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64-468: Niederhasli is first mentioned in 931 as Hasila . On 10 January 2000, Crossair Flight 498 crashed in Niederhasli after taking off from Zurich Airport , killing all 10 people on board. The accident was caused by pilot error which lead to loss of control of the aircraft. Niederhasli has an area of 11.3 km (4.4 sq mi). Of this area, 58.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 21.5%

128-407: A Fachhochschule ). Niederhasli has an unemployment rate of 2.82%. As of 2005, there were 85 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 36 businesses involved in this sector. 573 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 59 businesses in this sector. 1016 people are employed in the tertiary sector , with 186 businesses in this sector. The historical population

192-473: A basic conversation. After the crash, both Crossair and CCP, including the pilots who had previously spoken to the media and been fired, publicly stated that the coincidence between the accident and the dispute was very unfortunate and that reports about pilot error being involved in the crash were speculation, although this conclusion was later established to be the probable cause of the accident. An examination of pilot Pavel Gruzin's body revealed traces of

256-416: A few hours later. The cold, drizzly weather was normal for the area, After the seven passengers and three crew members boarded, the plane was cleared for takeoff on time at 5:54 p.m. CEST (16:54 UTC ). The aircraft departed Runway 28 heading west. From takeoff, the plane climbed normally. But after 7.2 kilometers (4.5 mi; 3.9 nmi), the plane suddenly started to lose altitude and turn to

320-499: A higher altitude for one-engine-inoperable conditions." CommuteAir is the only operator of the ERJ 145XR. February 2011 Embraer presented its new EMB-145 AEW&C for India. Despite the multiple variants, pilots need only one type rating to fly any variant of the ERJ aircraft. Companies like American Eagle utilizes this benefit with its mixed fleet of ERJ 135ER/LR and ERJ145EP/LR/XR. Shared type-ratings allow operators to utilize

384-522: A late 1992 introduction with six produced, then ramping to 60 per year by 1995. It aimed for half of a market for 1,000 aircraft with break-even after twelve years with 400 sold. Keeping 75% of the Brasilia parts and systems, the EMB 145 Amazon aimed for a 1991 first flight. The stretch resulted from two 11-foot (3.4 m) plugs of the 7-foot-6-inch (2.29 m) diameter fuselage in the front and behind

448-664: A partnership with the Chinese aerospace manufacturer Harbin Aircraft Industry Group to jointly produce the ERJ ;145 in Harbin , China; this production line was shuttered in 2016 after producing 41 aircraft. Overall production of the type was terminated in 2020, by which point 1,231 aircraft were built. By this point, the ERJ family had been eclipsed by the newer and more advanced E-Jet family . The ERJ 145

512-460: A population (as of 31 December 2020) of 9,449. As of 2007, 22.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 18.9%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (83.9%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.7%) and Albanian being third ( 2.4%). In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43.8% of

576-605: A reduced payload, it had a 36,375 lb (16,500 kg) maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) and a 21,045 lb (9,546 kg) operating empty weight . In early 1990, no engine supplier willing to share the risk of the $ 250 million development was yet selected. The Allison GMA3007 (later renamed the Rolls-Royce AE 3007 ) was selected in March 1990, with a maximum 40 kN (7,100 lbf) take-off thrust and growth capability to 45 kN (10,000 lbf), first flight

640-508: A relatively high level of commonality with the Embraer Legacy 600 business jet; the principal difference being the addition of winglets and additional fuel tanks as standard on the latter. The airframe is composed of stretched, machined and chemically milled aluminium, with CFRP for moving parts, GFRP for fairings and sidewalls, kevlar for leading edges and Nomex honeycomb-CFRP/GFRP sandwiches for floors. The EMB145 family

704-465: A safety risk because of an insufficient knowledge of English. These two pilots were fired by Crossair, but were then elected to head the pilots' union, "Crossair Cockpit Personnel (CCP)". An investigation of the accident later revealed that the pilot Gruzin and copilot Kolesár were only able to communicate with each other in English, but Gruzin's ability to speak English was too limited to hold more than

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768-501: A semi-private aircraft configuration, and that the conversion process can be performed at Embraer-owned service centers. Numerous aftermarket companies have also offered their own conversions of ERJ family aircraft, often involving various levels of interior refurbishment, such as the installation of an expanded galley, redesigned lavatories, seat track relocation, at-seat power provision, Wi-Fi , alternative ceilings, LED lighting upgrades, and various storage options. In December 1996,

