108-477: Ntaria Choir , formerly known as Ntaria Ladies Choir , Hermannsburg Ladies Choir , Hermannsburg Choir , and various other names, is a choir of Australian Aboriginal people from Hermannsburg in Central Australia . The members of the choir are Arrernte people from the area and they sing a mixture of English, Arrente , and Pitjantjatjara . It was initially a much larger church choir, and became
216-593: A Holocene hunter-gatherer sample ("Leang Panninge") from South Sulawesi , which shares high amounts of genetic drift with Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. This suggests that a population split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. The sample also shows genetic affinity with East Asians and the Andamanese people of South Asia. The authors note that this hunter-gatherer sample can be modelled with ~50% Papuan-related ancestry and either with ~50% East Asian or Andamanese Onge ancestry, highlighting
324-750: A self-titled debut album and charted four singles in Australia before moving to the United States in 1992 going on to chart more than fifteen singles on the US country charts, including ten number ones. Urban has proven extremely successful internationally and has won the Country Music Association Award for Male Vocalist of the Year three times and their top Entertainer of the Year honour twice. The Tamworth Country Music Festival
432-630: A 100,000 visitors annually. In 1974, popular cross-over artist Olivia Newton-John received the Country Music Association 's Top Female Vocalist award in the US, despite protest from American country purists. Her popular hits have included " I Honestly Love You " and " Tenterfield Saddler " by Australian singer-songwriter Peter Allen as well as country classics such as " Banks of the Ohio " and " Take Me Home, Country Roads ". Brian Young OAM (1935 – 15 May 2016), also known as
540-601: A 40-year international career upon cutting several popular sides in 1947 on the Regal Zonophone label including "Old Bush Shanty of Mine" and "Stockman's Lullaby". He toured with Willard (Bill) Ferrier's Famous Hillbillies in what was Sydney's first all-country format variety shows and became the voice of Australia's iconic Peters Ice Cream as the "Peter's Singing Cowboy". Reynolds achieved notoriety through song and screen performances worldwide, and later established 2 world records for yodeling. Slim Dusty (1927–2003)
648-418: A distinctly Australian bush ballad style, shifting from American songs to songs about Australia. He attained national popularity in the 1930s and formed a traveling "Rodeo and Wildwest Show" in the 1940s. In 1949 he travelled to North America and Europe enjoying great success as a stage hypnotist, working in film and with artists such as Hank Williams . He returned to Australia in the early 1960s, by which time
756-611: A gene flow from India to Australia: firstly, signs of South Asian components in Aboriginal Australian genomes, reported on the basis of genome-wide SNP data; and secondly, the existence of a Y chromosome (male) lineage, designated haplogroup C∗, with the most recent common ancestor about 5,000 years ago. The first type of evidence comes from a 2013 study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology using large-scale genotyping data from
864-469: A generation of performers had carved a place for the Australian themed country music he pioneered. Smoky Dawson cut his first recording in 1941: "I'm a Happy Go Lucky Cowhand". In 1952, Dawson began a radio show, and went on to national stardom as a yodelling, whip cracking, knife throwing, singing cowboy of radio, TV and film. Known as "Canada's Yodelling Cowboy", Donn Reynolds (1921–1997) began
972-449: A more Americanised popular country music in Australia included Tex Morton (known as The Father of Australian Country Music ) in the 1930s and other early stars like Buddy Williams , Shirley Thoms and Smoky Dawson . In 1932, Tex Morton arrived from New Zealand, aged 16, and humped his swag around outback stations where he began to earn a name as a performer. In 1936 he cut his first commercial records in Australia. He went on to establish
1080-719: A number of country covers including several on his 1986 album Kicking Against the Pricks , which has such well-known country classics as " By the Time I Get to Phoenix ", " Long Black Veil " and "The Singer" (a.k.a. "The Folksinger"). In 2000, Cash, covered Cave's " The Mercy Seat " on the album American III: Solitary Man . Subsequently, Cave cut a duet with Cash on a version of Hank Williams ' " I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry " for Cash's American IV: The Man Comes Around album (2002). Popular and emerging contemporary performers of Australian country include: Lee Kernaghan (whose hits include
1188-694: A person as Indigenous. (Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct, despite extensive cultural exchange with some of the Aboriginal groups, and the Torres Strait Islands are mostly part of Queensland but have a separate governmental status .) Some Aboriginal people object to being labelled Indigenous , as an artificial and denialist term, because some non-Aboriginal people have referred to themselves as indigenous because they were born in Australia. Australian Indigenous people have beliefs unique to each mob ( tribe ) and have
