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67-520: Nicholas Nayfack (January 27, 1909 – March 31, 1958) was an American movie producer whose notable works include Forbidden Planet and The Invisible Boy . He was the nephew of MGM studio chief Nicholas Schenck and United Artists studio boss Joseph M. Schenck . Nayfack was born in Brooklyn to Saul and Annie Nayfack. Annie was the sister of film producers Nicholas and Joesph Schenck. Nayfack had two brothers, Bertram and Jules. He graduated from

134-546: A Maltese Falcon in 2013, making it the most valuable film prop ever sold at auction. An Australian radio adaptation using the original electronic music and noted local actors was broadcast in June 1959 on The Caltex Radio Theatre . In Stephen King's The Tommyknockers , Altair-4 is frequently referenced as the home planet of the titular alien presence. In the authorized biography of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , biographer David Alexander notes that Forbidden Planet

201-406: A virgin . The novel also includes some elements never included in the film: For one, Adams, Farman, and Ostrow clandestinely observe Morbius' house overnight one evening, but see or hear nothing. When they leave they accidentally kill one of Altaira's pet monkeys. When Dr. Ostrow later on dissects the dead animal he discovers that its internal structure precludes it from ever having been alive in

268-400: A consultation with the head of MGM's music department Johnny Green and the movie's producer Nicholas Nayfack, he agreed to hire them. When they declined to have all their equipment transferred from New York to Hollywood for a three-month job, the studio agreed, and the movie became MGM's first production to have its score produced outside of the studio lot. While the theremin had been used on

335-490: A film prop at this time; it represented almost 7% of the film's $ 1.9 million budget and equates to at least $ 1 million in 2017 dollars. Both the electrically controlled passenger vehicle driven by Robby and the truck/tractor-crane off-loaded from the starship were also constructed especially for this film. Robby later starred in the science fiction film The Invisible Boy (1957) and appeared in many TV series and films. The animated sequences of Forbidden Planet , especially

402-527: A force field generator post, and an original Sascha Brastoff steel prehistoric fish sculpture seen outside Morbius' home; also offered were several lobby cards and publicity photos. On November 2, 2017, the original Robby the Robot prop was offered for auction by Bonhams, and it earned US$ 5.3 million, including the buyer's premium . It set a new record for TCM-Bonhams auctions, surpassing the US$ 4 million earned for

469-482: A fully restored, digital transfer of the film. A Blu-ray edition of Forbidden Planet was released on September 7, 2010. Shortly before the film was released, a novelization appeared in hardcover and then later in mass-market paperback ; it was written by W. J. Stuart (the pseudonym of mystery novelist Philip MacDonald ), which chapters the novel into separate first person narrations by Dr. Ostrow, Commander Adams, and Dr. Morbius. The novel delves further into

536-587: A son, Nicholas Jr. Nayfack died of a heart attack, aged 49, on March 31, 1958, at his Beverly Hills home. Forbidden Planet Forbidden Planet is a 1956 American science fiction film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , produced by Nicholas Nayfack , and directed by Fred M. Wilcox from a script by Cyril Hume that was based on an original film story by Allen Adler and Irving Block . It stars Walter Pidgeon , Anne Francis , and Leslie Nielsen . Shot in Eastmancolor and CinemaScope , this landmark film

603-489: Is considered one of the great science fiction films of the 1950s, a precursor of contemporary science fiction cinema. The characters and isolated setting have been compared to those in William Shakespeare 's The Tempest , and the plot contains certain happenings analogous to the play, leading many to consider it a loose adaptation . Forbidden Planet pioneered several aspects of science fiction cinema. It

670-459: Is driven completely by underground machinery. Close to the end, an explicit reference is made: "Didn't you ever see Forbidden Planet ? Human movie. They remade it five, six times". Forbidden Planet and star Anne Francis are named alongside ten other classic science fiction films in the opening song " Science Fiction Double Feature " in the stage musical The Rocky Horror Show and its subsequent film adaptation . The British musical Return to

737-453: Is finally revealed during its attack on the Earth ship was not created using traditional cel animation . Instead, Meador simply sketched each frame of the entire sequence in black pencil on animation stand translucent vellum paper; each page was then photographed in high contrast, so that only the major details remained visible. These images were then photographically reversed into negative and

