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88-677: Being created from Grand'Anse most of Nippes' history is similar to Grand'Anse's. Nippes during the Haitian Revolution played a big role with marron troops led by notably Plymouth a Jamaican later on was in Haiti. Étienne Gérin from Miragwàn is a signatory of the Haitian Declaration of Independence . During the Haitian Civil war between Pétion and Henry 1st , André Rigaud came back to Haiti from France and

176-811: A felony throughout the empire. The Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by patrolling the coast of West Africa. It did suppress the slave trade, but did not stop it entirely. Between 1808 and 1860, the West Africa Squadron captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans. They resettled many in Jamaica and the Bahamas. Britain also used its influence to coerce other countries to agree to treaties to end their slave trade and allow

264-592: A schooner , and set sail for Jamaica. They were joined by two other Sierra Leone Maroons, Mary Ricketts and her daughter Jane Bryan. In 1841, this group found their way to Trelawny Town, now called Maroon Town, but which they still insisted on calling Cudjoe's Town. Their descendants still live there today in a village named Flagstaff among a group known as the Returned Maroons. In 1841, the first ship to arrive in Sierra Leone looking for African workers

352-520: A city or municipality). 18°27′N 73°6′W  /  18.450°N 73.100°W  / 18.450; -73.100 This article about a location in Haiti is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jamaican Maroons Jamaican Maroons descend from Africans who freed themselves from slavery in the Colony of Jamaica and established communities of free black people in

440-403: A crewman on a slave ship and subsequent religious conversion , which inspired his writing of the poem later used in the hymn. Newton is portrayed as a major influence on Wilberforce and the abolition movement. The Act is referenced in the 2010 novel The Long Song by British author Andrea Levy and in the 2018 BBC television adaptation of the same name . The novel and television series tell

528-656: A letter in 1778 that opens in praise of Britain for its "freedom – and for the many blessings I enjoy in it", before criticizing the actions towards his black brethren in parts of the Empire such as the West Indies. In 1785, English poet William Cowper wrote: We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs Receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks

616-460: A military barracks, and renamed it Maroon Town, Jamaica . The Trelawny Maroons flourished in Sierra Leone at first, but their situation soon soured, and they submitted petitions to the British government, asking for permission to return to Jamaica. These petitions were turned down. However, in 1831, another petition was presented by 224 Sierra Leone Maroons to the British government, and this time

704-572: A nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein. By 1783, an anti-slavery movement to abolish the slave trade throughout the Empire had begun among the British public, with the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade being established in 1787. The Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion by Josiah Wedgwood , was, according to

792-538: A number of atrocities before they captured Bogle. However, their cruelty in suppressing the uprising attracted a lot of criticism from Methodist missionaries and residents of Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica . To this day, the Maroons in Jamaica are, to a small extent, autonomous and separate from Jamaican culture. Those of Accompong have preserved their land since 1739. The isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today resulted in their communities being among

880-467: A slave in England. However, many campaigners, including Granville Sharp , took the view that the ratio decidendi of the Somerset case meant that slavery was unsupported by law within England and that no ownership could be exercised on slaves entering English or Scottish soil. Ignatius Sancho , who in 1774 became the first known person of African descent to vote in a British general election, wrote

968-505: A treaty in 1734 and 1736, but by 1738 he agreed to parley with John Guthrie. This local planter and militia officer was known to and respected by the Maroons. In 1739, the treaty signed under British governor Edward Trelawny granted Cudjoe's Maroons 1500 acres of land between their strongholds of Trelawny Town and Accompong in the Cockpit Country and a certain amount of political autonomy and economic freedoms, in return for which

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1056-440: A week before William Wilberforce died. It received royal assent a month later, on 28 August, and came into force the following year, on 1 August 1834. In practical terms, only slaves below the age of six were freed in the colonies. Former slaves over the age of six were redesignated as " apprentices ", and their servitude was gradually abolished in two stages: the first set of apprenticeships came to an end on 1 August 1838, while