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#17327835638001296-598: A pool of Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians, and Indians. It found that the New Guinea and Mamanwa (Philippines area) groups diverged from the Aboriginal about 36,000 years ago (there is supporting evidence that these populations are descended from migrants taking an early "southern route" out of Africa, before other groups in the area). Also the Indian and Australian populations mixed long before European contact, with this gene flow occurring during
1404-615: A profound spiritual connection. Over the millennia, Aboriginal people developed complex trade networks, inter-cultural relationships, law and religions. Contemporary Aboriginal beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared through dancing , stories , songlines , and art that collectively weave an ontology of modern daily life and ancient creation known as
1512-495: A single group. Aboriginal identity has changed over time and place, with family lineage, self-identification, and community acceptance all of varying importance. In the 2021 census , Indigenous Australians comprised 3.8% of Australia's population. Most Aboriginal people today speak English and live in cities. Some may use Aboriginal phrases and words in Australian Aboriginal English (which also has
1620-411: A spirit creates the earth then tells the humans to treat the animals and the earth in a way which is respectful to land. In Northern Territory this is commonly said to be a huge snake or snakes that weaved its way through the earth and sky making the mountains and oceans. But in other places the spirits who created the world are known as wandjina rain and water spirits. Major ancestral spirits include
1728-470: A strong connection to the land. Contemporary Indigenous Australian beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared by dancing , stories , songlines and art —especially Papunya Tula (dot painting)—collectively telling
1836-466: A style quite distinct from its US counterpart, influenced by English, Irish and Scottish folk ballads and by the traditions of Australian bush balladeers like Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson . Country instruments, including the guitar , banjo , fiddle and harmonica create the distinctive sound of country music in Australia and accompany songs with strong storyline and memorable chorus and lyrics. The style of Australian country music evolved under
1944-427: A tangible influence of Aboriginal languages in the phonology and grammatical structure ). Many but not all also speak the various traditional languages of their clans and peoples. Aboriginal people, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of severe health and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community. DNA studies have confirmed that "Aboriginal Australians are one of
2052-496: A women-only choir from the 1970s to sometime in the 2010s. As a female choir, they have performed as part of the Central Australian Aboriginal Women's Choir ( CAAWC ). The choir has its roots in work done by Lutheran pastors Kempe and Schwartz in 1887. They created an Arrernte language hymn book, transcribing 53 hymns into Western Arrernte . The congregation learnt to sing them, and a choir
2160-761: Is an annual country music festival held in Tamworth, New South Wales . the country music capital of Australia. It celebrates the culture and heritage of Australian country music. During the festival the Country Music Association of Australia holds the Country Music Awards of Australia ceremony awarding the Golden Guitar trophies and the Tamworth Songwriters Association hosts the annual Tamworth Songwriters Association Songwriting Awards. Another important Country festival,
2268-773: Is an increase in allele sharing between the Denisovan and Aboriginal Australian genomes, compared to other Eurasians or Africans. Examining DNA from a finger bone excavated in Siberia , researchers concluded that the Denisovans migrated from Siberia to tropical parts of Asia and that they interbred with modern humans in Southeast Asia 44,000 years BP, before Australia separated from New Guinea approximately 11,700 years BP. They contributed DNA to Aboriginal Australians and to present-day New Guineans and an indigenous tribe in
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#17327835638002376-477: Is based on the Aboriginal peoples' geographical isolation, with little or no interaction with outside cultures before some contact with Makassan fishermen and Dutch explorers up to 500 years ago. The Rasmussen study also found evidence that Aboriginal peoples carry some genes associated with the Denisovans (a species of human related to but distinct from Neanderthals ) of Asia; the study suggests that there