832-492: A typical commuter/airliner configuration, the ERJ 145 can accommodate up to 60 seats, although many operators would have fewer seats than this on their selected configuration. Embraer has offered a premium cabin configuration, which seats between 16 and 28 passengers in a more comfortable and spacious arrangement. The cabin can accommodate various interiors, these being customisable to fulfil each customer's own requirements. The fittings can be suited to various market sectors, from

896-530: Is 1.42 metres (4.7 ft) shorter, seating 44 passengers, and has 96% parts commonality with the ERJ145. The only significant changes are a shorter fuselage , a slightly derated engine and an increased range. The ERJ140 was designed with fewer seats in order to meet the needs of some major United States airlines, which have an agreement with the pilots' union to limit the number of 50-seat aircraft that can be flown by their affiliates. At launch, Embraer estimated

960-582: Is 79 cm (31 in). A further stretch to 50–55 passengers is limited by a 12° rotation angle. Embraer continued to look for partners to share the $ 350 million development as first flight was expected for late 1994. In December 1994, Embraer was privatised for 80% to Brazilian and US investors while 20% was kept by the Brazilian Government. The definitive ERJ 145 first flew on August 11, 1995, with 18 firm orders, 16 options and 127 letters of intent. A 1,300h flight-test programme for

1024-492: Is equipped with Rolls-Royce AE 3007A1 engines which provide 15% more power. The engines are flat rated at 33.1 kN (7,440 lb) thrust to provide improved climb characteristics and improved cruise performance in high ambient temperatures. The extra-long-range ERJ 145XR aircraft is equipped with Rolls-Royce AE 3007A1E engines. The high performance engines provide lower specific fuel consumption (SFC) and improved performance in hot and high conditions. The engines also yield

1088-509: Is forested. Of the rest of the land, 18.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The municipality is located in the lower Glatttal near the entrance to the Wehntal . It includes the villages of Niederhasli, Oberhasli, Mettmenhasli and Nassenwil. Before 1840 it also included the village of Niederglatt , which became an independent municipality at that time. Niederhasli has

1152-437: Is generally powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce AE 3007 series turbofan engines. Each engine has a bypass ratio of 5:1 and can generate up to 8,917 lbf of thrust. The engines are controlled by a dual Full Authority Digital Engine Controls (FADEC) arrangement, which is capable of controlling virtually all aspects of the engine and sending engine data to be displayed on the engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) for

1216-517: Is given in the following table: Niederhasli railway station is a stop of the Zürich S-Bahn on the line S15 . It is a 20-minute ride from Zürich Hauptbahnhof . Crossair Flight 498 Crossair Flight 498 was a scheduled commuter flight from Zürich , Switzerland, to Dresden , Germany. On 10 January 2000, the Saab 340B operating the flight crashed two minutes after takeoff in

1280-518: Is longer, allowing using jetways , and the fuselage was lengthened from 25.8 to 26 m (85 to 85 ft). During June 1991, the Brazilian Government loaned $ 600 million to Embraer and in July the programme was re-evaluated while tooling was 80% complete. By November 1991, Embraer was still looking for partners to share the risk of the $ 350 million project, hoping to obtain Government approval by

1344-552: Is what differs between the various models in regards to total thrust capability. The extended range version, the ERJ 145ER, has Rolls-Royce AE 3007A engines rated at 31.3 kN (7,036 lb) thrust, with the option of more powerful AE 3007A1 engines. A, A1, A1P models are mechanically identical but differ in thrust due to variations in FADEC software. The A1E engine, however, has not only new software, but significantly upgraded mechanical components. The long-range ERJ 145LR aircraft

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1408-508: The Legacy 600 business jet and the R-99 family of military aircraft. Development of the ERJ 145 was launched in 1989. Its early design took the form of a turbofan -powered stretch of the existing turboprop -powered EMB 120 Brasilia regional aircraft. After the project was temporarily suspended in 1990, work on a revised configuration was undertaken during the early 1990s. While retaining

