75-535: The Nis Puk (sometimes also Niß Puk ( German: [ˈnɪs pʊk] )) is a legendary creature , a kind of Kobold , from Danish -, Low German - and North Frisian -speaking areas of Northern Germany and Southern Denmark , among them Schleswig , today divided into the German Southern Schleswig and Danish Northern Schleswig . It is also known in Denmark itself as nis pug , as
150-401: A Puk can be won from a small egg laid by seven-year-old cock by carrying it in one's armpit until it hatches. It must be observed that in this span of time one mustn’t talk nor laugh. Similarly, on the island of Rügen, an evil Puk will hatch from a black hen's egg laid at midnight when bred by man. Nispuk dwells in the loft, entering and exiting through a room forbidden for all where there
225-786: A hybrid , that has not been proven and that is described in folklore (including myths and legends ), but may be featured in historical accounts before modernity . In the classical era , monstrous creatures such as the Cyclops and the Minotaur appear in heroic tales for the protagonist to destroy. Other creatures, such as the unicorn , were claimed in accounts of natural history by various scholars of antiquity. Some legendary creatures originated in traditional mythology and were believed to be real creatures--for example, dragons , griffins and unicorns. Others are based on real encounters or garbled accounts of travellers' tales, such as
300-482: A board is fastened next to it where a bowl with porridge containing plenty of butter can be placed every day. The Pûkse of Pomerania preferably dwell in beams, frames and other woodwork inside the house, which is the reason why the woodwork should be reused when renovating or building anew. The Pûks will move with its beams wherever they are built in, and with the Pûks the good luck will move, too. Nisebuk dwells in
375-475: A commentator was tempted to comment it could echo a hint that the puk could shapeshift into a billy goat or ram. (Cf. also gaardbuk , husbuk as synonyms for nisse .) It is possible that German Puk and English Puck have the same origin in continental Europe. According to belief in Schleswig , Niß Puk is as tall as a child, either a one-year-old, one-and-a-half-year old but never taller than
450-533: A demand for a new referendum from the Danish population in South Schleswig and some Danish politicians, including prime minister Knud Kristensen . However, the majority in the Danish parliament refused to support a referendum in South Schleswig, fearing that the "new Danes" were not genuine in their change of nationality. This proved to be the case and, from 1948 the Danish population began to shrink again. By
525-511: A fantastical approach. It seems the religious and moral implications of animals were far more significant than matching a physical likeness in these renderings. Nona C. Flores explains, "By the tenth century, artists were increasingly bound by allegorical interpretation, and abandoned naturalistic depictions." Schleswig The Duchy of Schleswig ( Danish : Hertugdømmet Slesvig ; German : Herzogtum Schleswig ; Low German : Hartogdom Sleswig ; North Frisian : Härtochduum Slaswik )
600-512: A hole in the wall, as big as a brick, while Neß Puk dwells in a little box which is kept in a locked cupboard. The Pûks in Bossin in Pomerania dwelt in the reeds of a waterbody for many years. Then, one night, it left this place, built a fence around a farmer's farmstead and moved to a chamber on the same farm where the windows were always shuttered. The farmer became richer and richer due to
675-423: A king holding a ducal title of which he as king was the fount and liege lord . The title and anomaly survived presumably because it was already co-regally held by the king's sons. Between 1544 and 1713/20, the ducal reign had become a common dominium , with the royal House of Oldenburg and its cadet branch House of Holstein-Gottorp jointly holding the stake. A third branch, the short-lived House of Haderslev ,
750-467: A main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of romantic nationalism and the nation-state gained popular support. The title of duke of Schleswig was inherited in 1460 by the hereditary kings of Norway, who were also regularly elected kings of Denmark simultaneously, and their sons (unlike Denmark, which was not hereditary). This was an anomaly –
825-583: A majority of 80% to remain part of Germany. In Southern Schleswig, no referendum was held, as the likely outcome was apparent. The name Southern Schleswig is now used for all of German Schleswig. This decision left substantial minorities on both sides of the new border. Following the Second World War , a substantial part of the German population in Southern Schleswig changed their nationality and declared themselves as Danish. This change