1144-513: A £15 million loan, finalised on 3 August 1835, with banker Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his brother-in-law Moses Montefiore ; £5 million was paid out directly in government stock, worth £1.5 billion in present day. There have been claims the money was not paid back by the British taxpayers until 2015, however this claim is based on a technicality as to how the British Government financed their debt though undated gilts. According to

1232-518: Is a 2006 British-American biographical drama film directed by Michael Apted , about the campaign against the slave trade in the British Empire , led by William Wilberforce , who was responsible for steering anti-slave trade legislation through the British parliament . The title is a reference to the 1772 hymn " Amazing Grace ". The film also recounts the experiences of John Newton as

1320-475: Is called an Asofo, from the Akan word asafo ( ' assembly, church, society ' ). Native Jamaicans and island tourists are allowed to attend many of these events. Others considered sacred are held in secret and shrouded in mystery. Singing, dancing, drum-playing, and preparation of traditional foods form a central part of most gatherings. In their largest town, Accompong, in the parish of St. Elizabeth ,

1408-491: Is due to the healthier environment of the Maroon towns. When the colonial authorities deported the Maroons of Trelawny Town, they left a void which was filled by communities of runaway slaves. The Maroons of the smaller town of Accompong were unable to cope with the growing numbers of runaways in western Jamaica, who found refuge elsewhere in the Cockpit Country. The Accompong Maroons tried but failed in their attempts to disperse

1496-506: Is one of the biggest ports in the South. The RN2 (national road system) passes through Nippes going to Les Cayes and making it the bridge between 2 departments. Another one is proposed to connect it to Grand'Anse . Miragoanes is the major port in the town and the department has no airport. The department of Nippes is subdivided into three arrondissements (districts), which are further subdivided into eleven communes (the equivalent of

1584-737: Is possible the Maroons of de Serras merged with the Windward Maroons. Between 1673 and 1690 there were several major slave uprisings, mainly prompted by newly arrived, highly militarized Fante or Coromantee groups from Cape Coast and Ashanti Empire . On 31 July 1690, a rebellion involving 500 slaves from the Sutton estate in Clarendon Parish led to the formation of Jamaica's most stable and best organized Maroon group. Although some were killed, recaptured, or surrendered, more than 200, including women and children, remained free after

1672-646: Is supposed, by the best informed persons I was able to consult, to be, on an average, at least one in eight, that is about ten millions . Many consider them twice as numerous. A successor organisation to the Anti-Slavery Society was formed in London in 1839, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society , which worked to outlaw slavery worldwide. The world's oldest international human rights organisation, it continues today as Anti-Slavery International . Clandestine slave trading still continued within

1760-506: The Cockpit Country on a massive scale, surrounding it with watchposts, firing in shells from a long distance, and intending to destroy or cut off all Maroon provision grounds. Meanwhile, Maroon attempts to recruit plantation slaves met with a mixed response, though large numbers of runaway slaves gained their freedom by fighting for Trelawny Town. Other Maroon communities maintained neutrality, but Accompong Town, however, fought on

1848-645: The Cockpit Country resisted conquest in the First Maroon War ( c. 1728 to 1740), which the colonial government ended in 1739–1740 by making treaties, to grant lands and to respect maroon autonomy, in exchange for peace and aiding the colonial militia if needed against external enemies. The tension between Governor Alexander Lindsay and the majority of the Leeward Maroons resulted in the Second Maroon War from 1795 to 1796. Although

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1936-712: The First Maroon War . One tactic particular to the Jamaican Maroons involved the art of camouflage using plants. Queen Nanny's remains are reputedly buried at "Bump Grave" in Moore Town , the main town of the Windward Maroons, who are concentrated in and around the Rio Grande valley in the north-eastern parish of Portland . Also known as Granny Nanny (died c. 1750s), she is the only woman honoured as one of Jamaica's National Heroes . She has been immortalised in songs and legends. Disturbed by plantation raiding,