1472-536: The 2020s, various operators had elected to retire their ERJ 145 fleets in favour of newer airliners; they have often been replaced by members of Embraer's E-Jet family . Aircraft formerly used as regional airliners have often been sold on to charter operators. To capitalise on the growing sector of corporate/private travellers, some customers have elected to acquire secondhand ERJ145s from regional operators and refurbishing them with new interiors with more luxurious fittings to suit their new role. As of August 2021,

1536-615: The Atlantic Ocean off Nova Scotia on 2 September 1998, killing all 229 aboard. The crash came about in the midst of a bitter labor-management dispute between Crossair and its pilots over a possible pay raise and work rules changes. The pilots' union had just canceled pay agreements with Crossair in December 1999, with a termination effective in summer 2000. In addition, and prior to the accident, two Crossair pilots told Swiss media that some foreign pilots employed by Crossair posed

1600-787: The Brasilia 0.48 bar (7.0 psi). Following the engine selection, design was revised: length decreased from 27.08 to 26.74 m (88.8 to 87.7 ft), span increased from 22.37 to 22.49 m (73.4 to 73.8 ft), aspect ratio to 9.3 from 9.2. MTOW rose from 16,500 to 18,500 kg (36,400 to 40,800 lb), basic operating weight from 9,560 to 10,940 kg (21,080 to 24,120 lb), maximum fuel from 3,900 to 4,210 kg (8,600 to 9,280 lb) and payload from 4,500 to 5,160 kg (9,920 to 11,380 lb); wing loading increased from 330 to 370 kg/m (68 to 76 lb/sq ft), time-to-climb to FL400 gained 5 min to 30 min and maximum cruise rose from 405 kn (750 km/h) to 428 kn (787 km/h) at FL360. The first delivery in 1993

1664-767: The Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the United States and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world). Embraer ERJ 145 family The Embraer ERJ family (for Embraer Regional Jet ) are regional jets designed and produced by the Brazilian aerospace company Embraer . The family includes the ERJ ;135 (37 passengers), ERJ 140 (44 passengers), and ERJ 145 (50 passengers), as well as

1728-549: The EMB145 was expected to offer lower operating costs than the similarly priced Saab 2000 high-speed turboprop and the CRJ . Its $ 15 million price was $ 4 million lower than the CRJ. The Flight Test campaign took four aircraft: S/N 801, PT-ZJA, S/N 001, PT-ZJB, S/N 002, PT-ZJC and S/N 003, PT-ZJD. Only S/N 003 was fitted with passenger seats and had no FTI (flight test instrumentation) and

1792-511: The ERJ 135 was leased $ 33,000 to $ 43,000 per month ($ 396,000 to $ 516,000 per year) and the ERJ 145 $ 38,000 to $ 55,000 per month ($ 456,000 to $ 660,000 per year). As of 18 March 2018, the Embraer ERJ family was involved in 24 incidents, incurring a total of eight hull losses without any fatalities. The physical engines are the same ( Rolls-Royce AE 3007 ), however, the FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronic Control) logic

1856-410: The ERJ 145 in Harbin for the Chinese market. The assembly line was sized to produce a maximum of 24 aircraft per year, assembling complete knock down kits prepared by Embraer at its facilities overseas. During February 2004, the first delivery of a Chinese-assembled ERJ 145 took place; two months later, China Southern took delivery for two of the locally-built ERJ145s. In April 2009, it

1920-400: The ERJ 145 received its type certificate ; it entered revenue service with ExpressJet Airlines on 6 April 1997. Embraer prioritised the rapid expansion of the family, leading to the introduction of the shortened ERJ 135 and ERJ 140 in 1999. The ERJ series' primary competition came from the similarly sized Bombardier CRJ100/200 regional jets. In December 2002, Embraer entered

1984-580: The Swiss municipality of Niederhasli on 10 January 2000, killing all 10 passengers and crew. It was one of two fatal crashes for Crossair during its existence; the other was Crossair Flight 3597 which crashed less than 2 years later during approach to Zurich. The accident was investigated by the Swiss Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), and a final report was issued in 2004. The AAIB concluded that

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2048-613: The cabin. The standard maximum ramp weight is 19,300 and 20,300 kg (42,500 and 44,800 lb) for the extended-range, it is fitted with Honeywell Primus 1000 integrated avionics. The estimated $ 300 million development cost is divided between Embraer for 34%, risksharing partners for 33% (including Belgium's SONACA supplying centre and rear fuselage sections, doors, engine pylons and wing leading-edges), long-term loans from Brazilian development-funding institutions for 23% and participating suppliers for 10%. On both 370 km (200 nm) hubfeeder and 1,100 km hub-bypass sectors,