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#1732798399992900-537: A new common constitution (the so-called November Constitution ) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863. This was met by German states in two ways: The defeated Danish king had to leave Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. They created a condominium over Schleswig and Holstein. Under the Gastein Convention of 14 August 1865, Lauenburg was given to Prussia, while Austria administered Holstein, and Prussia administered Schleswig. However, tensions between
975-401: A new cultural dividing line in the duchy because German was used for church services and teaching in the diocese of Schleswig and Danish was used in the diocese of Ribe and the archdeaconry of Haderslev. This line corresponds remarkably closely with the present border. In the 17th century, a series of wars between Denmark and Sweden—which Denmark lost—devastated the region economically. However,
1050-482: A red cap. On the island of Rügen, the Puk can have diverse appearances. At home it appears as a little boy with red jacket and red cap. Outside it takes the shape of a cat or a fiery dragon (i.e. Drak ) but preferably as a cat, for cats can get in and out everywhere, even fitting through the smallest of openings. The Niß Pug is very strong. It is further said that one Pûks can work as much as seven men. In Pomerania,
1125-514: A son of his predecessor Eric I – Earl of Schleswig, a title used for only a short time before the recipient began to style himself duke . In the 1230s, Southern Jutland (the Duchy of Slesvig) was allotted as an appanage to Abel Valdemarsen , Canute's great-grandson, a younger son of Valdemar II of Denmark . Abel, having wrested the Danish throne to himself for a brief period, left his duchy to his sons and their successors, who pressed claims to
1200-589: A source of continuous dispute. The Treaty of Heiligen was signed in 811 between the Danish King Hemming and Charlemagne , by which the border was established at the Eider. During the 10th century, there were several wars between East Francia and Denmark. In 1027, Conrad II and Canute the Great again fixed their mutual border at the Eider. In 1115, King Niels created his nephew Canute Lavard –
1275-411: A three-year-old. It has a big head and long arms. Its eyes are said to be small, bright, and smart. It wears red stockings, a long ticking jacket, either grey or green, and a pointed red cap on its head. It also likes soft slippers with which it can be heard shuffling rapidly at night. Niß Puck is able to cover huge distances in the shortest time with the help of its slippers. The Puken or Pücken on
1350-434: A treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled. The Treaty of Versailles provided for plebiscites to determine the allegiance of the region. Thus, two referendums were held in 1920, resulting in the partition of the region. Northern Schleswig voted by a majority of 75% to join Denmark, whereas Central Schleswig voted by
1425-513: A variant of nisse . An earlier saying says Nissen does not want to go over the Eideren, i.e. not to Holstein to the South of Schleswig. Depending on the place, it can either appear as a domestic spirit or take on the role of a being generally called Drak or Kobold in Danish and German mythology, an infernal spirit making its owner wealthy by bringing them stolen goods. The term combines
1500-418: Is a window without glass. The Puken or Pücken of the island of Föhr preferably dwell in the cellar and the loft, especially in small space between roof and straw, or in a small room with a doorknob shaped like a Puk -head. The Nisken dwell in dark hidden corners of the house or barn, often also in the wood pile. They vanish if somebody comes near. Niskepuk likes to dwell in a wooden pillar's hole if
1575-735: Is known to have had the proper name Bartel . The form Nis Puk is described as a " tautological juxtaposition " of two words meaning the same thing. The name Niß said to be derived from the proper name Nikolaus , i.e., Nicholas (see also Nisse for other etymology of this stem). The name Puk is attested in the Old Danish form puge , descended from Old Norse puki púke , meaning kobold (cf. Indo-European beu- → swelling) or from Low German pogge , meaning “toad”. Similarly, in Northern Schleswig (part of Denmark ), Pug or Pog means “toad” or “frog”., also in
