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50-559: The municipality lies in the Volcanic Eifel , a part of the Eifel known for its volcanic history, geographical and geological features. Volcanic activity continues even today, including gases that sometimes well up from the earth. Niederstadtfeld lies roughly 8 km southwest of Daun, southwestwards towards Bitburg , near Bundesstraße 257, and can be reached directly over Landesstraße (State Road) 27. The original village (now

100-531: A "blade body" of wood or bone. (The majority among the well-documented specimens made later of bronze are smooth-edged.) Nevertheless, teeth have been cut with hand-held chisels into iron, and later steel-bladed sickles for a long time. In many countries on the African continent, Central and South America as well as the Near, Middle and Far East this is still the case in the regions within these large geographies where

150-546: A chapter about fighting with sickles. It is particularly prevalent in the martial arts of Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia , the native sickle known as celurit or clurit is commonly associated with the Madurese people , used for both fighting and as a domestic tool. A bagging hook , badging hook , fagging hook , reap hook or rip hook , is a large sickle usually with an offset handle so that

200-565: A church, which was first mentioned in 1330. In 1457, Archbishop Johann II, the Margrave of Baden , in right of the Lordships of Schönecken, enfeoffed the brothers Heinrich, Johann and Friedrich, Lords of Pyrmont and Ehrenberg, with, among other things, holdings and assets, and also with “Stadefeld”. In 1460, Archbishop Johann II took Stadefeld as well as the rest of Heinrich's holdings, people and villages into his protection against payment of

250-457: A company in India. The inside of the blade's curve is sharp, so that the user can either draw or swing it against the base of the crop, catching the stems in the curve and slicing them at the same time. The material to be cut may be held in a bunch in the other hand (for example when reaping), held in place by a wooden stick, or left free. When held in a bunch, the sickle action is typically towards

300-709: A fess dancetty of three of the first, and in base argent a cogwheel spokeless azure. Beginning in 1565, Niederstadtfeld belonged to the Counts of Manderscheid and was until 1794 in the Electoral-Trier Amt of Manderscheid. The red fess dancetty (that is, horizontal zigzag stripe) was the charge borne in those lords’ arms. Within the Manderscheid high court, Niederstadtfeld had its own court for Niederstadtfeld, Schutz and Deudesfeld . The balances are meant to document this historical fact. The cogwheel in

350-419: A jagged edge. This intricate ‘tooth-like’ design showed a greater degree of design and manufacturing credence than most of the other artifacts that were discovered. Sickle blades found during this time were made of flint , straight and used in more of a sawing motion than with the more modern curved design. Flints from these sickles have been discovered near Mt. Carmel, which suggest the harvesting of grains from

400-639: A population of about 200,000. The following volcanoes belong to the Eifel, sorted by height in metres (m) above sea level ( Normalhöhennull , NHN) : Of particular note is the volcanic caldera known as Laacher See , the site of an eruption around 12,900 years ago that had an estimated VEI of 6. The tephras deposited by past eruptions of the Volcanic Eifel are lithological deposits that are radiometrically dateable via argon-argon dating of K-feldspar grains. These have in turn been utilised to ascertain

450-548: A rising magma plume . This activity does not imply an immediate eruptive danger, but might suggest an increase in volcanic and seismic activity in the region. 50°17′N 7°00′E  /  50.283°N 7.000°E  / 50.283; 7.000 Sickle A sickle , bagging hook , reaping-hook or grasshook is a single-handed agricultural tool designed with variously curved blades and typically used for harvesting or reaping grain crops, or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock . Falx

500-596: A sharpened animal shoulder blade". The artifacts found in present-day Arizona and New Mexico resemble curved tools that were made from the horns of mountain sheep. A similar site discovered sickles made from other material such as the Caddo Sickle, which was made from a deer mandible. Scripture from early natives document the use of these sickles in the cutting of grass. The instruments ranged 13–16 in (330–410 mm) from tip to haft. Several other digs in eastern Arizona uncovered wooden sickles that were shaped in

550-456: A similar fashion. The handles of the tools help describe how the tool was held in such a way so that the inner portion that contained the cutting surface could also serve as a gathering surface for the grain. Sickles were sharpened by scraping a shape beveled edge with a coarse tool. This action has left marks on artifacts that have been found. The sharpening process was necessary to keep the cutting edge from being dulled after extended use. The edge

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600-515: A simple piece of wood with a hole big enough to slide the blade of Hasiya inside or could be an intricately carved piece of round wood slung around one's waist with a string made of plants (called "hatteuri"). Nowadays though many use cotton, jute or even cloth strings as a replacement of hatteuri which is not easy to find. The genealogy of sickles with serrated edge reaches back to the Stone Age, when individual pieces of flint were first attached to