2112-462: The cost of an ERJ140 to be approximately US $ 15.2 million. The estimated cost of development of the ERJ140 was US $ 45 million. The ERJ 135 is 3.54 metres (11.6 ft) shorter, seating 37 passengers, and has 95% parts commonality with the ERJ145. The first ERJ 135 entered service in 1999. The Embraer ERJ family is a series of twin-engine jet-powered regional jets . The ERJ family retains

2176-513: The cost of the cancelled Short Brothers FJX project. Its $ 11 million unit cost would have been $ 3 million less than the Canadair CRJ . The jet was anticipated to be able to travel at 400 knots (740 km/h; 460 mph), equipped with the CFE738 , Lycoming ALF 502 or Rolls-Royce/Allison AB580 turbofan engines, with the model to be selected in the summer of 1989. It was targeted for

2240-635: The crash was due to a loss of control resulting from multiple pilot errors. The Saab 340B is a twin-engined turboprop commuter plane . Before the hull loss of Crossair Flight 498, there had been only five crashes worldwide of the 400 Saab-340 plane types since 1984 of which three were hull losses. The three hull losses were KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 that killed three in the Netherlands, Formosa Airlines Flight 7623 crash that killed 13 in Taiwan, and an incident with another Crossair Saab 340 causing

2304-568: The drug phenazepam , a benzodiazepine -class sedative in his muscle tissue. Investigators also found an open packet of the Russian-made drug in baggage belonging to Gruzin. According to the Investigation Report of the Swiss Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), the accident was attributable to the flight crew losing control of the aircraft for the following reasons: According to this same Investigation Report,

2368-424: The end of the year. Sold at $ 12 million with an all-digital cockpit and 31.8 kN (7,100 lbf) engines, it had letters of intent for 337 units. The scheduled date for the first flight slipped to 1992 and certification for late 1993. After re-evaluation late in 1991, the layout was again revised with two rear-fuselage-mounted engines, and a Mach 0.8 cruise speed would be tested in the wind tunnel. Seat pitch

2432-531: The first delivery of the ERJ 145 was made to ExpressJet Airlines (then the regional division of Continental Airlines flying as Continental Express ). As a newly-established company, ExpressJet chose the ERJ 145 with which to launch its operations; this was achieved in April 1997, the same month that Embraer completed deliveries to the operator. Particular value was attached the American market as there

2496-722: The flight crew. The ERJ 145 family initially shared its cockpit layout with that of the aborted CBA123. It is equipped with the Honeywell Primus 1000 avionics suite. This provides an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) that comprises five monitors; from left to right, these consists of a Primary Flight Display (PFD), Multi-Function Display (MFD), Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS), Multi-Function Display (MFD) (Co-pilot) and Primary Flight Display (PFD) (Co-pilot). While these are CRT displays as standard, they can be upgraded to LCD counterparts, which are lighter and have additional functionality. In

2560-472: The following factors may have contributed to the accident: The investigation did look at the possibility of electromagnetic interference and tested a similar aircraft using mobile phones. It concluded that there were "no indications that aircraft systems were negatively affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI)". The crash was featured in "Lost in Translation", a season 13 (2013–14) episode of

2624-447: The joint venture took place. Two months later, the discontinuation of the local assembly initiative was announced; it was reported that in excess of 40 ERJ 145 and five Legacy 650s has been completed by this point. Embraer has introduced two shortened versions of the ERJ145. All three aircraft share the same crew type rating , allowing pilots to fly any of the three aircraft without the need for further training. The ERJ   140

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2688-417: The largest operator of the ERJ 145 is CommuteAir , which serves as United Express under United Airlines , possessing a fleet of 165 aircraft. During September 1999, the slightly smaller ERJ140 was introduced; it performing its first flight on 27 June 2000, and entering commercial service in July 2001. Envoy Air , the regional jet subsidiary of American Airlines flying as American Eagle , operated