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#17327983999921650-546: The 1920 plebiscites and partition , each side applying its preferred name to the part of the territory remaining in its possession – though both terms can, in principle, still refer to the entire region. Northern Schleswig was, after the 1920 plebiscites, officially named the Southern Jutland districts ( de sønderjyske landsdele ), while Southern Schleswig then remained a part of the Prussian province, which became
1725-580: The Danish form nis pug is also known as variant to nisse in some local folklore (var. nis puge ). Further there are Puk , Puck , Pug , Pûks or Hauspuk (“house Puk ”). Plural forms are Niskepuks , Nisken , Husniskens , Hausnischen (both “little house Niß s”), Husknechtkens (“little house servants”), Puke , Puken , Puge , Pûkse , Pücken or Hauspuken (“house Puk s”). and in Danish Nis Pukker One Pug
1800-540: The Frisian island of Föhr are said to be small but broad, stout, and incredibly strong. They have big eyes with which they look around sharply. The Puken are dressed in red trousers, a grey waistcoat, and a red pointed cap as well as big, soft slippers. The Puk is said to have very large eyes on the island of Sylt , too. The Nispuk is a little boy with a red cap and the Niskepuk is only three inches tall whereas
1875-761: The German Confederation of which Holstein (and Lauenburg ) was a member state. Although Schleswig was never a part of the Confederation, the Confederation (and the short-lived German Empire of that time) treated Schleswig largely as such. The ideological argument was not only an ethnic but also a historical one: the German side referred to a medieval treaty that claimed that Schleswig and Holstein should be forever united (in Low German: up ewig ungedeelt ). The federal and then imperial troops consisted mainly of Prussian divisions. Under pressure of
1950-718: The German state of Schleswig-Holstein in 1946. From early medieval times, the area's significance was its role as a buffer zone between Denmark and the powerful Holy Roman Empire to the south, as well as being a transit area for the transfer of goods between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea , connecting the trade route through Russia with the trade routes along the Rhine and the Atlantic coast (see also Kiel Canal ). In
2025-538: The Holy Spirit , and the classical griffin represented a guardian of the dead. Medieval bestiaries included animals regardless of biological reality; the basilisk represented the devil , while the manticore symbolised temptation. One function of mythical animals in the Middle Ages was allegory . Unicorns, for example, were described as extraordinarily swift and uncatchable by traditional methods. It
2100-487: The Husniskens , Hausnischen , Husknechtkens or Hauspuken are known to feed well the cattle and horses on the farm where they dwell so that the animals prosper and grow fat. The necessary fodder they steal from their host's neighbors. In North Frisia , Nische Puk or Nisch helps bringing home 500 to 600 loads of hay. In fact, the Puk is able to carry a full barn's worth of hay on its broad back, stealing it from
2175-559: The Hydra to be killed by Heracles , while Aeneas battles with the harpies . These monsters thus have the basic function of emphasizing the greatness of the heroes involved. Some classical era creatures, such as the (horse/human) centaur , chimaera , Triton and the flying horse Pegasus , are found also in Indian art . Similarly, sphinxes appear as winged lions in Indian art and
2250-619: The Neß Puk is a little man as tall as a span is long, wearing a pointed red cap. The cap of the Niß , when worn, makes its wearer invisible. On the island of Rügen and in the Neumark , the Puck is dressed in red. The Pûks from Pomerania is a little manikin wearing a big hat brimmed upwards and a red coat with seven shiny buttons on each side. Otherwise, it is also described wearing a red jacket and
2325-454: The Nisebok . On the island of Rügen, the Puk receives a cake every New Year's Day . If it receives baked goods from New Year's Day, the Puk doesn’t need any food the rest of the year. Otherwise it has to be fed during the whole year. Legendary creature A legendary creature (also called a mythical creature or mythological creature ) is a type of fantasy entity, typically
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2400-453: The Nisebuk fills the cribs with oat, feeding horses and other cattle, slapping left and right the farmhand daring to go to the horses at night. It also fetches water and makes brooms for the maidservants, and when they rake the ash from the hearth in the morning, they will find a speciesthaler . The infernal Nispuk will throw down a speciesthaler from the loft every morning. It also feeds