650-529: A time, until the mid-20th century. The Falci Co. of Italy (established in 1921 as a union of several formerly independent forges) developed its own unique method of industrial scale serrated sickle production in 1965. Their innovations, which included tapered blade cross section (thicker at the back - for strength - gradually thinning towards the edge - for ease of penetration) were later adopted by Europe's largest sickle producer in Spain as well as, more recently,

700-663: A year before the sickle production branch of Redtenbacher was sold to Ethiopia, they were still making 1.5 million of the serrated sickles per year, predominately for market in Africa and Latin America. There were other enterprises in Austria, of course, who produced the smoothed-edged sickles for centuries. The last of the classical "round" versions were forged until the mid-1980s and machined until 2002. While in Central Europe

750-438: A yearly protection fee. The municipality of Niederstadtfeld owned 1469 Morgen (roughly 465 ha) of woodlands, 482 Morgen (roughly 153 ha) of wasteland and wilderness and 10 Morgen (roughly 3 ha) of meadowland and other kinds of land. In 1565, Archbishop of Trier Johann VI enfeoffed Count Dietrich I of Manderscheid -Kayl, for him and Margaretha von Sombref's other heirs, with, among other things, holdings of

800-512: Is agricultural land. Niederstadtfeld's neighbours are Bleckhausen , Deudesfeld , Meisburg , Neroth , Oberstadtfeld , Salm , Schutz , Üdersdorf , Wallenborn and Weidenbach . In 1016, the village of Stadefeld ("field on the banks of the Kleine Kyll") had its first documentary mention. In this year, the village was transferred by the Abbot of Prüm , Urold von Daun, as a donation to

850-423: Is barren and that it is an antidote to all poisons. Due to this passage, despite the fact that Pliny does not indicate the source on which he based this account, some branches of modern Druidry (Neodruids) have adopted the sickle as a ritual tool. Indigenous sickles have been discovered in southwest North America with unique design. There is evidence that Kodiak islanders had for cutting grass "sickles made of

900-498: Is called Khurpa (or Khoorpa) where the curve is less pronounced, is much heavier and is used to sever branches of trees with leaves (for animal feed), chop meat etc. The famous Nepali Khukuri is also a type of sickle where the curve becomes least visible. Carrying around a sharp and naked Hasiya or Khurpa is unsafe. So Nepalis have traditionally built a cover/holder for it called "Khurpeto" (meaning Khurpa holder in Nepali). It could be

950-566: Is divided into three natural regions: The centre of the Volcanic Eifel is the region around Daun and Manderscheid and the areas within the Mayen-Koblenz district . The landscape of the Volcanic Eifel is dominated by recent volcanism. Volcanic craters, thick pumice and basalt layers and maars create a diverse landscape that clearly witnesses to very recent events in geological terms. The entire Volcanic Eifel covers an area of about 2,000 km (770 sq mi) and as of 2007 has

1000-465: Is seen to be quite highly polished, which in part proves that the instrument was used to cut grass. After collection, the grass was used as material to create matting and bedding. The sickle in general provided the convenience of cutting the grass as well as gathering in one step. In modern times, the sickle is being used in South America as tool to harvest rice. Rice clusters are harvested using

1050-826: Is the escaping gases in the Laacher See. The Volcanic Eifel stretches from the Rhine to the Wittlich Depression . It is bordered in the south and southwest by the South Eifel , in the west by Luxembourg and Belgian Ardennes and in the north by the North Eifel including the Hohes Venn . To the east the Rhine forms its geographical boundary, with no volcanicity immediately beyond it. The Volcanic Eifel

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1100-590: The Eifel Mountains in Germany that is defined to a large extent by its volcanic geological history. Characteristic of this volcanic field are its typical explosion crater lakes or maars , and numerous other signs of volcanic activity such as volcanic tuffs , lava streams and volcanic craters like the Laacher See . The Volcanic Eifel is still volcanically active today. One sign of this activity

1150-516: The Hauptschule and the tennis courts all having been built down in the valley. The Kleine Kyll itself rises above Neroth and empties into the river Lieser downstream from Manderscheid at the Neumühle ("New Mill"). The local elevation ranges from 386 to 420 m above sea level , and the municipality's area is 913 ha, 465 ha of which is wooded and another 345 ha of which

1200-532: The 19th century were hatmaking and lead mining. The lead mine's now caved-in shafts can still be seen even today. In the time that followed the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), when great economic need prevailed, many people from Niederstadtfeld emigrated to the United States . Named are the families Pauls, Steffes, Ewen, Weber, Eull and Basten. About the turn of the 20th century, with

1250-474: The European Urnfield culture (e.g. Frankleben hoard ), suggesting a symbolic or religious significance attached to the artifact. In archaeological terminology, Bronze Age sickles are classified by the method of attaching the handle. E.g. the knob-sickle (German Knopfsichel ) is so called because of a protruding knob at the base of the blade which apparently served to stabilize the attachment of

