassis built up a fleet of freighters and tankers that eventually exceeded seventy vessels. Most of

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