40-540: The common nightingale is a songbird found in Eurasia. Nightingale may also refer to: Common nightingale The common nightingale , rufous nightingale or simply nightingale ( Luscinia megarhynchos ), is a small passerine bird which is best known for its powerful and beautiful song . It was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae , but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher , Muscicapidae . It belongs to
80-485: A form of poetry. Virgil compares the mourning of Orpheus to the “lament of the nightingale”. In Sonnet 102 Shakespeare compares his love poetry to the song of the common nightingale (Philomel): During the Romantic era the bird's symbolism changed once more: poets viewed the nightingale not only as a poet in his own right, but as “master of a superior art that could inspire the human poet”. For some romantic poets,
120-457: A frog-like alarm call. The bird is a host of the acanthocephalan intestinal parasite Apororhynchus silesiacus . The common nightingale is an important symbol for poets from a variety of ages, and has taken on a number of symbolic connotations. Homer evokes Aëdon the nightingale in Odyssey , suggesting the myth of Philomela and Procne (one of whom, depending on the myth's version,
160-662: A great deal of poetry. However, historically most people were not aware that female nightingales do not sing. It is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in forest and scrub in Europe and the Palearctic , and wintering in Sub-Saharan Africa . It is not found naturally in the Americas . The distribution is more southerly than the very closely related thrush nightingale Luscinia luscinia . It nests on or near
200-516: A group of more terrestrial species, often called chats . "Nightingale" is derived from "night" and the Old English galan , "to sing". The genus name Luscinia is Latin for "nightingale" and megarhynchos is from Ancient Greek megas , "great" and rhunkhos "bill". The common nightingale is slightly larger than the European robin , at 15–16.5 cm (5.9–6.5 in) length. It
240-412: A mate. Singing at dawn, during the hour before sunrise, is assumed to be important in defending the bird's territory. Nightingales sing even more loudly in urban or near-urban environments, in order to overcome the background noise. The most characteristic feature of the song is a loud whistling crescendo that is absent from the song of its close relative, the thrush nightingale (Luscinia luscinia). It has
280-488: A member of the Zoological Society of India . It parasitizes the spotted owlet ( Athene brama ) and has been found in the intestine. The body is 4.70 mm by 1.70 mm long with a proboscis that is 1.11 mm by 1.68 mm in length and immature eggs are around 0.015 mm to 0.035 mm in diameter. The hooks on the proboscis are finger shaped and numerous, especially in the posterior. The rest of
320-485: A proboscis wider than the anterior part of the trunk, with about 40 spiral rows of hooks, each row bearing 14 to 16 hooks. There are 28 to 31 giant nuclei in the body wall and 9 to 12 in the lemnisci. The testes are almost parallel. The parasite has been found infesting juvenile European robins, indicating that the infestation occurred in the nesting area. The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg)
360-433: A unique order in the class Archiacanthocephala . The lack of morphological features such as an absence of a muscle plate, a midventral longitudinal muscle, lateral receptacle flexors, and an apical sensory organ when compared to the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala indicate it is an early offshoot ( basal ). The genus Apororhynchus consists of ectoparasitic worms that attach themselves beneath
400-485: Is plain brown above except for the reddish tail. It is buff to white below. The sexes are similar. The eastern subspecies ( L. m. golzi ) and the Caucasian subspecies ( L. m. africana ) have paler upper parts and a stronger face-pattern, including a pale supercilium . The song of the male nightingale has been described as one of the most beautiful sounds in nature, inspiring songs , fairy tales , opera , books , and
440-413: Is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host . The intermediate hosts of Apororhynchus are not known. When the acanthor molts , the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which
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#1732781120034480-706: Is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor are passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There are no known paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Apororhynchus . Apororhynchus species exclusively parasitize avian hosts of different orders including owls , waders , and passerines . The parasite attaches to
520-419: Is turned into a nightingale ). This myth is the focus of Sophocles ' tragedy, Tereus , of which only fragments remain. Ovid , too, in his Metamorphoses , includes the most popular version of this myth, imitated and altered by later poets, including Chrétien de Troyes , Geoffrey Chaucer , John Gower , and George Gascoigne . T.S. Eliot 's " The Waste Land " also evokes the common nightingale's song (and
560-569: The Tablet of Ahmad , The Seven Valleys , The Hidden Words , and the untranslated Tablet of the Nightingale and the Owl. Apororhynchus silesiacus Apororhynchus is a genus of small parasitic spiny-headed (or thorny-headed) worms. It is the only genus in the family Apororhynchidae , which in turn is the only member of the order Apororhynchida . A lack of features commonly found in