2484-441: Is evidence that authentic, yet contemporary Australian bush country has not died with his passing". Her Australian accent, song subject matter and collaborations with established balladeers John Williamson and Paul Kelly link her to the oldest traditions of Australian country music. In the United States, Australian country music stars including Sherrié Austin and Keith Urban have attained great success. In 1991, Urban released
2592-521: Is generally known as "bush music" or " bush band music". Country and folk artists such as Gary Shearston , Lionel Long , Margaret Roadknight , Tex Morton , Slim Dusty , Rolf Harris , The Bushwackers , John Williamson , and John Schumann of the band Redgum have continued to record and popularise the old bush ballads of Australia through the 20th and into the 21st century – and contemporary artists including Pat Drummond , Sara Storer and Lee Kernaghan draw heavily on this heritage. Pioneers of
2700-527: Is known as The Sheik of Scrubby Creek. Johnny Ashcroft had an early country-rock chart success in Australia and New Zealand while Frank Ifield achieved considerable success in the early 1960s, especially in the UK Singles Charts. Reg Lindsay was one of the first Australians to perform at Nashville 's Grand Ole Opry in 1974. His international hit Armstrong , a tribute to the historic 1969 Moon landing by American astronaut Neil Armstrong
2808-480: Is no evidence for South Asian gene flow to Australia .... Despite Sahul being a single connected landmass until [8,000 years ago], different groups across Australia are nearly equally related to Papuans, and vice versa, and the two appear to have separated genetically already [about 30,000 years ago]." Aboriginal Australians possess inherited abilities to adapt to a wide range of environmental temperatures in various ways. A study in 1958 comparing cold adaptation in
2916-883: Is now included in a time capsule at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Ted Egan began recording in 1969 and has released 28 albums, mostly themed around outback life, history and Aboriginal affairs. Eric Bogle 's 1972 folk lament to the Gallipoli campaign " And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda " recalled the Celtic origins of Australian folk-country. Singer-songwriter John Williamson began to build his reputation as an iconic Australian entertainer with his 1970 performance of his first song " Old Man Emu " on New Faces (influenced by novelty works of Rolf Harris such as " Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport "). It
3024-453: Is only in the last two hundred years that they have been defined and started to self-identify as a single group, socio-politically. While some preferred the term Aborigine to Aboriginal in the past, as the latter was seen to have more directly discriminatory legal origins, use of the term Aborigine has declined in recent decades, as many consider the term an offensive and racist hangover from Australia's colonial era. The definition of
3132-502: Is that the desert people are able to have a higher body temperature without accelerating the activity of the whole of the body, which can be especially detrimental in childhood diseases. This helps protect people to survive the side-effects of infection. Aboriginal people have lived for tens of thousands of years on the continent of Australia , through its various changes in landmass. The area within Australia 's borders today includes
3240-497: The ARIA Charts . The cross-over influence of Australian country is also evident in the music of successful contemporary bands The Waifs and The John Butler Trio . Singer-songwriter Paul Kelly whose music style straddles folk, rock, and country is often described as the "poet laureate" of Australian music. Eclectic rocker Nick Cave has been heavily influenced by the US country music artist Johnny Cash . Cave has recorded
3348-564: The Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples, creating a sub-genre often termed Aboriginal country music. Jimmy Little was a pioneer, Georgia Lee was of the same era (1940s–50s). Dougie Young , Lionel Rose , and Harry and Wilga Williams and their band the Country Outcasts were very popular during the 1960s and 1970s. Gus Williams , Auriel Andrew , and Isaac Yamma were active from
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3456-595: The Australian Roll of Renown . Notable musicians include: Adam Brand , Adam Harvey , Amber Lawrence , Caitlyn Shadbolt , Christie Lamb , Jasmine Rae , Troy Cassar-Daley , Davidson Brothers , Slim Dusty , Steve Forde , Joy McKean (Australia’s Grand Lady Of Country Music), Jean Stafford (Australia’s Queen Of Country Music), Olivia Newton-John , Lionel Long , John Williamson , Chad Morgan , Keith Urban , O'Shea , Lee Kernaghan , Melinda Schneider , Kasey Chambers and Beccy Cole . Others influenced by