2475-458: The Piasa Bird of North America. In medieval art , animals, both real and mythical, played important roles. These included decorative forms as in medieval jewellery, sometimes with their limbs intricately interlaced. Animal forms were used to add humor or majesty to objects. In Christian art , animals carried symbolic meanings, where for example the lamb symbolized Christ, a dove indicated
2550-405: The Puk is with its owner, sitting behind him on the chair and eating from the same bowl. It will eat faster than even the fastest human eater and soil its owner's food if it is sated, thus forcing him to stop eating. When a Nis Puk wishes to dwell somewhere, it then gathers a heap of chippings and fills the milk barrels with milk, soiling them with cattle dirt. This is a test. When the people of
2625-411: The Puk might be inseparable from its owner. If its owner is riding out, it is sitting on the horse next to the saddled horse, riding the horse in such a manner that it ends up completely gaunt. It works together with its owner and in the case it is given no work it will torment its owner by beating him, pulling his hair or ears and riding on his back until he ends up completely pale. During mealtime, too,
2700-413: The Pûks . The chores done by a Niß Puk are often very similar. With a Niß Puk working, caring, feeding and sweeping, the cattle is already fed in the morning, the threshing floor is swept, and the corn to be threshed the same day gets thrown on the threshing floor and made ready the preceding night. Thus, where there is prosperity, Niß Puk is said to dwell or reign. In Schleswig, Nis Puck also guards
2775-557: The Vegetable Lamb of Tartary , a sheeplike animal which supposedly grew tethered to the earth. A variety of mythical animals appear in the art and stories of the classical era . For example, in the Odyssey , monstrous creatures include the Cyclops , Scylla and Charybdis for the hero Odysseus to confront. Other tales include Medusa to be defeated by Perseus , the (human/bull) Minotaur to be destroyed by Theseus , and
2850-473: The 19th century therefore had a clear Danish nationalist connotation of laying a claim to the territory and objecting to the German claims. "Olsen's Map", published by the Danish cartographer Olsen in the 1830s, used this term, arousing a storm of protests by the duchy's German inhabitants. Even though many Danish nationalists, such as the National Liberal ideologue and agitator Orla Lehmann , used
2925-430: The Danish language of Anglia , where it can mean Danish Skrubtudse (→ Common toad ) Another possibility is Danish pusling , meaning “fat, swollen”, thus giving rise to the meaning “something swollen, hunchbacked”. Puk is also said to mean “small, not grown up”. The variant form nissebuk has encouraged the derivation of puk from buk ("buck goat or ram"), but this has been dismissed as folk etymology, though
3000-478: The German Confederation, and ethnically entirely German with no Danish population, use of that name implied that both provinces should belong to Germany and that their connection with Denmark should be weakened or altogether severed. After the German conquest in 1864, the term Sønderjylland became increasingly dominant among the Danish population, even though most Danes still had no objection to
3075-583: The bodies were entombed in wooden coffins originally, but only the iron nails remained. Towards the end of the Early Middle Ages , Schleswig formed part of the historical Lands of Denmark as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries in the wake of Viking expansion. The southern boundary of Denmark in the region of the Eider River and the Danevirke was
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3150-413: The chicken against the polecat 's thievery. The North Frisian Niskepuk grooms the horses and cows, cleans the fodder cribs, sweeps the barn, and places straw for threshing, all before morning breaks. Thus the cattle will prosper, the cows will give plenty of milk, and the sheep will regularly drop three or four lambs. It is good for the farmhands to be on the Niskepuk's good side. Then it might guard
3225-409: The children, both done invisibly, but they might sing: “ Wenn du mir nicht willst stricken das Wams, So will ich auch nicht mehr mahlen und wiegen. ” (“If you don’t want to knit me a waistcoat, then I don’t want to grind or cradle anymore.”), thus hinting at a desired reward. The Niß is also said to have served Faust in his endeavor to create the world's first nautical maps by steering him through