2024-671: The Sierra Leone Company established it in West Africa (in present-day Sierra Leone ) as a British colony, where they formed the Sierra Leone Creole ethnic identity. The word " maroon " is derived via French from the Spanish word cimarrón , meaning "wild" or "untamed". This word usually referred to runaways, castaways, or the shipwrecked; those marooned probably would never return. The origin of

2112-677: The Smithsonian 's National Museum of African American History and Culture to create a film which debuted at the museum's opening on 24 September 2016. This film, 28 August: A Day in the Life of a People , tells of six significant events in African-American history that happened on the same date, 28 August. Events depicted include (among others) William IV's royal assent to the Slavery Abolition Act. Amazing Grace

2200-671: The Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998 . The repeal has not made slavery legal again, sections of the Slave Trade Act 1824 , Slave Trade Act 1843 and Slave Trade Act 1873 continuing in force. In its place the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates into British Law Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights which prohibits the holding of persons as slaves. Ava DuVernay was commissioned by

2288-657: The West India Committee , purchased enough seats to be able to resist the overtures of abolitionists. However, the Reform Act 1832 swept away their rotten borough seats, clearing the way for a majority of members of the House of Commons to push through a law to abolish slavery itself throughout the British Empire. The Act passed its second reading in the House of Commons unopposed on 22 July 1833, just

2376-533: The 1831 rebellion, the British Parliament held two inquiries. The results of these inquiries contributed greatly to the abolition of slavery with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Up until then, sugar planters from rich British islands such as the Colony of Jamaica and Barbados were able to buy rotten and pocket boroughs , and they were able to form a body of resistance to moves to abolish slavery itself. This West India Lobby, which later evolved into

2464-696: The 1833 Abolition Act are listed in a Parliamentary Return, entitled Slavery Abolition Act, which is an account of all moneys awarded by the Commissioners of Slave Compensation in the Parliamentary Papers 1837–8 (215) vol. 48. As a notable exception to the rest of the British Empire, the Act did not extend to any of the territories administered by the East India Company , including the islands of Ceylon and Saint Helena , in which

2552-631: The Anti-Slavery Society. During the Christmas holiday of 1831, a large-scale slave revolt in Jamaica, known as the Baptist War , broke out. It was organised originally as a peaceful strike by the Baptist minister Samuel Sharpe . The rebellion was suppressed by the militia of the Jamaican plantocracy and the British garrison ten days later in early 1832. Because of the loss of property and life in

2640-477: The BBC, "the most famous image of a black person in all of 18th-century art". Fellow abolitionist Thomas Clarkson wrote: "Of the ladies several wore them in bracelets, and others had them fitted up in an ornamental manner as pins for their hair. At length, the taste for wearing them became general; and thus fashion, which usually confines itself to worthless things, was seen for once in the honourable office of promoting

2728-758: The British Caribbean sugar industry went into terminal decline, and the British parliament no longer felt they needed to protect the economic interests of the West Indian sugar planters. In 1823, the Anti-Slavery Society was founded in London. Members included Joseph Sturge , Thomas Clarkson , William Wilberforce , Henry Brougham , Thomas Fowell Buxton , Elizabeth Heyrick , Mary Lloyd , Jane Smeal , Elizabeth Pease , and Anne Knight . Jamaican mixed-race campaigners such as Louis Celeste Lecesne and Richard Hill were also members of

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2816-573: The British Empire despite its illegality. In 1854, Nathaniel Isaacs , owner of the island of Matakong off the coast of Sierra Leone , was accused of slave trading by the governor of Sierra Leone, Sir Arthur Kennedy . Papers relating to the charges were lost when the Forerunner was wrecked off Madeira in October 1854. Due to the absence of the papers, the English courts refused to proceed with

2904-445: The British took and destroyed Nanny Town in 1734, but most of the Windward Maroons simply dispersed and formed new settlements. At this point, however, fighting shifted to Leeward, where the British troops had equally limited success against the well-trained and organized forces of Cudjoe . By the mid-1730s, warfare was proving costly to Maroons and British alike and was turning into an ongoing stalemate. Cudjoe rejected suggestions of