3564-596: The Australian bush . Coster wrote popular Dusty bush ballads including " Cunnamulla Fella " and "Three Rivers Hotel" based on his own experience of working as a sheep hand and railway construction worker. Drawing on his travels and such writers over a span of decades, Dusty almost inadvertently chronicled the story of a rapidly changing post-war Australian nation. Nevertheless, the arrival of rock and roll music saw major metropolitan music radio stations abandon support for country artists like Dusty and despite record sales in
3672-450: The CC BY 4.0 license. Aboriginal country music Australian country music is a part of the music of Australia . There is a broad range of styles, from bluegrass , to yodeling to folk to the more popular. The genre has been influenced by Celtic and English folk music, the Australian bush ballad tradition, and popular American country music . Themes include: outback life,
3780-490: The CSIRO stressed the importance of taking a demand-driven approach to services in desert settlements, and concluded that "if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and ineffective in the long term." [REDACTED] This article incorporates text by Anders Bergström et al. available under
3888-949: The Deadly Awards , a celebration of Indigenous musicians and their music. The Mildura Country Music Festival celebrates the Australian Independent Country Music Awards every October. Other significant country music festivals include the Whittlesea Country Music Festival held north of Melbourne in February, Boyup Brook Country Music Festival held in Western Australian in February, Bamera Country Music Festival held in South Australia in June,
3996-757: The Golden Guitar Awards to the new body. By the 1990s, Country music had attained cross-over success in the pop charts with artists like James Blundell , James Reyne singing " Way Out West ", and country star Kasey Chambers winning the ARIA Award for Best Female Artist in 2000, 2002 and 2003 and becoming the youngest artist to ever be inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame . The daughter of steel guitarist Bill Chambers , Kasey Chambers' hits include " Not Pretty Enough " (2002), " True Colours " (2003) and " Pony " (2004), which were all top ten hits in
4104-474: The Gympie Muster began in near Gympie , Queensland in 1982. The non-profit community-based festival raises funds for charity and attracts around 25,000 fans to listen to stars and new talents alike. As well as mainstream Australian country the event showcases the breadth of contemporary Australian country: from folk and bush poetry, to alternative country . Indigenous country music is in evidence at
4212-590: The Initial Upper Paleolithic . They are most closely related to other Oceanians , such as Melanesians . The Aboriginal Australians also show affinity to other Australasian populations, such as Negritos , as well as to East Asian peoples . Phylogenetic data suggests that an early initial eastern lineage (ENA) trifurcated somewhere in South Asia , and gave rise to Australasians (Oceanians), Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI), Andamanese and
4320-712: The Kimberley region in what is now Western Australia about 60,000 years ago. They migrated across the continent within 6,000 years. A 2018 study using archaeobotany dated evidence of continuous human habitation at Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) in the Carnarvon Range in the Little Sandy Desert in WA from around 50,000 years ago. Genetic studies have revealed that Aboriginal Australians largely descended from an Eastern Eurasian population wave during
4428-685: The Kirchentag festival in Stuttgart . This is a major biennial event in the Protestant church calendar that attracts around 100,000 visitors. The CAAWC group also toured around Australia in 2016. On 3 May 2019, the choir sang songs by Bach when they performed on the opening night concert of the Canberra International Music Festival , under choirmaster David Roenfeldt. They subsequently gave performances in
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4536-683: The Northern Territory to study their genetic makeup (which is not representative of all Aboriginal peoples in Australia). The study concluded that the Warlpiri are descended from ancient Asians whose DNA is still somewhat present in Southeastern Asian groups, although greatly diminished. The Warlpiri DNA lacks certain information found in modern Asian genomes, and carries information not found in other genomes. This reinforces
4644-459: The Pleistocene epoch and lived over large sections of the Australian continental shelf when the sea levels were lower. At that time, Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea were part of the same landmass, known as Sahul . As sea levels rose, the people on the Australian mainland and nearby islands became increasingly isolated, some on Tasmania and some of the smaller offshore islands when
4752-627: The Rainbow Serpent , Baiame , Dirawong and Bunjil . Similarly, the Arrernte people of central Australia believed that humanity originated from great superhuman ancestors who brought the sun, wind and rain as a result of breaking through the surface of the Earth when waking from their slumber. Taken as a whole, Aboriginal Australians, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of health and economic deprivations in comparison with
