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30-582: The term Waray comes from the word often heard by non-speakers meaning 'none' or 'nothing' in the language; similarly, Cebuanos are known in Leyte as mga Kana and their language as Kana (after the oft-heard word kana , meaning 'that' in the Cebuano language ). The Cebuano pronunciation of Waray is walay with the same meaning. During the Spanish period, texts refer to the language as simply being

60-416: A dialect of "Visayan". In contrast, most contemporary linguists consider many of these "Visayan dialects" (e.g., Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, etc.) to be distinct languages, and the term Visayan is usually taken to refer to what is called Cebuano in contemporary linguistic literature. Domingo Ezguerra's 1663 (reprinted 1747) Arte de la lengua bisaya de la provincia de Leyte refers to the "Visayan tongue of

90-443: A language do not enter the lexicon . Blocking , including homonymy blocking and synonymy blocking , stops some potential words. A homonym of an existing word may be blocked. For example, the word liver meaning "someone who lives" is only rarely used because the word liver (an internal organ) already exists. Likewise, a potential word can be blocked if it is a synonym of an existing word. An older, more common word blocks

120-553: A potential synonym, known as token-blocking . For example, the word stealer ("someone who steals") is also rarely used, because the word thief already exists. Not only individual words, but entire word formation processes may be blocked. For example, the suffix -ness is used to form nouns from adjectives. This productive word-formation pattern blocks many potential nouns that could be formed with -ity . Nouns such as * calmity (a potential synonym of calmness ) and * darkity (cf. darkness ) are unused potential words. This

150-475: A small number of common grammatical morphemes. This sound change occurs in all areas of Samar south of the municipalities of Santa Margarita , Matuginao , Las Navas , and Gamay (roughly corresponding to the provinces of Samar and Eastern Samar , but not Northern Samar ), as well as in all of the Waray-speaking areas of Leyte , except the towns of Javier and Abuyog . However, this sound change

180-615: Is also spoken in Soccsksargen and various parts of Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental , Caraga, Zamboanga Sibugay and Davao Region . Cebuanos in Masbate and Eastern Visayas can also speak Masbateño , one of the Bicol languages and Waray in Masbate, Samar and eastern parts of Leyte. Lexical gaps In linguistics an accidental gap , also known as a gap , paradigm gap , accidental lexical gap , lexical gap , lacuna , or hole in

210-609: Is an areal feature rather than a strictly genetic one (Lobel 2009). Most Waray dialects in northeastern and Eastern Samar have the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ as a reflex of Proto-Austronesian *e. Waray is one of the many regional languages found in the Philippines and used in local government. It is widely used in media particularly in television and radio broadcasts, however, not in print media because most regional newspapers are published in English. The language

240-494: Is known as type-blocking . A defective verb is a verb that lacks some grammatical conjugation . For example, several verbs in Russian do not have a first-person singular form in non-past tense . Although most verbs have such a form (e.g. vožu "I lead"), about 100 verbs in the second conjugation pattern (e.g. * derz'u "I talk rudely"; the asterisk indicates ungrammaticality ) do not appear as first-person singular in

270-402: Is no English word pronounced * /sprɪk/ . Although this potential word is phonologically well-formed according to English phonotactics , it happens to not exist. The term "phonological gap" is also used to refer to the absence of a phonemic contrast in part of the phonological system. For example, Thai has several sets of stop consonants that differ in terms of voicing (whether or not

300-635: Is used in education from kindergarten to primary level as part of the Philippine government's K–12 program since 2012 in which pupils from kindergarten to third grade are taught in their respective indigenous languages. Waray is also used in the Mass in the Roman Catholic Church and in the worship services of different Christian sects in the region. Bibles in Waray are also available. In 2019,