2992-400: The British would hold their conquest, the group run by de Bolas changed its position. Faced with discovery and defeat in 1659, de Bolas allied with the English and guided their troops on a raid which resulted in the final expulsion of the Spanish in 1660. In exchange, in 1663, Governor Sir Charles Lyttelton, 3rd Baronet , signed the first maroon treaty, granting de Bolas and his people land on

3080-423: The Jamaican authorities relented. They responded by saying they would place no obstacle in the way of Maroons returning to Jamaica, but would not pay any passage or for the purchase of lands in the island. In 1839, the first Maroons made their way from Sierra Leone to Jamaica. Mary Brown and her family, which included her daughter Sarah McGale and a Spanish son-in-law, sold off their property in Sierra Leone, bought

3168-630: The Jamaican government called upon the Maroons to honour their treaties and come to their assistance during the major slave uprising led by the Fante leader, Tacky, in Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica . The Windward Maroons were first to be mobilized. Their intervention at first appeared half-hearted: the Scott's Hall Maroons began by claiming outstanding arrears in bounty, while those Charles Town Maroons at Down's Cove allegedly took cover when attacked by

3256-562: The Jamaican mountainous interior. In the 1670s and 1680s, in his capacity as an owner of a large slave plantation, former buccaneer and now lieutenant-governor of Jamaica Sir Henry Morgan led three campaigns against the Karmahaly Maroons of de Serras. Morgan achieved some success against the Maroons, who withdrew further into the Blue Mountains, where they were able to stay out of the reach of Morgan and his forces. It

3344-893: The Leeward Maroons have a vibrant community of about 600. Tours of the village are offered to foreigners. They hold a large festival annually on 6 January to commemorate the signing of the peace treaty with the British after the First Maroon War. Moore Town, located between the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains in Portland Parish , was relisted on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 for its Maroon heritage, particularly music. Slavery Abolition Act 1833 The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will. 4 . c. 73)

3432-444: The Maroon settlements in 1686 and 1702, to little effect. By about 1720, a stronger Windward community had developed around the culturally Africanised group of three villages known as Nanny Town , under the spiritual leadership of Queen Nanny , an Ashanti woman, sometimes in allegiance and sometimes in competition with other Windward groups. She was known for her exceptional leadership skills, especially in guerrilla warfare during

3520-632: The Maroons in Sierra Leone returned to Jamaica in the 1840s. In 1865, poor free blacks, led by Baptist deacon Paul Bogle , rose in revolt against the colonial authorities in the Morant Bay Rebellion . The governor called out the Moore Town Maroons one last time to put down the rebellion. Fyfe was called up once more to lead a combination of Moore Town Maroons, including some who resided in Hayfield and Bath, and they committed

3608-454: The Maroons of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) . The treaties following the First Maroon War had called for the assignment of a white "superintendent" in each Maroon community. Trelawny Town had objected to the official recently assigned to them and eventually expelled him. At this, the new, hardline Governor, Balcarres , sent William Fitch to march on Trelawny Town with a military force to demand their immediate submission. Balcarres ignored

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3696-399: The Maroons were to provide military support in case of invasion or rebellion, and to return runaway slaves in exchange for a bounty of two dollars each. This last clause in the treaty caused tension between the Maroons and the enslaved black population, although from time to time runaways from the plantations still found their way into Maroon settlements. In addition, a British superintendent

3784-597: The Royal Navy to seize their slave ships . Between 1807 and 1823, abolitionists showed little interest in abolishing slavery itself. Eric Williams presented economic data in Capitalism and Slavery to show that the slave trade itself generated only small profits compared to the much more lucrative sugar plantations of the Caribbean, and therefore slavery continued to thrive on those estates. However, from 1823

3872-508: The Spanish word cimarrón is unknown. When the English invaded Jamaica in 1655, most Spanish colonists fled. Many of their slaves escaped and, together with free blacks and mulattoes , former slaves, and some native Taíno , coalesced into a number of ethnically diverse groups in the Jamaican interior. Some Spanish Maroons created palenques , or stockaded mountain farms, first at Lluidas Vale , in modern-day Saint Catherine Parish , under Juan de Bolas (also known as Lubolo). Toward