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804-458: Is leaving Altair IV with Adams. Robby detects the creature approaching; Morbius commands Robby to kill it, but the robot knows it is Morbius and shuts down, being programmed to never kill a human. Adams, Altaira, and Morbius hide in the Krell lab, but the creature melts its way through the thick doors. Morbius finally accepts the truth and confronts and disowns his other self, but is fatally injured by

871-462: Is no Krell or a monster from the ID. The invisible ape-like beast simply appears to be a native of Mercury. Hume's first story outline from November 1952 fleshed out and rewrote much of the original concept. The film sets for Forbidden Planet were constructed on a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) sound stage at its Culver City film lot and were designed by Cedric Gibbons and Arthur Lonergan . The film

938-424: Is not yet ready to receive such limitless power." Adams erects a force field fence around the starship, but the unseen intruder easily passes through and brutally murders Chief Engineer Quinn, who was repairing the damaged communications equipment. Morbius warns Adams of his premonition of further deadly attacks. That night, the intruder is detected approaching. Its outline and features become visible when it enters

1005-480: Is widely considered the first Sci-Fi novel, and it may be interpreted as the basic premise of technological advancement resulting in the creation of dangerous artificial beings. However, this novel relies more on fears of Forbidden knowledge than it does of technology, and is not techno-horror in the proper sense. Artificial Intelligence became a major topic of debate in the mid 19th century following theories of Evolution . Samuel Butler's 1863 article Darwin among

1072-579: The University of Pennsylvania and Columbia Law School . Nayfack entered the film industry as a lawyer in 1934 and was working at Fox Film when it merged with 20th Century Pictures , headed by his uncle Joseph, in 1935. He left to join MGM in 1936, where his uncle Nicholas was president of the parent company, Loew's Inc. Nayfack worked for 20th Century Fox as an associate producer under Darryl F. Zanuck from 1937 to 1939. After leaving Fox, he became

1139-462: The mathematician and electrical engineer Norbert Wiener , Louis Barron constructed his own electronic circuits that he used to generate the score's "bleeps, blurps, whirs, whines, throbs, hums, and screeches", making heavy use of ring modulation . After recording the basic sounds, the Barrons further manipulated the sounds with reverberation, delay, filters, and tape manipulations (as employed in

1206-430: The 1976 Labor Day weekend, as part of a 20th Anniversary celebration of Forbidden Planet held at that Worldcon ; the Barrons were there promoting their album's first release, signing all the copies sold at the convention. They also introduced the first of three packed-house screenings that showed an MGM 35mm fine-grain vault print in original CinemaScope and stereophonic sound. A decade later, in 1986, their soundtrack

1273-617: The Forbidden Planet was inspired by and loosely based on the MGM film, and won the Olivier Award for best musical of 1989/90. A scene from the science fiction TV series Babylon 5 , set on the Epsilon III Great Machine bridge, strongly resembles the Krell's great machine. While this was not the intent of the show's producer, the special effects crew, tasked with creating the imagery, stated that

1340-430: The Krell's machine was a definite influence on their Epsilon III designs. Also, Season 2 episode 5 "The Long Dark" features an invisible creature, that when shot is made visible with very similar effects as the invisible creature from Forbidden Planet. The Time Tunnel 's pilot episode featured a matte shot of huge underground buildings and people running across a walkway above a giant power generator, in homage to

1407-466: The Krell, a highly advanced race that mysteriously perished in a single night 200,000 years before. One such device enhances the intellect, which Morbius had used. He barely survived, but his intellectual capacity had doubled. Another is a vast 8,000-cubic-mile (33,000 km ) underground machine, still functioning, powered by 9,200 thermonuclear reactors. Adams tells Morbius he must share these discoveries with Earth, but Morbius refuses, saying, "Humanity

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1474-564: The Machines is a non-fiction essay which discussed the potential risks and possibility of the human race being superseded by thinking machines. Another early form of techno-horror in film is nuclear terror. In Japan, Godzilla stood as a metaphor for the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In The United States, the Cold War induced a fear of nuclear power and radiation, particularly