330-832: The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released in Waray-Waray. However, there is a growing population of Muslims in the region with the first mosque, Tacloban Mosque and Islamic Center, through a charity built by a Turkish Islamic religious authority in Tacloban at 2017 which teaches the scriptures and offers Friday sermons in both Waray and Cebuano in general. Most Waray dialects have three vowel phonemes: /a/ [a] , /i/ [ɛ~i] and /u/ [ɔ~u] . Some dialects have an additional vowel /ə/ [ə] ; words with /ə/ in these dialects have /u/ in

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360-540: The ethnic group who speak the same language as their native tongue in different parts of the archipelago. The term Cebuano also refers to the demonym of permanent residents in Cebu island regardless of ethnicity. The earliest European record of Cebuanos was by Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan expedition . He provided some descriptions of their customs as well as samples of the Cebuano language . Ferdinand Magellan

390-477: The morphological system . A semantic gap refers to the nonexistence of a word or word sense to describe a difference in meaning seen in other sets of words within the language. Often words that are allowed in the phonological system of a language are absent. For example, in English the consonant cluster /spr/ is allowed at the beginning of words such as spread or spring and the syllable rime /ɪk/ occurs in words such as sick or flicker . Even so, there

420-424: The vocal cords vibrate) and aspiration (whether a puff of air is released). Yet the language has no voiced velar stop ( /ɡ/ ). This lack of an expected distinction is commonly called a "hole in the pattern". A morphological gap is the absence of a word that could exist given the morphological rules of a language, including its affixes . For example, in English a deverbal noun can be formed by adding either

450-408: The word-formation rules of English. This is a systematic, rather than accidental, gap. Various types of accidental gaps exist. Phonological gaps are either words allowed by the phonological system of a language which do not actually exist, or sound contrasts missing from one paradigm of the phonological system itself. Morphological gaps are nonexistent words or word senses potentially allowed by

480-532: The Moro people), or in mixed Chinese-Cebuano families, incorporate Catholic beliefs with aspects of Buddhism or Taoism . A recent genetic study found 10-20% of Cebuano ancestry is attributable to South Asian (Indian) descent, dated to a time when Precolonial Cebu practiced Hinduism. Meanwhile, according to Spanish era tribute-censuses, Spanish-Filipinos compose 2.17% of the Cebuano people's population. Among

510-540: The Philippine society. Cebuanos The Cebuano people ( Cebuano : Mga Sugbuanon ) are the largest subgroup of the larger ethnolinguistic group Visayans , who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group in the country. They originated in the province of Cebu in the region of Central Visayas , but then later spread out to other places in the Philippines, such as Siquijor , Bohol , Negros Oriental , southwestern Leyte , western Samar , Masbate , and large parts of Mindanao . It may also refer to

540-868: The island's notable festivities are the Sinulog festival, which is a mixture of Christian and native cultural elements, celebrated annually every third week of January. The Cebuano language is spoken by more than twenty million people in the Philippines and is the most widely spoken of the Visayan languages . Most speakers of Cebuano are found in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, southeastern Masbate, Biliran , Western and Southern Leyte, eastern Negros and most of Mindanao except Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Like with other Filipino ethnolinguistic groups, Tagalog ( Filipino ) and English are also spoken by Cebuanos as second languages. Despite being one of

570-637: The language following the current orthographic conventions of Filipino. Waray uses many different words to specify a particular thing. These words might not be the same in spelling and in construction but they share the same meaning, making it a very diverse language. Here are some examples of demonstratives and adverbs together with their equivalent definition in Waray-Waray: Native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. From eleven onwards, Spanish numbers are exclusively used in Waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by

600-953: The largest ethnic groups, Cebuanos outside their homeland tend to fluently learn the languages native in areas where they settled and assimilated, along with their native language. Hiligaynon is spoken and understood by the Cebuanos living in Negros Occidental and Soccsksargen . They often speak a mixture of Cebuano and Hiligaynon in Sagay and neighboring municipalities of Negros Occidental facing Iloilo and Cebu and municipalities bordering Negros Oriental , Bukidnon and Davao del Sur . Cebuano residents in Zamboanga City and Caraga Region are fluent in Zamboanga Chavacano , Butuanon and Surigaonon respectively, with