3960-481: The Treasury the 1837 slave debts were subsumed into a consolidated 4% loan issued in 1927 (maturing in 1957 or after). It was only when the British government modernised the gilt portfolio in 2015 by redeeming all remaining undated gilts was there complete certainty that the debt was extinguished. The long gap between this money being borrowed and certainty of repayment was due to the type of financial instrument that

4048-617: The West African shores from Sierra Leone to the Gambia to Fernando Pó . Trelawny Town was the largest Maroon town, so the population of Maroons in Jamaica was significantly dented by their deportation. However, in the nineteenth century the total population of the four remaining Maroon towns grew from 853 in 1808 to 1,563 in 1841. The Maroon towns grew in numbers at a time when the population of black slaves and white slave-holders alike declined from disease. One historian argues that this

4136-412: The advice of local planters, who suggested giving the Maroons some more land in order to avoid conflict. Instead, the governor demanded that the Maroons surrender unconditionally, provoking a conflict that could have been avoided. The Trelawny Maroons, led by their colonel, Montague James , chose to fight and were initially successful, fighting a guerrilla war in small bands under several captains, of whom

4224-542: The background of the British-Jamaican planters panicked by the excesses of the French Revolution , and by the corresponding start of a slave revolt in neighboring Saint-Domingue , which ended with the independence of Haiti in 1804. At the same time, an increasing hunger for land among expanding Maroon communities in Jamaica coincided with several more immediate and proximate causes of grievance among

4312-530: The biggest cay being the Rochelois located 15 km offshore. The cay has a potential for land reclamation in Haiti. Nippes has great mining potential in bauxite since the town of Miragoanes had a major bauxite plant operated by Reynold's company. Nippes has an agriculture and fishing industry with the lake having a potential for pisciculture. Nippes is a commerce hub since the Miragoanes Port

4400-517: The case. To Walpole's dismay, Balcarres refused to treat with the defeated Maroons and had them deported from Jamaica, at first to Nova Scotia, then to the new British colony of Sierra Leone , and joined the African-American founders who established the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown, Sierra Leone . From the 1830s on, some Maroons (or their descendants) returned to Jamaica to work as free labourers, and many of them settled in

4488-570: The cause of justice, humanity and freedom." Spurred by an incident involving Chloe Cooley , a slave woman brought to Canada by an American loyalist , the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada , John Graves Simcoe , tabled the Act Against Slavery in 1793. Passed by the local Legislative Assembly , it was the first legislation to outlaw the slave trade in a part of the British Empire. By the late 18th century, Britain

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4576-620: The colonial authorities had no use for the Maroons, and they passed the Maroon Allotments Act in 1842, and abolished the post of superintendent in the 1850s. Their attempts to break up the Maroon communal land, while partially successful in Charles Town and Scott's Hall, met with Maroon resistance in Accompong Town and Moore Town. After the Second Maroon War , the colonial authorities converted Trelawny Town into

4664-462: The colonial authorities of Jamaica wanted to eradicate the Maroon communities in order to promote British settlement. Their strategy, beginning in the 1730s, was to break off lines of communication between the Windward and Leeward Maroons, then first pick off the less organized Windward Maroons. In practice, the Maroon troops' command of the territory and skill in guerrilla warfare gave them a strong advantage over colonial forces. After much fighting,

4752-406: The company had been independently regulating, and in part prohibiting the slave trade since 1774; with regulations prohibiting the enslavement, the sale without a written deed, and the transport of slaves into company territory prohibited over the period. The Indian Slavery Act, 1843 went on to prohibit company employees from owning, or dealing in slaves, along with granting limited protection under

4840-436: The department and one of the most important in the country. Nippes has one of the biggest and most well-preserved bays in Haiti. The Baradères Bay is formed by the Baradères Peninsula and protects multiple minor islands and cays like Picoulet and Corny Island. Part of the Miragoanes Lake is shared between Nippes and West Departement is the biggest natural freshwater lake in Haiti. Nippes has many minor islands with one of