1541-695: The Nicholas Nayfack production a top offering in the space travel category." Harrison's Reports called the film "weird but fascinating and exciting", with "highly imaginative" production. Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film was "more than another science-fiction movie, with the emphasis on fiction; it is a genuinely thought-through concept of the future, and the production MGM has bestowed on it gives new breadth and dimension to that time-worn phrase, 'out of this world.'" John McCarten of The New Yorker called

1608-591: The USS Enterprise is NCC-1701. There were many references to Altair IV in Star Trek . In a scene from Star Trek III: The Search For Spock (1984) Dr. McCoy visits a bar and orders "Altair Water". Elements of the Doctor Who serial Planet of Evil were consciously based on Forbidden Planet . In the novel Strata by Terry Pratchett the main characters get stranded on a disc world which

1675-536: The Ultimate Collector's Edition was released on November 28, 2006, in an oversized red metal box, using the original film poster for its wraparound cover. Both DVD and high definition HD DVD formats were available in this deluxe package. Inside both premium packages were the films Forbidden Planet and The Invisible Boy , The Thin Man episode "Robot Client" ("Robby The Robot", one of the film's co-stars,

1742-549: The aftermath of bombing and the danger of weapons testing to civilians. For example, in the 1968 film Night of the Living Dead , nuclear radiation is the cause of the zombie apocalypse. Other stories, originating mostly in Japanese horror , involve classical terrors such as ghosts, spirits or curses propagating, traveling, or communicating via hi-tech media such as computer networks, cell phones, and cameras. Here, technology

1809-513: The attack of the Id Monster, were created by veteran animator Joshua Meador , who was loaned to MGM by Walt Disney Productions . According to a "Behind the Scenes" featurette on the film's DVD, a close look at the creature shows it to have a small goatee beard, suggesting its connection to Dr. Morbius, the only character with this physical feature. Unusually, the scene in which the Id Monster

1876-464: The creature as it vanishes. Before he dies, he has Adams activate a planetary self-destruct system, warning them to be far away in deep space. At a safe distance, Adams, Altaira, Robby, and the surviving crew witness the obliteration of Altair IV. Adams reassures Altaira that in about a million years, the human race will stand where the Krell did. They embrace as C-57D heads back to Earth. The screenplay by Irving Block and Allen Adler , written in 1952,

1943-501: The extinct Krell. While not stated explicitly in the film (although the basis for a deleted scene first included as an extra with the Criterion Collection 's LaserDisc set and included with both the later 50th anniversary DVD and current Blu-ray releases), the novelization compared Altaira's ability to tame the tiger (until her sexual awakening with Commander Adams) to the medieval myth of a unicorn being tamable only by

2010-510: The film "a pleasant spoof of all the moonstruck nonsense the movies have been dishing up about what goes on among our neighbors out there in interstellar space." The Monthly Film Bulletin of Britain praised the film as "an enjoyably thorough-going space fantasy", adding, "In tone the film adroitly combines naivete with sophistication, approaching its inter-planetary heroics with a cheerful consciousness of their absurdity that still allows for one or two genuinely weird and exciting moments, such as

2077-636: The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In the 23rd century, after more than a year's journey, the United Planets starship C-57D arrives at the distant planet Altair IV to determine the fate of the ship Bellerophon , sent there 20 years before. Dr. Edward Morbius, one of

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2144-493: The film. Out of the Silent Planet , a song on Iron Maiden 's album Brave New World , is based on Forbidden Planet . Fallout: New Vegas 's DLC Old World Blues uses multiple references, including Doctor Mobius as a reference to Morbius in the film, the protectrons being modeled after Robby the Robot, and The Forbidden Dome being based on the film's title. In the first Mass Effect game, while examining

2211-467: The film. Outside science fiction, the film was groundbreaking as the first of any genre to use an entirely electronic musical score , courtesy of Bebe and Louis Barron . Forbidden Planet ' s effects team was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Special Effects at the 29th Academy Awards . Tony Magistrale describes it as one of the best examples of early techno-horror . In 2013,

2278-401: The first time, on a deluxe laserdisc set with various extra features on a second disc. Warner Bros. next released the film on DVD in 1999 (MGM's catalog of films has since remained under ownership of Turner Entertainment , currently a division of Warner Bros. Discovery ). Warner's release offered both cropped and widescreen picture formats on the same disc. For the film's 50th anniversary,