1300-635: The Lords of Pyrmont, including Stadtfeld. Both Niederstadtfeld and Oberstadtfeld belonged to the Electoral-Trier Amt of Manderscheid. Niederstadtfeld had a special court. The parish belonged to the rural chapter of Kyllburg in the Diocese of Trier. The parish was responsible to either the Count of Manderscheid-Kayl or the Lord of Wiltberg, who took turns in this position. Besides Niederstadtfeld, Oberstadtfeld

1350-472: The ages of climatic changes such as transitions from glacial to interglacial states during the Pleistocene . There is thought that future eruptions may occur in the Eifel, as: In 2020, Professor Kreemer noted that Eifel was the only region within an area of Europe studied where ground motion happened at significantly higher levels than expected. It is possible that such movements originate from

1400-585: The appropriate time at one elevation so that the next elevation could be reaped at the proper time. The sickle provided a more efficient option in collecting the grain and significantly sped up the developments of early agriculture. The sickle remained common in the Bronze Age , both in the Ancient Near East and in Europe . Numerous sickles have been found deposited in hoards in the context of

1450-475: The area about 10,000 years ago. The sickle had a profound impact on the Agricultural Revolution by assisting in the transition to farming and crop based lifestyle. It is now accepted that the use of sickles led directly to the domestication of Near Eastern Wild grasses. Research on domestication rates of wild cereals under primitive cultivation found that the use of the sickle in harvesting

1500-533: The beginnings of industrialization , migration to industrial areas began in Niederstadtfeld, as it likewise did in many other villages. The only livelihoods offered in the village were in forestry , agriculture and the village's two sawmills . Niederstadtfeld – unlike its neighbour Oberstadtfeld – came through the Second World War relatively unscathed. In 1955, a ball factory took over

1550-687: The blade to the handle. The sickle played a prominent role in the Druids' Ritual of oak and mistletoe as described from a single passage in Pliny the Elder 's Natural History : A priest arrayed in white vestments climbs the tree and, with a golden sickle, cuts down the mistletoe, which is caught in a white cloak. Then finally they kill the victims, praying to a god to render his gift propitious to those on whom he has bestowed it. They believe that mistletoe given in drink will impart fertility to any animal that

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1600-421: The cutting of grass are sometimes "cranked", meaning they are off-set downwards from the handle, which makes it easier to keep the blade closer to the ground. Sickles used for reaping do not benefit by this feature because cereals are usually not cut as close to the ground surface. Instead, what distinguishes this latter group is their often (though not always) serrated edges. A blade which is used regularly to cut

1650-421: The heavier and straighter billhook used for cutting wood or laying hedges. While the scythe or bagging hook blade was heavy enough to remove young growth instead of, say, shears for clipping a hedge, it was not strong enough to cut woody material for which the stronger, similarly shaped, but longer handled, staff hook was used. Many variations in blade shape were used in different parts of England and known under

1700-495: The instrument and left to dry in the sun. Called Hasiya (or Aasi), a sickle is very common in Nepal as the most important tool for cutting used in the kitchen and in the fields. Hasiya is used in the kitchen in many villages of Nepal where its used to cut vegetables during food prep. The handle of Hasiya (made of wood) is held pressed by the toe of one's foot and the curve inverted so vegetables can be cut with two hands while rocking

1750-481: The lower division of the escutcheon stands for both the earliest beginnings of the handicraft industry in Niederstadtfeld and the industry still found here today. Niederstadtfeld has a primary school and an all-day Hauptschule . Volcanic Eifel The Volcanic Eifel or Vulkan Eifel ( German : Vulkaneifel ), also known as the East Eifel Volcanic Field ( EEVF ), is a region in

1800-494: The mid to late 19th century, and was in turn replaced by the scythe , later by the reaping machine and subsequently the swather . It was still used when the corn was bent over or flattened and the mechanical reaper was unable to cut without causing the grain to fall from the ears and wasting the crop. It was also used in lieu of the bean hook or pea hook for cutting field beans and other leguminous crops that were used for fodder and bedding for livestock. Sometimes confused with

1850-461: The newly founded collegiate foundation at Prüm, a deed that was also approved by Emperor Heinrich II . This ownership arrangement found further confirmation in 1136 under Abbot Albero, who appointed Count Bezelino as the Vogt . Thus it could have been that the collegiate foundation lost its grip on Stadefeld because the nobility not only claimed the local lordship, but also contributed to the building of