4928-416: The final apprenticeships were scheduled to cease on 1 August 1840. The Act specifically excluded "the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company , or to the Island of Ceylon , or to the Island of Saint Helena ." The exceptions were eliminated in 1843 with the Indian Slavery Act, 1843 . The Act provided for compensation to slave-owners, but not to slaves. The amount of money to be spent on

5016-443: The governor promised leniency if the maroons surrendered, he later betrayed them and, supported by the Assembly , insisted on deporting just under 600 Maroons to British settlements in Nova Scotia , where enslaved African Americans who escaped from the United States were also resettled. The deported Maroons were unhappy with conditions in Nova Scotia, and in 1800 a majority left, having obtained passage to Freetown eight years after

5104-479: The island's mountainous interior, primarily in the eastern parishes . Africans who were enslaved during Spanish rule over Jamaica (1493–1655) may have been the first to develop such refugee communities. The English, who invaded the island in 1655 , continued the importation of enslaved Africans to work on the island's sugar-cane plantations . Africans in Jamaica continually resisted enslavement, with many who freed themselves becoming maroons. The revolts disrupted

5192-454: The law, that included the ability for a slave to own, transfer or inherit property, notionally benefitting the 8 to 10 million that were estimated to exist in company territory, to quote Rev. Howard Malcom : The number of slaves in the Carnatic, Mysore, and Malabar, is said to be greater than in most other parts of India, and embraces nearly the whole of the Punchum Bundam caste. The whole number in British India has never been ascertained, but

5280-411: The most inaccessible on the island. Today, the four official Maroon towns still in existence in Jamaica are Accompong Town, Moore Town, Charles Town and Scott's Hall. They hold lands allotted to them in the 1739–1740 treaties with the British. These Maroons still maintain their traditional celebrations and practices, some of which have West African origin. For example, the council of a Maroon settlement

5368-449: The most noted were Johnson, Parkinson, and Palmer. The casualties suffered by Fitch and his men were significantly higher than those felt by the Maroons of Trelawny Town. When the Trelawny Town Maroons killed Fitch, several of his officers, some Accompong Maroon trackers, and many militia soldiers in an ambush, Balcarres appointed a new general, George Walpole . This new general suffered more setbacks, until he eventually opted to besiege

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5456-449: The mountainous interior of Jamaica, surviving by subsistence farming and periodic raids of plantations. These initial Maroon groups faded from colonial history records, possibly migrating to more mountainous or remote regions of the interior. Others may have coalesced to form the nucleus of what would later be called the Windward Maroons. Over time, runaway slaves increased the Maroon population, which eventually came to control large areas of

5544-412: The new laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish apprenticeship was passed and de facto freedom was achieved. Full emancipation for all was legally granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was repealed in its entirety by

5632-418: The payments was set at "the Sum of Twenty Million Pounds Sterling". Under the terms of the Act, the British government raised £20 million to pay out for the loss of the slaves as business assets to the registered owners of the freed slaves. In 1833, £20 million amounted to 40% of the Treasury's annual income or approximately 5% of British GDP at the time. To finance the payments, the British government took on

5720-415: The prosecution. The Act also did not outlaw other forms of forced labour like indentured servitude and blackbirding . Modern slavery, both in the form of human trafficking and people imprisoned for forced or compulsory labour, continues to this day. On 1 August 1834, an unarmed group of mainly elderly people being addressed by the governor at Government House in Port of Spain , Trinidad , about

5808-435: The rebellion ended. They established an Ashanti -style polity based in the western parts of the Cockpit Country , notably Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) ; the most famous ruler of the Western Maroons was Cudjoe . They incorporated outsiders only after newcomers had satisfied a strict probationary period. At this time, the leaders who emerged in the Eastern Maroons were Quao and Queen Nanny . The Windward Maroons, in