2345-435: The force field and blasters are fired at it, to little effect. The thing kills Farman and two other crewmen. When Morbius is awakened by Altaira's screams, the creature suddenly vanishes. Adams tries to persuade Altaira to leave. Ostrow sneaks away and uses the Krell intellect enhancer but is fatally injured. Before dying, he informs Adams that the underground machine's purpose was to create anything by mere thought, anywhere on

2412-623: The head of the business affairs office for MGM. He joined the Navy during World War II and was a lieutenant commander in the South Pacific . After the war he became a producer for MGM with his first picture Border Incident (1949). He formed his own company, Pan Productions with a distribution and financing deal with MGM who released his last film, The Invisible Boy (1957). He married actress Lynne Carver in 1937 and they divorced in 1942. He later married Patricia Schmidt with who he had

2479-480: The last survivors tried to escape. Only Morbius, his wife (who Morbius claims later died of natural causes), and their daughter Altaira were somehow immune. Morbius offers to help the starship return home, but Adams says he must receive further instructions from Earth. The next day, Adams finds Farman kissing Altaira. Furious, he rebukes Farman and criticizes Altaira for wearing revealing clothing. That night, an invisible intruder sabotages communications equipment aboard

2546-486: The magnetic or Perspecta processes. At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 94% based on 51 reviews from critics, averaging 8.20/10. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that everyone who worked on the film certainly "had a barrel of fun with it. And, if you've got an ounce of taste for crazy humor, you'll have a barrel of fun, too." Variety wrote: "Imaginative gadgets galore, plus plenty of suspense and thrills, make

2613-458: The monster's first advance on the spaceship." The Philadelphia film critic Steve Friedman ("Mr. Movie") told interviewers that Forbidden Planet was his favorite film. He watched it 178 times. According to MGM records, the film initially earned $ 1,530,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $ 1,235,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $ 210,000. Forbidden Planet was re-released to film theaters during 1972 as one of MGM's "Kiddie Matinee" features; it

2680-481: The mysteries of the vanished Krell and Morbius' relationship to them. In the novel, he repeatedly exposes himself to the Krell's manifestation machine, which (as suggested in the film) boosts his brain power far beyond normal human intelligence. Unfortunately, Morbius retains enough of his imperfect human nature to be afflicted with hubris and a contempt for humanity. Not recognizing his own base primitive drives and limitations proves to be Morbius' downfall, as it had for

2747-457: The normal biological sense. The tiger, deer, and monkeys are all conscious creations by Dr. Morbius as companions ("pets") for his daughter and only outwardly resemble their Earth counterparts. The novel also differs somewhat from the film in that it does not directly establish the great machine as the progenitor of the animals or monster; instead only attributes them to Morbius' elevated mental power. The Krell's self-destruction can be interpreted by

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2814-482: The original expedition's scientists, warns the ship not to land for safety reasons, but Commander John J. Adams ignores his warning. Adams and Lieutenants Jerry Farman and "Doc" Ostrow are met by Robby the Robot , who transports them to Morbius' residence. Morbius describes how all other members of their expedition had been killed, one by one, by an unseen "planetary force", with the Bellerophon being vaporized as

2881-469: The piece Williams Mix , which they had assisted John Cage in realizing at their Greenwich Village studio). Since Bebe and Louis Barron did not belong to the Musicians Union, their work could not be considered for an Academy Award in either the "soundtrack" or "sound effects" categories; this also necessitated the "electronic tonalities" credit. MGM declined to publish a soundtrack album at

2948-407: The planet. However, he tells Adams the Krell forgot one thing: "Monsters from the id ." The machine gave the Krell's own subconscious desires free rein with unlimited power, causing their own extinction. Adams deduces that Morbius's subconscious created the thing that both killed the original expedition members and attacked his crewmen; Morbius refuses to believe him. Altaira tells Morbius that she

3015-594: The planets in the Gagarin system of the Armstrong Nebula, specifically on the planet's Junthor survey feed, a reference is made to "Monsters from the id". Author George R. R. Martin cites Forbidden Planet as his favorite science fiction film and states that he owns a working full-size Robby the Robot replica. Techno-horror Techno-horror focuses on how technology can be a direct or indirect force of evil. Direct evil, such as death caused directly by