1900-787: The reaping of grain and is even found in modern grain-harvesting machines and in some kitchen knives. The development of the sickle in Mesopotamia can be traced back to times that pre-date the Neolithic Era. Large quantities of sickle blades have been excavated in sites surrounding Israel that have been dated to the Epipaleolithic era (18000-8000 BC). Formal digs in Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan have unearthed various forms of early sickle blades. The artifacts recovered ranged from 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) in length and possessed

1950-749: The sawmill that once stood on the former Kreisstraße (District Road) 8. Not long afterwards, though – in 1959 – the heat-pressing works, still in business today, set up shop in exactly the same spot. The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Niederstadtfeld's mayor is Günter Horten. The German blazon reads: Von Gold, Rot und Silber zweimal geteilt, oben ein roter Zickzackbalken, in der Mitte eine silberne Waage, unten ein blaues Zahnrad. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: A fess gules charged with balances argent, in chief Or

2000-576: The silica-rich stems of cereal crops acquires a characteristic sickle-gloss , or wear pattern. Like other farming tools, the sickle can be used as an improvised bladed weapon . Examples include the Japanese kusarigama and kama , the Chinese chicken sickles , and the makraka of the Zande people of north central Africa. Paulus Hector Mair , the author of a German Renaissance combat manual also has

2050-474: The smooth-edged sickle—either forged or machined (alternately referred to as "stamped") - has been the only one used (and in many regions the only one known), the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Greece long had fans of both camps. The many small family-owned enterprises in what is now Italy, Portugal and Spain produced sickles in both versions, with the teeth on the serrated models being hand-cut, one at

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2100-408: The straw was cut with a scythe. Oats and barley on the other hand were simply scythed. The reason for this is that wheat straw, unlike that of oats or barley, whose softer straw was suitable only for bedding or fodder, was a valuable crop, used for thatching, and subjecting it to the battering of a flail would have rendered it useless for this purpose. The blades of sickle models intended primarily for

2150-584: The traditional village blacksmith remains alive and well. England appears to have been the first to develop the industrial process of serration-making. Then, by 1897, the Redtenbacher Company of Scharnstein, in Austria—at that time the largest scythe maker in the world—designed its own machine for the job, becoming the only Austrian source of serrated sickles. In 1942, its recently acquired sister company Krenhof also began to produce these. In 1970,

2200-400: The user (left to right for a right-handed user), but when used free the sickle is usually swung the opposite way. Other colloquial/regional names for principally the same tool are: grasshook, swap hook, rip-hook, slash-hook, reaping hook, brishing hook or bagging hook. A serrated sickle was used for harvesting wheat, the ears being held bunched up in the free hand as described above. After this

2250-433: The user's knuckles do not make contact with the ground. The Oxford dictionary gives the definition of the word to bag, or badge, as the cutting of grain by hand. The blade is heavier than that of a normal sickle and always without serrated blades. It is usually about 40 mm (1.6 in) wide with an open crescent shaped blade approx 45 cm (18 in) across. It developed from the sickle in most parts of Britain during

2300-455: The vegetable. Outside of home, Hasiya is used for harvesting. Hasiya have traditionally been made by local blacksmiths in their charcoal foundries that use leather bellows to blow air. Sharpening of the Hasiya is done by rubbing the edges against a smooth rock or taken back to the blacksmith. Sharpening of the Hasiya is generally done during the beginning of the harvesting season. Bigger Hasiya

2350-534: The village centre) stands on a ridge between the Kälberbach and Schwemmbach valleys in a side valley of the Kleine Kyll river. The Kleine Kyll valley is part of the protected area Zwischen Uess und Kyll . The newer built-up area today stretches farther along the ridge between the Kälberbach and Schwemmbach valleys as well as along the slope of the Kleine Kyll, with the sport complex, the primary school ,

2400-616: Was a synonym, but was later used to mean any of a number of tools that had a curved blade that was sharp on the inside edge. Since the beginning of the Iron Age hundreds of region-specific variants of the sickle have evolved, initially of iron and later steel. This great diversity of sickle types across many cultures can be divided into smooth or serrated blades, both of which can be used for cutting either green grass or mature cereals using slightly different techniques. The serrated blade that originated in prehistoric sickles still dominates in

2450-448: Was also part of this parish. The mill at Niederstadtfeld belonged to the municipality. In August 1794, fire broke out in the newly built barn at the old rectory, which swiftly spread through the lower village, as most houses there still had thatched roofs. Many houses, barns and stables were destroyed in this fire. In 1800, a new industry began, sickle making. This afforded many villagers a livelihood. Other industries that cropped up in

2500-420: Was critical to the people of early Mesopotamia . The relatively narrow growing season in the area and the critical role of grain in the late Neolithic Era promoted a larger investment in the design and manufacture of sickle over other tools. Standardization to an extent was done on the measurements of the sickle so that replacement or repair could be more immediate. It was important that the grain be harvested at

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