630-407: The lexicon is absent. For example, English words describing family members generally show gender distinction. Yet the English word cousin can refer to either a male or female cousin. Similarly, while there are general terms for siblings and parents, there is no comparable common gender-neutral term for a parent's sibling, and traditionally none for a sibling's child. The separate words predicted on

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660-544: The majority dialects. Waray has a total of 16 consonant phonemes: /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, s, h, l, ɾ~r, w, j, ʔ/ . Two extra postalveolar sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard when /i/ occurs after /t, d/ , further proceeding another vowel sound. Waray, like all Philippine languages today, is written using the Latin script. There is no officially-approved orthography for the language and different writers may use differing orthographic styles. In general, it has become common to write

690-399: The majority of native speakers (except for gatos for hundred and yukot for thousand ). Some, especially the old ones, are spoken alongside the Spanish counterparts. Waray has borrowed vocabulary extensively from other languages, especially from Spanish. These words are being adopted to fill lexical gaps of the recipient language. Spanish colonialization introduced new systems to

720-424: The ontologic sense of the word accidental (that is, circumstantial rather than essential ). Accidental gaps differ from systematic gaps, those words or other forms which do not exist in a language due to the boundaries set by phonological, morphological, and other rules of that specific language. In English, a word pronounced /pfnk/ does not and cannot exist because it has no vowels and therefore does not obey

750-404: The pattern , is a potential word , word sense , morpheme , or other form that does not exist in some language despite being theoretically permissible by the grammatical rules of that language. For example, a word pronounced /zeɪ̯k/ is theoretically possible in English, as it would obey English word-formation rules, but does not currently exist. Its absence is therefore an accidental gap, in

780-434: The present-future tense. Morris Halle called this defective verb paradigm an example of an accidental gap. The similar case of unpaired words occurs where one word is obsolete or rare while another word derived from it is more common. Examples include * effable and ineffable , * kempt and unkempt , or * whelmed and overwhelmed . A gap in semantics occurs when a particular meaning distinction visible elsewhere in

810-444: The province of Leyte", Figueroa's Arte del idioma Visaya de Samar y Leyte refers to the "Visaya language of Samar and Leyte". Antonio Sanchez's 1914 Diccionario español-bisaya (Spanish-Visayan Dictionary) refers to the speech of "Sámar and Leyte". Linguist Jason Lobel (2009) considers there are 25 dialects and subdialects of Waray-Waray. Many Waray dialects feature a sound change in which Proto-Bisayan *s becomes /h/ in

840-477: The suffix -al or -(t)ion to certain verbs (typically words from Latin through Anglo-Norman French or Old French ). Some verbs, such as recite have two related nouns, recital and recitation . However, in many cases there is only one such noun, as illustrated in the chart below. Although in principle the morphological rules of English allow for other nouns, those words do not exist. Many potential words that could be made following morphological rules of

870-506: The two latter are related to Cebuano. They have also varying fluencies in various Lumad languages, the Danao languages , Tausug (linguistically related to Cebuano), Yakan , and Sama , in which these languages are native to the areas where Cebuanos also inhabit, coexist with and even assimilated to the natives, and to the lesser extent, Ilocano (a language originated in Ilocandia ), which

900-624: Was killed in Cebu during the Battle of Mactan against the forces of Lapulapu . Later early Spanish colonists referred to the Cebuanos (and other Visayans ) as the pintados ("the painted ones"), due to their widespread practice of tattooing to record battle exploits. The majority of Cebuanos are Roman Catholic , with many in rural areas synchronizing Catholicism with indigenous Bisayan folk religion. A minority of Cebuanos (specifically those in Mindanao ) are Muslim (due to their contact with

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