3082-806: The ray gun beams and disintegration scenes. Although workprints of cinema films were normally destroyed, the workprint of Forbidden Planet was not destroyed, and was discovered in 1977. There are differences in characterization, dialogue and scenes between the workprint and the release print . Forbidden Planet had its world premiere at the Southeastern Science Fiction Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina , on March 3 and 4, 1956. The film opened in more than 100 cities on March 23 in CinemaScope , Eastmancolor , and in some theaters, stereophonic sound , either by

3149-407: The reader as a cosmic punishment for misappropriating the life-creating power of God. This is why in the film's ending, Commander Adams says in his speech to Altaira "...we are, after all, not God". The novel ends with a postscript making a similar observation. Forbidden Planet ' s innovative electronic music score (credited as "electronic tonalities" due to disputes with the musicians' union)

3216-410: The resulting white line images were then tinted red, creating the effect of the Id Monster's body remaining largely invisible, with only its major outlines illuminated by the energy from the force-field and blaster beams. The monster was considered so scary that in some states its image was edited out of the film so as to not frighten children. Meador was also responsible for the other visual effects, like

3283-452: The scene of the Krell's underground complex. The Outer Limits episode " The Man with the Power " revisits the premise of a person's subconscious manifesting as a destructive, murderous entity. For the film's 50th anniversary in 2006, DAW Books released an original mass-market paperback anthology of new science fiction short stories, Forbidden Planets , all of which were inspired by

3350-576: The soundtracks of Spellbound (1945) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), the Barrons' is credited with being the first completely electronic film score, preceding the development of analog synthesizers by Robert Moog and Don Buchla in the early 1960s. Using ideas and procedures from the book Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948) by

3417-466: The starship was built to suggest its full width of 170 ft (51 m). The starship was surrounded by a huge, painted cyclorama featuring the desert landscape of Altair IV; this one set took up all of the available space in one of the Culver City sound stages. Principal photography took place from April 18 to late May 1955. At a cost of roughly $ 125,000, Robby the Robot was very expensive for

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3484-448: The starship. The next morning, Adams and Ostrow go to Morbius' residence to discuss the intrusion. While waiting, Adams happens upon Altaira swimming. After she dons a new, less revealing dress, Adams apologizes for his behavior toward her, and they kiss. They are suddenly attacked by Altaira's pet tiger, and Adams is forced to disintegrate it with his blaster. Morbius appears and tells Adams and Ostrow that he has been studying artifacts of

3551-463: The tapes of which he reportedly later destroyed. The Barrons finally released their soundtrack in 1976 as an LP album for the film's 20th anniversary; it was on their very own Planet Records label (later changed to Small Planet Records and distributed by GNP Crescendo Records). The LP premiered at MidAmeriCon , the 34th World Science Fiction Convention , held in Kansas City, Missouri , over

3618-537: The technology; or indirect, such as discussing the power of technology and the potential for people to use it as a means to extort and exploit others. It relies on elements of science fiction or fantasy , which set it apart from the techno-thriller genre. The overthrow or destruction of the human race by AI is likely the oldest form of techno-horror, with examples such as the Greek Myth Talos dating back to 400 BC. Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein

3685-748: The television series The Twilight Zone , most of which were filmed by Rod Serling 's Cayuga Productions at the MGM studio in Culver City, including Robby the Robot, the various C-57D models, the full-scale mock-up of the base of the ship (which featured in the episodes " To Serve Man " and " On Thursday We Leave for Home "), the blaster pistols and rifles, crew uniforms, and special effects shots. In late September 2015, several screen-used items from Forbidden Planet were offered in Profiles in History 's Hollywood Auction 74, including Walter Pidgeon's "Morbius" costume, an illuminating blaster rifle, blaster pistol,

3752-546: The time that Forbidden Planet was released; however, film composer and conductor David Rose later published a 7-inch (18 cm) single of his original main title theme that he had recorded at the MGM studios in March 1956. Rose was originally hired to compose the musical score in 1955, but his main title theme was discarded when he was discharged from the project by Dore Schary in late December of that year. The film's original theatrical trailer contains snippets of Rose's score,