4860-421: The 1940s to the 1990s. In 1992, the Country Music Association of Australia was launched in Tamworth, New South Wales to encourage, develop and promote Australian country music. Slim Dusty was its first chairman, John Williamson its vice chairman, Joy McKean was treasurer, Max Ellis secretary and Phil Matthews public officer. After negotiations, Tamworth's Radio 2TM agreed to hand over responsibility for
4968-778: The 1970s and 1980s, when Aboriginal people moved to tiny remote settlements on traditional land, brought health benefits, but funding them proved expensive, training and employment opportunities were not provided in many cases, and support from governments dwindled in the 2000s, particularly in the era of the Howard government . Indigenous communities in remote Australia are often small, isolated towns with basic facilities, on traditionally owned land . These communities have between 20 and 300 inhabitants and are often closed to outsiders for cultural reasons. The long-term viability and resilience of Aboriginal communities in desert areas has been discussed by scholars and policy-makers. A 2007 report by
5076-584: The 1970s, and the 1980s brought Roger Knox ("godfather of Koori music" ), Warren H. Williams , Kev Carmody , Archie Roach , Ruby Hunter , Tiddas , and the Warumpi Band , among many others. Troy Cassar-Daley is among Australia's successful contemporary Indigenous performers. Carmody and Roach have employed a combination of folk-rock and country music to sing about Aboriginal rights issues. The book, documentary film, and soundtrack Buried Country (2000) showcase significant Indigenous musicians from
5184-621: The 1970s, the choir became a women-only choir, becoming known as Ntaria Ladies Choir or Hermannsburg Ladies Choir. In May 2003, The choir performed with the Sydney Symphony , with the performance recorded by ABC Classic . In 2015, the choir travelled overseas as part of the Central Australian Aboriginal Women's Choir (CAAWC), at the invitation of a Lutheran church in Bavaria , Germany, to perform at
5292-677: The 19th century. Scholars believe that most Aboriginal Australians originated from Southeast Asia. If this is the case, Aboriginal Australians were among the first in the world to have completed sea voyages. A 2017 paper in Nature evaluated artefacts in Kakadu . Its authors concluded "Human occupation began around 65,000 years ago." A 2021 study by researchers at the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage has mapped
5400-572: The 200th anniversary of the voyage of Captain James Cook along the coast of Eastern Australia. The pioneers of Australian country music Slim Dusty , Joy McKean , Barry Thornton, "Smiling" Billy Blinkhorn, Smoky Dawson , Shirley Thoms and Buddy Bishop all featured in the concert which contributed to a revival of interest in Australian country music which had struggled for airplay since the arrival of rock and roll in Australia. The Tamworth Country Music Festival began in 1973 and now attracts up to
5508-400: The 2017 Melbourne International Film Festival , won an ATOM Award , and was nominated for several awards. In 2021, Olga Radke published a book about the 1967 tour , entitled Hermannsburg Choir on Tour - Remembering the 1967 Choir Tour . The book includes her original detailed "Choir Tour Diary", and a CD of digitally remastered music was released at the same time. David Roenfeldt prepared
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#17327835638005616-496: The Dreaming . Studies of Aboriginal groups' genetic makeup are ongoing, but evidence suggests that they have genetic inheritance from ancient Asian but not more modern peoples. They share some similarities with Papuans , but have been isolated from Southeast Asia for a very long time. They have a broadly shared, complex genetic history, but only in the last 200 years were they defined by others as, and started to self-identify as,
5724-620: The East/Southeast Asian lineage, including ancestors of the Native Americans . Papuans may have received approximately 2% of their geneflow from an earlier group (xOOA) as well, next to additional archaic admixture in the Sahul region. Aboriginal people are genetically most similar to the indigenous populations of Papua New Guinea , and more distantly related to groups from East Indonesia. They are more distinct from
5832-634: The Grabine Music Muster Festival; Marilyns Country Music Festival is a unique event held in South Australia's Smoky Bay annually in September and is the only music festival in the world using an oyster barge as a stage. Along with the festivals above, there are also event that include country music such as Musters, Field Days and rural shows. Australian country music is promoted heavily through dedicated media outlets in Australia including: Planet Country with Big Stu & MJ