5896-586: The rebels. However, the Maroon warriors were employing guerrilla warfare tactics, which contradicted the British military tradition of marching into the oncoming fire. In the end, it was a Scott's Hall Maroon, Lieutenant Davy the Maroon , who killed Tacky during a skirmish. The loss of Tacky's leadership essentially ended the initial rebellion. In western Jamaica, Apongo led another slave rebellion, inspired by Tacky's Revolt, which lasted from April 1760 to October 1761. Cudjoe's well-trained forces were mobilized to help deal with them with some degree of success. In

5984-551: The runaway community established by Cuffee in the Cockpit Country in 1798. When Cuffee's maroon group faded from the colonial records, their place was taken by another group of runaways, who established themselves in the Cockpit Country in 1812. The maroon community of Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come also resisted attempts by the Accompong Maroons and the colonial militias to disperse them in the 1820s. A large maroon group of runaway slaves established themselves near Hellshire Beach in southern Jamaica, and it thrived there for years until it

6072-504: The runaway maroon communities continued to thrive under new leaders. White superintendents took command of the Maroon towns, and the Maroon officers were relegated to their subordinates. After Tacky's War, the governor appointed a separate superintendent for each of the five Maroon towns. These superintendents reported to the Superintendent-General, who in turn reported to the governor. The Superintendents-General of all Maroon towns were as follows: The Second Maroon War began in 1795 against

6160-423: The same terms as English settlers. The colonial authorities paid the men of de Bolas to hunt the supporters of de Serras and recent runaways. However, de Bolas was eventually killed in an ambush, probably by Maroons belonging to de Serras. While the Maroons belonging to de Bolas disappeared from history, the English authorities failed to subdue the Karmahaly Maroons. The other Maroon groups remained independent in

6248-444: The side of the colonial militias against Trelawny Town. Despite signs that the siege was working, Balcarres grew impatient and sent to Cuba for a hundred hunting dogs and handlers. The reputation of these was so fearsome that their arrival quickly prompted the surrender of the majority of Trelawny forces. The Maroons, however, only put down their arms on condition that they would not be deported, and Walpole gave his word that would be

6336-406: The sugar economy in Jamaica and made it less profitable. The uprisings decreased after the British colonial authorities signed treaties with the Leeward Maroons in 1739 and the Windward Maroons in 1740, which required them to support the institution of slavery. The importance of the Maroons to the colonial authorities declined after slavery was abolished in 1838 . The Windward Maroons and those from

6424-518: The village of Flagstaff, near the old site of Trelawny Town (although some of these returnees resettled in Sierra Leone) (see Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone ). The descendants of the Returned Maroons live in Flagstaff today (see Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) ). Those who remained in Sierra Leone formed the new Creole ethnic group of Sierra Leone which established diaspora communities along

6512-463: The western end of Cockpit Country were the "Varmahaly or Karmahaly Negroes" under the leadership of Juan de Serras . There was possibly a third group that was active in the region of Porus , in modern Manchester Parish ; and a fourth in the Blue Mountains . During the first decade of English rule, these groups were active on behalf of the Spanish. But, as it became increasingly obvious that

6600-399: The wilder parts of eastern Jamaica, were always composed of separate highly mobile and culturally heterogeneous groups. It is possible that the runaway slaves from de Serras' group of Karmahaly Maroons formed the initial nucleus of the Windward Maroons. From early on, the Jamaican governors considered their settlements an impediment to English development of the interior. They ordered raids on

6688-594: The years that followed Tacky's rebellion, many Maroon officers such as Samuel Grant , allegedly the son of Davy, made a career out of hunting runaway slaves for the colonial authorities. These runaway slaves formed informal maroon communities, modelled along the lines of the official Maroon communities before they came to terms. In the 18th century, Maroons also hunted and killed notorious escaped slaves and their deputies, such as Ancoma, Three Fingered Jack , and Dagger. However, while they were successful in capturing and killing some runaways and their leaders, most members of

6776-479: The years that followed. After the treaties, the white superintendents appointed by the governors eventually took control of the Maroon towns. In the 1740s, some Leeward Maroons who opposed the 1739 treaty rose in revolt, but Cudjoe crushed those rebellions. In 1754, Quao attempted to overthrow Edward Crawford, the new Maroon leader of the Windward Maroon town, and in the resulting conflict, Crawford's Town