3819-579: Was also a guest star in both The Thin Man episode and The Invisible Boy ) and a documentary Watch the Skies!: Science Fiction, The 1950s and Us . Also included were miniature lobby cards and an 8 cm (3-inch) toy replica of Robby the Robot. This was quickly followed by the release of the Forbidden Planet 50th Anniversary edition in both standard DVD and HD DVD packaging. Both 50th anniversary formats were mastered by Warner Bros.-MGM techs from

3886-401: Was an inspiration for Star Trek and quotes a memo by Roddenberry in which he explicitly avoids copying the mechanics of Forbidden Planet s spaceship, but hopes for it to "stimulate our own thinking" in regards to the production of the still-in-development Star Trek TV series. In the opening scene of the movie, the navigator says "We'll reach D.C. point at 1701". The registration number for

3953-532: Was composed by Bebe and Louis Barron . The two were originally slated to contribute about twenty minutes of sound effects and electronic pieces, as avant-garde composer Harry Partch was also due to contribute music. When Partch left the project, the Barrons took over the entire soundtrack. MGM producer Dore Schary had been approached by them at a nightclub in Greenwich Village while on a family Christmas visit to New York City , where they asked if he

4020-468: Was interested in listening to a demonstration of their electronic music. Schary told them he was returning to California the next morning, but to assuage their disappointment, he promised to give them a chance if they ever came to California. Assuming he had heard the last of them, he was surprised when they showed up in Hollywood a few weeks later. Keeping his promise, he listened to their music, and after

4087-517: Was missing about six minutes of film footage cut to ensure it received a G rating from the Motion Picture Association of America , including a 1950s-style muted scene of Anne Francis, which made it seem she swam without a bathing suit. Later video releases carry a G rating, although they are all the original theatrical version. The American Film Institute nominated the film as one of its top-10 science fiction films. The score

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4154-518: Was nominated for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores. Forbidden Planet was first released in the pan and scan format in 1981 on MGM VHS and Betamax videotape and on MGM laser disc and CED Videodisc ; years later, in 1996, it was again re-issued by MGM/UA, but this time in widescreen VHS and laserdisc, both for the film's 40th anniversary. The Criterion Collection later re-issued Forbidden Planet in CinemaScope's original 2.55:1 aspect ratio for

4221-444: Was not shown there until 1967. Other costumes were designed by Walter Plunkett . Robby the Robot was operated at first by diminutive stuntman Frankie Darro . He was fired shortly after an early scene because of his having consumed a five-martini lunch prior to the scene being shot; he nearly fell over while attempting to walk while inside the expensive prop. Many costume and prop items were reused in several different episodes of

4288-439: Was originally titled Fatal Planet . The later screenplay draft by Cyril Hume renamed the film Forbidden Planet , because this was believed to have greater box-office appeal. Block and Adler's drama took place in the year 1976 on the planet Mercury . An Earth expedition headed by John Grant is sent to the planet to retrieve Dr. Adams and his daughter Dorianne, who have been stranded there for twenty years. In this version, there

4355-537: Was released on a music CD for the film's 30th Anniversary, with a six-page color booklet containing images from Forbidden Planet , plus liner notes from the composers and Bill Malone. A tribute to the film's soundtrack was performed live in concert by Jack Dangers , and is available on disc one of the album Forbidden Planet Explored . The costumes worn by Anne Francis were designed by Helen Rose . Her miniskirts resulted in Forbidden Planet being banned in Spain; it

4422-471: Was shot entirely indoors, with all the Altair IV exterior scenes simulated using sets, visual effects , and matte paintings . As the art director of the film, Lonergan took the liberty to build sets that were much larger than the budget allowed. The sets were already half done when the budget department found out and it was too late to do anything about it. A full-size mock-up of roughly three-quarters of

4489-493: Was the first science fiction film to depict humans traveling in a man-made faster-than-light starship . It was also the first to be set entirely on a planet orbiting another star, far away from Earth and the Solar System . The Robby the Robot character is one of the first film robots that was more than just a mechanical "tin can" on legs; Robby displays a distinct personality and is an integral supporting character in

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