3300-594: The distinction between unfree labour and paid work was often vague. The feudal system was gradually abolished in the late 18th century, starting with the crown lands in 1765 and later the estates of the nobility. In 1805 all serfdom was abolished and land tenure reforms allowed former peasants to own their own farms. From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish-speaking population on the Angeln peninsula between Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in
3375-676: The duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan "Denmark to the Eider". This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and Holstein , which led to the Schleswig-Holstein question of the 19th century. When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in early 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans in the duchies. This led to the First Schleswig War (1848–51). The Schleswig-Holsteiners were supported by
3450-500: The earliest records, no distinction is made between North Jutland and South Jutland. Roman sources place the homeland of the tribe of Jutes north of the river Eider and that of the Angles south of it. The Angles in turn bordered the neighbouring Saxons . By the early Middle Ages, the region was inhabited by three groups: During the 14th century, the population on Schwansen began to speak Low German alongside Danish, but otherwise
3525-469: The early 1950s, it had nevertheless stabilised at a level four times higher than the pre-war number. In the Copenhagen-Bonn declaration of 1955, West Germany (later Germany as a whole) and Denmark promised to uphold the rights of each other's minority population. Today, both parts co-operate as a cross-border Euroregion : Region Sønderjylland–Schleswig . As Denmark and Germany are both part of
3600-547: The emergence of a unified Danish state. In May 1931, scientists of the National Museum of Denmark announced that they had unearthed eighteen Viking graves with the remains of eighteen men in them. The discovery came during excavations in Schleswig. The skeletons indicated that the men were bigger proportioned than twentieth-century Danish men. Each of the graves was laid out from east to west. Researchers surmised that
3675-565: The ethno-linguistic borders remained remarkably stable until around 1800, with the exception of the population in the towns that became increasingly German from the 14th century onwards. During the early Viking Age , Hedeby – Scandinavia's biggest trading centre – was located in this region, which is also the location of the interlocking fortifications known as the Danewerk or Danevirke . Its construction, and in particular its great expansion around 737, has been interpreted as an indication of
3750-561: The horn of a unicorn." This is because the translators of the King James erroneously translated the Hebrew word re'em as unicorn. Later versions translate this as wild ox. The unicorn's small size signifies the humility of Christ. Another common legendary creature that served allegorical functions within the Middle Ages was the dragon . Dragons were identified with serpents, though their attributes were greatly intensified. The dragon
3825-450: The horses at night, them making a crunching sound as if biting on iron, and will slap left and right whoever dares to find out whatever the horses are actually eating. In Pomerania, the Pûkse dwell in houses, particularly in mills, where they milk the cows, groom the horses, and work in the kitchen. The helpful Pûks can be heard clattering and hammering at night. In Schleswig-Holstein ,
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#17327983999923900-719: The house take care to leave the heap of chippings as is and drink the milk despite its barrel being dirtied, then the Nis Puk will stay. If a possible dwelling place for the Niskepuks , as they are known in North Frisia, is prepared, they are invited with the words “ Nu quad jem, glad Niskepuks ” (“Now come, dear Niskepuks ” in North Frisian language ). The Niskepuks will come to the house, dance through it for inspection and one of them will stay. A Niß mistreated by
3975-458: The name Schleswig , it began to assume a clear German nationalist character in the mid 19th century – especially when included in the combined term "Schleswig-Holstein". A central element of the German nationalistic claim was the insistence on Schleswig and Holstein being a single, indivisible entity (as they had been declared to be in the Treaty of Ribe 1460). Since Holstein was legally part of