2752-567: The majority of the ERJ140s built, including the first to be delivered ( N800AE ) However, Envoy Air opted to withdraw all of their ERJ140 fleet in mid-2020. By early 2005, 74 ERJ140s had been delivered; while this model has been marketed as ERJ140 , its designation on the company's internal documents and on FAA certification is EMB 135KL . In March 2007, ExpressJet entered into a short-term agreement to operate some regional routes for JetBlue Airways using its ERJ 145 aircraft. In May 2017,

2816-589: The passengers were Germans , while the other three passengers were French , Swiss , and Spanish . At the time of the crash, Crossair was a majority owned subsidiary of SAirGroup . The crash of Crossair Flight 498 was the first time in Crossair's 25-year history that the regional airline had lost an aircraft, and was the deadliest accident to hit the SAirGroup since the crash of Swissair Flight 111 , an MD-11 flying from New York to Geneva that crashed into

2880-423: The plane went into a diving right turn before vanishing from radar screens. Burning wreckage was scattered for 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 ft) near houses in Niederhasli, some 5 kilometres (3 mi; 3 nmi) northwest of the runway at Zurich's Kloten airport . The flight data and cockpit voice recorders were recovered from the accident scene, both heavily damaged. There were no survivors. Four of

2944-478: The prototype and three pre-series aircraft (excluding two ground-test airframes) was planned within 13 months for certification in the third quarter of 1996, before deliveries in the fourth quarter of 1996 to launch customer Flight West . The $ 14.5 million aircraft is developed with risk-sharing partners including Spain's Gamesa producing the wing; Chile's Enaer for the tail; and the USA's C&D Interiors equipping

3008-446: The redesigned 538-square-foot (50.0 m ) wing. Its supercritical airfoil with a 14% root thickness had its chord extended at the leading edge with a slight sweepback , increased aspect ratio and winglets. The overwing podded engines were expected to generate 6,400 pounds-force (28 kN) of thrust. Designed for 500–600 nmi (930–1,110 km; 580–690 mi) stages, up to 1,400 nmi (2,600 km; 1,600 mi) with

3072-428: The relatively modest commuter to the more luxury-inclined VIP traveller. It is typical, but not compulsory, for ERJ 135/145 airliners to be configured with an offset aisle. Dependent on an individual aircraft's role, overhead bins may be installed; their exclusion gives more headroom but reduces the available storage space for carry-on luggage. Embraer has stated that every ERJ 145 is capable of being converted into

3136-445: The right instead of following the approved flight path to the left. When air traffic controllers asked the pilot if he meant to turn right, they were answered with "Stand by," followed by a loss of radio contact. At 5:56 p.m. CEST (16:56 UTC), one minute and 56 seconds into the flight, the plane disappeared from radar screens and crashed into a field, instantly lighting up over 2000kg of jet fuel. Officials later determined that

3200-410: The span by almost 2 to 20.5 m (6 ft 7 in to 67 ft 3 in), reducing its aspect ratio from 9.3 to 8.4 and wing area from 50 to 47 m (540 to 510 sq ft). The semi-monocoque wing has two main and one auxiliary spar and holds 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) of fuel, it has double-slotted fowler flaps and spoilers . To accommodate the underwing engines, the landing gear

3264-400: The three-abreast seating of the Brasilia, the twinjet featured a new swept wing and is powered by two rear-fuselage-mounted Rolls-Royce AE 3007 turbofans for a range up to 2,000 nautical miles [nmi] (3,700 km; 2,300 mi). By the time of its maiden flight on 11 August 1995, Embraer had garnered 18 firm orders, 16 options and 127 letters of intent for the type. On 10 December 1996,

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3328-550: The total loss of a Crossair Saab 340 by retracting its landing gear while it was still on the apron. Crossair was in the process of phasing out its fleet of 34 Saab-340 type planes; at the time of the accident, it had replaced 17 of them with Embraer ERJ-145 regional jets . The remainder of its Saab fleet was retired during the course of 2001 and 2002. The 33-seat Saab 340B airplane used for Crossair Flight 498 had been leased to Crossair from Moldavian Airlines since 1 October 1999. It had accumulated 24,000 flying hours since it

3392-575: The type for operational use in North America. Embraer delivered 892 units of all variants through 2006, and predicted that another 102 units would be delivered in the 2007–2016 time period. During December 2002, Embraer entered a partnership with the Chinese aerospace manufacturer Harbin Aircraft Industry Group , resulting in the creation of Harbin Embraer Aircraft Industry , a joint venture company, to locally produce