600-461: The eversion of the proboscis. Additional anatomical features that can be used to distinguish this genus among other acanthocephalans include a cerebral ganglion located under the anterior wall of the proboscis, long and tubular lemnisci (bundles of sensory nerve fibers) that run along a central canal, the lack of any protonephridia (an organ which functions as a kidney), and the presence of eight pear-shaped cement glands used to temporarily close
640-579: The British Trust for Ornithology in 2012 and 2013 recorded some 3,300 territories, with most of these clustered in a few counties in the southeast of England, notably Kent, Essex, Suffolk, and East and West Sussex. By contrast, the European breeding population is estimated at between 3.2 and 7 million pairs, giving it green conservation status ( least concern ). Common nightingales are so named because they frequently sing at night as well as during
680-597: The European robin in Alsóperepuszta , Hungary. Described in 1980, it is the most recently classified species of the Apororhynchus . A. silesiacus is named after Silesia , a region in Poland where the parasite was found. Specimens were between 3.21 and 3.51 mm in total length, with a maximum width of 0.80 to 1.05 mm at middle and the eggs were around 0.07 mm long and 0.035 mm wide. It has
720-515: The arrogance of that perfection. The nightingale is used symbolically in the Baha'i Faith to represent the founder Baha'u'llah . Baha'is utilise this metaphor to convey how Baha'u'llah's writings are of beautiful quality, much like how the nightingale's singing is revered for its beautiful quality in Persian music and literature. Nightingales are mentioned in much of Baha'u'llah's works, including
760-461: The body, there are 10–16 giant nuclei with a diameter of 0.050–0.077 mm. There is a very short neck (0.153 mm long) between the proboscis and the body with attached ribbon-like lemnisci longer than their own body length. Females are 3.7 mm long by 0.92 mm in maximum width and the proboscis is 1.30 mm long by 1.53 mm in maximum width. The male is smaller being 3.21 mm long by 0.766 mm in maximum width and
800-655: The colon and cloaca of the Eastern yellow wagtail ( Motacilla tschutschensis ) in Chukotka and Kamchatka (including the Karaginsky Island ), also in Russia . It was described in 1966. The proboscis is large compared to the body and spherical. It is armed with 10–12 spiral rows of hooks with 14–15 hooks in each row. The hook has a thin blade with a curved tip and root thickened with broadened base. In
840-536: The day. The name has been used for more than 1,000 years, being highly recognisable even in its Old English form nihtegale , which means "night songstress". Early writers assumed the female sang when it is in fact the male. The song is loud, with an impressive range of whistles, trills and gurgles. Its song is particularly noticeable at night because few other birds are singing. This is why its name includes "night" in several languages. Only unpaired males sing regularly at night, and nocturnal song probably serves to attract
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#1732781120034880-422: The digestive tract, just inside the vent. The species name amphistomi derives from a superficial resemblance to the amphistomate trematodes (flukes with stoma on opposite sides). On the proboscis, there are approximately 20 very fine hooks found on each of 40 rows. The two lemnisci are longer than the body length and are folded in the body cavity. Females are 2.13 mm long by 0.83 mm in maximum width and
920-508: The ground in dense vegetation. Research in Germany found that favoured breeding habitat of nightingales was defined by a number of geographical factors. In the U.K., the bird is at the northern limit of its range which has contracted in recent years, placing it on the red list for conservation. Despite local efforts to safeguard its favoured coppice and scrub habitat, numbers fell by 53 percent between 1995 and 2008. A survey conducted by
960-519: The hooks on the anterior side are irregularly directed and sparse. The proboscis sheath is absent. The nerve ganglion is large and located near the anterior proboscis. The lemnisci are very long and unequal. A. hemignathi was the first species of Apororhynchus to be described with the creation of the genus and family by Arthur Shipley in 1896 due to its uniqueness among already described Acanthocephala. It has been found in Kaua'i , Hawaii , parasitizing
1000-409: The memory of the nightingale's song makes man happy." The nightingale is the official national bird of Iran . In medieval Persian literature , the nightingale's enjoyable song has made it a symbol of the lover who is eloquent, passionate, and doomed to love in vain. In Persian poetry, the object of the nightingale's affections is the rose which embodies both the perfection of earthly beauty and
1040-400: The myth of Philomela and Procne). Because of the violence associated with the myth, the nightingale's song was long interpreted as a lament. The common nightingale has also been used as a symbol of poets or their poetry. Poets chose the nightingale as a symbol because of its creative and seemingly spontaneous song. Aristophanes 's The Birds and Callimachus both evoke the bird's song as
1080-662: The nightingale as an idealized poet who has achieved the poetry that Keats longs to write. Invoking a similar conception of the nightingale, Shelley wrote in his “A Defence of Poetry": The nightingale is the national bird of Ukraine . One legend tells how nightingales once only lived in India , when one nightingale visited Ukraine. Hearing sad songs from the people, the nightingale sang its song to cheer them up. The people responded with happy songs, and since then, nightingales have visited Ukraine every spring to hear Ukrainian songs . National poet Taras Shevchenko observed that "even