6864-758: Was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in most parts of the British Empire . Passed by Earl Grey 's reforming administration, it expanded the jurisdiction of the Slave Trade Act 1807 and made the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal within the British Empire, with the exception of "the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company ", Ceylon (now Sri Lanka ), and Saint Helena . The Act came into force on 1 August 1834, and

6952-441: Was destroyed. Governor Charles Knowles re-established control over the uprising with the help of other Maroons. He then ordered that the Maroons of Crawford's Town be resettled in the new, nearby Windward Maroon towns of Charles Town and Scott's Hall . The Maroon population grew from 664 in 1739 to 1,288 in 1796, at a time when both the slave population and the white settler communities were ravaged by disease. In April 1760,

7040-776: Was disappointed by Pétion's laissez-faire politics and created a de facto republic, the Meridional Republic of Haiti and the Miragoanes bridge was the limit between those two republics. The department is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Gonave , to the west the Grand'Anse Department , south by the South Department and to the east by the Ouest Department . The Nippes River is the most important of

7128-483: Was finally dispersed by a party of Windward Maroons in 1819. The Maroons played a significant role in helping the colonial authorities to suppress the Samuel Sharpe revolt in 1831–32, under the leadership of white superintendents such as Alexander Fyfe (Fyffe). Sharpe's Baptist War persuaded the British government to end the system of slavery, which they did in the years following the rebellion. After that,

7216-660: Was repealed in 1998 as a part of wider rationalisation of English statute law; however, later anti-slavery legislation remains in force. In May 1772, Lord Mansfield 's judgment in the Somerset case emancipated a slave who had been brought to England from Boston in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , and thus helped launch the movement to abolish slavery throughout the British Empire. The case ruled that slavery had no legal status in England as it had no common law or statutory law basis, and as such someone could not legally be

7304-405: Was simultaneously the largest slave trader and centre of the largest abolitionist movement. William Wilberforce had written in his diary in 1787 that his great purpose in life was to suppress the slave trade before waging a 20-year fight on the industry. In 1807, Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807 , which outlawed the international slave trade, but not slavery itself. The legislation

7392-519: Was spread over many hundreds of British families, many of them (though not all ) of high social standing. For example, Henry Phillpotts (then the Bishop of Exeter ), with three others (as trustees and executors of the will of John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley ), was paid £12,700 for 665 slaves in the West Indies, whilst Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood received £26,309 for 2,554 slaves on 6 plantations. The majority of men and women who were paid under

7480-554: Was the Hector , and several Maroons were so desperate to leave Sierra Leone that they did not wait for the ship to dock, but rowed out to meet it in their canoes. In all, 64 Maroons left Sierra Leone for Jamaica on the Hector alone. Most Sierra Leone Maroons lived in Freetown, and between 1837 and 1844, Freetown's Maroon population shrank from 650 to 454, suggesting that about 200 made their way back to Jamaica. As many as one-third of

7568-549: Was timed to coincide with the expected Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves by the United States, Britain's chief rival in maritime commerce. This legislation imposed fines that did little to deter slave trade participants. Abolitionist Henry Brougham realised that trading had continued, and as a new MP successfully introduced the Slave Trade Felony Act 1811 which at last made the overseas slave trade

7656-453: Was to be assigned to live in each Maroon town. In 1740, similar treaties were signed by Quao and Nanny, major leaders of the Windward Maroons. The Windward Maroons were originally located at Crawford's Town and the new Nanny Town (now called Moore Town ). In all, about 600 Maroons came to terms with the British authorities through these two treaties. Not all the Maroons accepted the treaties. Rebellions occurred in Maroon communities in

7744-479: Was used, rather than the amount of money borrowed. Regardless, this does not contradict the fact that, in practical terms, taxpayer's money serviced the debt originated from the Slavery Abolition Act. Half of the money went to slave-owning families in the Caribbean and Africa, while the other half went to absentee owners living in Britain. The names listed in the returns for slave owner payments show that ownership

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