3456-511: The type on behalf of the national flag carrier British Airways . During the early 2000s, various governments opted to procure the ERJ 145 as dedicated transports for high-ranking officials, amongst some other purposes. One such country was Belgium , who operated a pair of ERJ145s for VIP transport, regularly carrying the Belgian prime minister, cabinet members, members of the royal family, or military officials, between 2001 and 2020. By

3520-658: The vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (15.4%), the CVP (11.9%) and the FDP (9.5%). The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25.9% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 66.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 7.2%. In Niederhasli about 75.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or

3584-565: Was 7% better than predicted. Before the Summer 1996 Farnborough Airshow , Embraer held 62 firm orders and 218 options. Continental Express then purchased 25 EMB145s and took 175 options. More than 50 seats would need a wider fuselage for four-abreast seating, an enlarged wing and a more powerful turbofan. On 10 December 1996, type certification was issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), clearing

3648-672: Was a near-insatiable hunger for regional aircraft at this time, and thus a substantial amount of potential sales to capitalise upon. The ERJ 145 quickly entered service with various other operators throughout the Americas, being particularly popular on high-demand regional routes. However, the type proved to be less successful in the European market allegedly on account of logistical difficulties. Nonetheless, several European operators did emerge; LOT Polish Airlines operated as many as 14 ERJ145s, while British Regional Airlines also flew

3712-471: Was announced that Hainan Airlines had halved its original order for 50 ERJ145s from the joint venture. By April 2011, 41 aircraft had reportedly been produced in China, considerably less than the line's capacity. By this time, the company was undertaking changes to facilitate the local production of the similar Embraer Legacy 650 business jet as well. In March 2016, the final delivery of aircraft produced by

3776-523: Was delivered to the airline in November 1990. This type of airplane had a very good safety record. The plane was carrying no freight or mail . There were no indications that anything was wrong with the aircraft. It was due for its next regular maintenance check 21 days later, on 31 January 2000. The three-person crew was made up of 41-year-old Moldovan pilot Pavel Gruzin, who was the pilot in command , 35-year-old Slovak co-pilot Rastislav Kolesár, who

3840-577: Was designed for a perceived new market for regional jet aircraft, where the increased speed, comfort and passenger appeal would outweigh the inherent fuel economy of the turboprop aircraft which were in service and in development. The 45–48 seat EMB 145, nicknamed Amazon, was launched at the Paris Air Show in 1989 as an 18-foot (5.5 m) stretch of the EMB 120 Brasilia developed for US$ 150 million plus $ 50 million for training and marketing, one third

3904-468: Was serving as the first officer, and Severine Jabrin, a French flight attendant . Gruzin had 8,100 hours of flying time, with 1,900 in the Saab 340 type. Kolesár had about 1,800 total hours, with 1,100 hours in the Saab 340 type. The plane was scheduled to depart from Zurich Airport on Monday, 10 January 2000, at around 6:00 p.m. Central European Standard Time (CEST) and arrive at Dresden Airport

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3968-519: Was slated to Comair , which ordered 60. In November 1990, a major reduction in Brazilian government spending, which held 61% of its voting share, resulted in Embraer laying off 32% of its 12,800 employees and suspending development of the EMB   145 for six months. In March 1991, a revised configuration started wind tunnel testing: the quarter chord wing sweep increased to 22.3° with underslung engines for lower aerodynamic drag . This reduced

4032-531: Was then due in September 1991. Rolls-Royce could participate in the fan and low-pressure turbine, its original responsibility on the RB.580 joint development. By May, it had 296 commitments from 19 operators, and was seeking external finance. In June, maiden flight was expected by the end of 1990 before mid-1993 deliveries for $ 11.5 million each, cabin pressurisation was increased to 0.55 bar (8.0 psi) from

4096-536: Was used for functional and reliability tests. In July 1996, its certification was targeted for October, and the unit cost was then forecast to be US$ 15 million. The first delivery was planned for late November, while 29 aircraft were to be produced in 1997, 38 in 1998 and at least 48 per year thereafter. Its MTOW could be raised from the standard 19,200 to 20,600 kg (42,300 to 45,400 lb) for an Enhanced Range version. Flight tests allowed to increase its cruise speed to Mach 0.78 from 0.74, and showed fuel economy

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