4050-399: The neighbors at night. The Nisebok brings grain so that during threshing between every layer of rye straw there is a layer of pure rye grains. According to lore from the island of Rügen, a Puk travelling outside is usually on its way to rob as much money as its owner might want and need. Rarely, it might bring its owner disgusting dirt instead. The Pûks also steals linen forgotten at
4125-412: The nobility responded with a new agricultural system that restored prosperity. In the period 1600 to 1800 the region experienced the growth of manorialism of the sort common in the rye-growing regions of eastern Germany. The manors were large holdings with the work done by feudal peasant farmers. They specialized in high quality dairy products. Feudal lordship was combined with technical modernization, and
4200-468: The obligatory porridge with butter, the Puken or Pücken of the island of Föhr also like to be gifted soft woolen footwear and thick woolen waistcoats Again in Schleswig, the mistress of the house places milk and bread inside the cupboard for the Nisebok . This happens during evening when there is no maidservant observing her. When going to town, the mistress of the house takes care to buy raisin bread for
4275-583: The other great powers, Prussia had to retreat (in summer 1848 and again in summer 1850). This left the Schleswig-Holstein rebels to their fate. In 1851 the rebel government and its army were disbanded. In the London Protocol of 1852 the great powers confirmed that the king of Denmark was the duke of the duchies but also the status of the duchies as being distinct from Denmark proper. Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating
4350-492: The previous house owners can be won over by new owners through placing a bowl with sweet porridge with butter on the hayloft every evening for eight days (and every day afterwards) and giving it soft slippers on the ninth day. Afterwards, one can move in. The Nispuk can be bought but it demands for its owner's soul after his death. It can be sold twice. Its first and second owners thus will not go to hell but its third owner will have to, for he cannot get rid of it. In Pomerania,
4425-528: The same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of Tønder and south of Flensburg. From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. In Denmark, the National Liberal Party used the Schleswig question as part of their agitation and demanded that
4500-525: The sea in a box of glass. As reward for its services, the Niß Puk requests a bowl filled with sweet porridge, butter or milk placed at its spot. The Pomeranian Pûkse expect a bowl of milk, too. In Schleswig , Nische Puk is always expecting to be rewarded with porridge containing butter in the evening as is the Nispuk , the latter additionally expecting to get its owner's soul after his death. Besides
4575-458: The stable door so the farmhand can go visit his sweetheart, beating anybody trying to open the stable door with a club save for the farmhand for whom it opens and closes by itself. The farmhand might also find his early work done when coming home or having slept in. The Niskepuk might even move to its favorite farmhand's place after the farmer's death. Disbelieving farmhands or those taunting the Niskepuk will never have success in life. At night,
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#17327983999924650-881: The terms Nisse and Puck . The Nis Puk or Niß Puk can also be referred to as just Niß , Nis or Puk . The figure of the Nisse is widespread in Denmark, Norway, Scania, Halland and Blekinge (here as Goanisse or Godnisse≈the good Nisse), the figure of the Puk can further be found in the (formerly) German-speaking regions of Pomerania and Neumark , belonging partially or completely to Poland today. Variations of its name are Nißpuk , Niß-Puck , Nis Puck , Nis Puk , Nispuk , Niß Pug , Nisse Pok , Neß Puk , Nißkuk or Neßkuk , Nisebok , Nisebuk , Niskepuk or Nische Puk . Also there are Niß , Niss , Nis , Neß or Nisch . The Danish Nisse ( q.v. ) appears in earlier times to have been called puge , with medieval attestations, and
4725-406: The three duchies being governed jointly by Austria and Prussia . In 1866, they became a part of Prussia. In the 19th century, there was a naming dispute concerning the use of Schleswig or Slesvig and Sønderjylland ( Southern Jutland ). Originally the duchy was called Sønderjylland but in the late 14th century the name of the city Slesvig (now Schleswig ) started to be used for
4800-584: The throne of Denmark for much of the next century, so that the Danish kings were at odds with their cousins, the dukes of Slesvig. Feuds and marital alliances brought the Abel dynasty into a close connection with the German Duchy of Holstein by the 15th century. The latter was a fief subordinate to the Holy Roman Empire , while Schleswig remained a Danish fief. These dual loyalties were to become