1120-473: The nightingale even began to take on qualities of the muse. The nightingale has a long history with symbolic associations ranging from "creativity, the muse, nature's purity, and, in Western spiritual tradition, virtue and goodness." Coleridge and Wordsworth saw the nightingale more as an instance of natural poetic creation: the nightingale became a voice of nature. John Keats ' " Ode to a Nightingale " pictures
1160-543: The now extinct Kauaʻi ʻakialoa ( Akialoa stejnegeri ). A. hemignathi was named after the genus of the Kauaʻi ʻakialoa, which was Hemignathus at the time of the description. Specimens range from 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm long, distended 1 mm to 1.5 mm longer. It has two to four nuclei in the lemnisci. It is the type species for the genus. This parasite has been found in the black-winged pratincole ( Glareola nordmanni ) at Malye Chany Lake , in Russia , and in
1200-408: The phylum Acanthocephala (primarily musculature) suggests an evolutionary branching from the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala ; however no genetic analysis has been completed to determine the evolutionary relationship between species. The distinguishing features of this order among archiacanthocephalans is a highly enlarged proboscis which contain small hooks. The musculature around
1240-482: The posterior end of the female after copulation. There are six species in the genus Apororhynchus . A seventh species, Apororhynchus bivolucrus Das, 1950 (also called A. bivolucrus ) from an Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ) from India was considered to be a strigeid trematode by Yamaguti (1963). A. aculeatus has been found in Santos , Brazil, parasitizing a New World oriole . The parasite
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1280-658: The proboscis (the proboscis receptacle and receptacle protrusor) is also structured differently in this order. This genus contains six species that are distributed globally, being collected sporadically in Hawaii, Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. These worms exclusively parasitize birds by attaching themselves around the cloaca using their hook-covered proboscis . The bird hosts are of different orders, including owls , waders , and passerines . Infestation by an Apororhynchus species may cause enteritis and anemia . The first species in this order to be described
1320-463: The proboscis is 0.36 mm long by 0.44 mm in maximum width. The male is smaller being 1.43 mm long by 0.53 mm in maximum width and the proboscis is 0.44 mm long by 0.74 mm in maximum width. A. chauhani is the only Apororhynchus species described from India. It was discovered in Srisailam , Andhra Pradesh, in 1975. A. chauhani was named after Birendra Singh Chauhan,
1360-480: The proboscis is 0.796 mm long by 0.995 mm in maximum width. The eggs were oval shaped with three concentric shells around 0.074–0.080 mm long and 0.040–0.043 mm wide. A. silesiacus was found in the cloaca of the European robin ( Erithacus rubecula ), the thrush nightingale ( Luscinia luscinia ) and the common nightingale ( Luscinia megarhynchos ) in Wroclaw , Poland, and of
1400-424: The proboscis wall. Two regions of musculature are considerably different in Apororhynchus compared to the other acanthocephalan orders: the proboscis receptacle and receptacle protrusor are both reorganized in Apororhynchus with the muscles subdivided into strands extending from the cerebral ganglion , or nerve bundle, to the proboscis wall. These two muscles suspend the cerebral ganglion but are not involved in
1440-407: The skin and around the anus of birds. The distinguishing features of this order among acanthocephalans are a highly enlarged proboscis with limited motility and a reduced size of the hooks (or spines). Apororhynchus species have short conical trunks and a reduced or absent neck. The proboscis is large and globular with numerous deeply set spirally arranged rootless hooks usually not reaching
1480-425: The surface, or with no hooks. They contain sets of muscles that are common to all Acanthocephala including a proboscis receptacle, a receptacle-surrounding muscle called a receptacle protrusor, retinacula (connective tissue that stabilizes tendons), a neck retractor, proboscis and receptacle retractors, circular and longitudinal musculature under the metasomal (trunk) tegument , and a single muscular layer beneath
1520-587: Was Apororhynchus hemignathi which was originally named Arhynchus hemignathi by Arthur Shipley in 1896. The name Arhynchus was chosen based on the characteristic absence of a proboscis in this species of Acanthocephala. It was later renamed Apororhynchus (along with the family name Apororhynchidae) by Shipley in 1899 due to the name Arhynchus having been used by Dujean in 1834 for a beetle. The National Center for Biotechnology Information does not indicate that any phylogenetic analysis has been published on Apororhynchida that would confirm its position as
1560-537: Was discovered in 1931, in the Berlin Museum, taken from the digestive tube of a bird named at that time as " Oriolus cristatus ", which was likely a crested oropendola ( Psarocolius decumanus ). A. aculeatus was the second parasite to be discovered in its genus, and the specimen used to describe the species was female. Numerous fine hooks on the bulb-shaped proboscis, as well as the different host and location, distinguish it from A. hemignathi . The parasite
1600-589: Was discovered in the summer of 1947 infesting a Canada warbler ( Cardellina canadensis formerly Wilsonia canadensis ) in Mountain Lake, Virginia , and a Northern parula ( Setophaga americana formerly Compsothlyphis americana ) in Augusta, Georgia , thus making it the third species in its genus to be discovered, and the first species in its genus to be discovered in North America. It was found in
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