4875-589: The two German powers culminated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Following the Peace of Prague , the victorious Prussians annexed both Schleswig and Holstein, creating the Province of Schleswig-Holstein . Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. In 1878, however, Austria-Hungary went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in
4950-409: The use of Schleswig as such (it is etymologically of Danish origin) and many of them still used it themselves in its Danish version Slesvig . An example is the founding of De Nordslesvigske Landboforeninger (The North Schleswig Farmers Association). In 1866, Schleswig and Holstein were legally merged into the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein . The naming dispute was resolved with
5025-482: The washing place. It flies there shaped as a long fiery boom with a broad head. When found in the act of stealing, the Pûks can be driven away by exclaiming: “ en schwînsdreck! en schwînsdreck! ” (“a pig dirt! a pig dirt!” in Low German) but it will leave behind a terrible stench and the linen has to be washed very long to be free from it. In Dunsum in North Frisia, the Puken are known to grind coffee or cradle
5100-425: The whole territory. The term Sønderjylland was hardly used between the 16th and 19th centuries, and in this period the name Schleswig had no special political connotations. However, around 1830 some Danes started to re-introduce the archaic term Sønderjylland to emphasize the area's history before its association with Holstein and its connection with the rest of Jutland . Its revival and widespread use in
5175-620: Was a duchy in Southern Jutland ( Sønderjylland ) covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 mi) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark . The territory has been divided between the two countries since 1920, with Northern Schleswig in Denmark and Southern Schleswig in Germany. The region is also called Sleswick in English. Unlike Holstein and Lauenburg , Schleswig
5250-531: Was already extinct in 1580 by the time of John the Elder . Following the Protestant Reformation , when Latin was replaced as the medium of church service by the vernacular languages, the diocese of Schleswig was divided and an autonomous archdeaconry of Haderslev created. On the west coast, the Danish diocese of Ribe ended about 5 km (3 mi) north of the present border. This created
5325-440: Was always heat present in these locations. Physical detail was not the central focus of the artists depicting such animals, and medieval bestiaries were not conceived as biological categorizations. Creatures like the unicorn and griffin were not categorized in a separate "mythological" section in medieval bestiaries, as the symbolic implications were of primary importance. Animals we know to have existed were still presented with
5400-480: Was believed that the only way for one to catch this beast was to lead a virgin to its dwelling. Then, the unicorn was supposed to leap into her lap and go to sleep, at which point a hunter could finally capture it. In terms of symbolism, the unicorn was a metaphor for Christ. Unicorns represented the idea of innocence and purity. In the King James Bible , Psalm 92 :10 states, "My horn shalt thou exalt like
5475-404: Was caused by a number of factors, most importantly the German defeat and an influx of a large number of refugees from the former Prussian eastern provinces, whose culture and appearance differed from the local Germans, who were mostly descendants of Danish families who had changed their nationality in the 19th century. The change in demographics created a temporary Danish majority in the region and
5550-459: Was never a part of the German Confederation . Schleswig was instead a fief of Denmark, and its inhabitants spoke Danish, German, and North Frisian. Both Danish and German National Liberals wanted Schleswig to be part of a Danish or German national state in the 19th century. A German uprising in March 1848 caused the First Schleswig War which ended in 1852. The Second Schleswig War (1864) ended with
5625-417: Was supposed to have been larger than all other animals. It was believed that the dragon had no harmful poison but was able to slay anything it embraced without any need for venom. Biblical scriptures speak of the dragon in reference to the devil, and they were used to denote sin in general during the Middle Ages. Dragons were said to have dwelled in places like Ethiopia and India, based on the idea that there
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