5940-556: The Hill ". Their daughter Anne Kirkpatrick is also a successful singer-songwriter. The family began annual round Australia tours in 1964 – encompassing a 30,000-mile, 10-month journey which was the subject of a feature film, The Slim Dusty Movie in 1984. Although himself an accomplished writer of songs, Dusty had a number of other songwriters including Mack Cormack, Gordon Parsons , Stan Coster and Kelly Dixon who were typically short on formal education but big on personal experience of
6048-881: The Holocene ( c. 4,200 years ago). The researchers had two theories for this: either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those Indian genes to Aboriginal Australians, or a group of Indians migrated from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals directly. However, a 2016 study in Current Biology by Anders Bergström et al. excluded the Y chromosome as providing evidence for recent gene flow from India into Australia. The study authors sequenced 13 Aboriginal Australian Y chromosomes using recent advances in gene sequencing technology. They investigated their divergence times from Y chromosomes in other continents, including comparing
6156-881: The Long Yard", or in Keith Urban reworking of the Slim Dusty/Joy McKean classic " Lights on the Hill ". The distinctive themes and origins of Australia's bush music can be traced to the songs sung by the convicts who were sent to Australia during the early period of the British colonisation, beginning in 1788. Early Australian ballads sing of the harsh ways of life of the epoch and of such people and events as bushrangers , swagmen , drovers , stockmen and shearers . Convict and bushranger verses often railed against government tyranny. Classic bush songs on such themes include: " The Wild Colonial Boy ", " Click Go
6264-895: The National Country Muster held in Gympie during August and the Canberra Country Music Festival held in the national capital during November. Some festivals are quite unique in their location: the Groundwater Country Music Festival is held beachside in Broadbeach , on the beautiful Gold Coast annually on the last weekend in July. Grabine State Park in New South Wales promotes Australian country music through
6372-748: The Northern, Southern and Central cultural areas. The Northern and Southern areas, having richer natural marine and woodland resources, were more densely populated than the Central area. There are various other names from Australian Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography , known as demonyms , including: Other group names are based on the language group or specific dialect spoken . These also coincide with geographical regions of varying sizes. A few examples are: However, these lists are neither exhaustive nor definitive, and there are overlaps. Different approaches have been taken by non-Aboriginal scholars in trying to understand and define Aboriginal culture and societies, some focusing on
6480-653: The Philippines known as Mamanwa . This study confirms Aboriginal Australians as one of the oldest living populations in the world. They are possibly the oldest outside Africa, and they may have the oldest continuous culture on the planet. A 2016 study at the University of Cambridge suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached Sahul (the supercontinent consisting of present-day Australia and its islands and New Guinea ). The sea levels rose and isolated Australia about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP, possibly because
6588-516: The Shears ", "The Eumeralla Shore", "The Drover's Dream", "The Queensland Drover", "The Dying Stockman" and " Moreton Bay ". Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginal identity and of the railways and trucking routes which link Australia's vast distances. Isolation and loneliness of life in the Australian bush has been another theme. For much of its history, Australia's bush music belonged to an oral and folkloric tradition, and
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#17327835638006696-483: The Singing Rough Rider, the Singing Bushman, and the Voice Of The Outback, was born in Ayr, Queensland . His first recording was an EP in 1962 and he later released several albums on Opal Records, the last in 2007. His touring Brian Young Show, which toured to some of the most remote places in Australia by chartered aeroplane, brought major country music stars such as Jimmy Little, Col Hardy, Auriel Andrew , Roger Knox , Troy Cassar-Daley , and Beccy Cole to fans around
6804-444: The ancient people expanded and differentiated into distinct groups, each with its own language and culture. More than 400 distinct Australian Aboriginal peoples have been identified, distinguished by names designating their ancestral languages, dialects, or distinctive speech patterns. According to noted anthropologist , archaeologist and sociologist Harry Lourandos , historically, these groups lived in three main cultural areas,
6912-424: The choir in the 1950s. In January 1956 the Hermannsburg choir travelled interstate for the first time, travelling to South Australia with conductor David Trudinger, where they recorded The Heart of Aranda . In September 1967, the 24-person choir, half men and half women, toured South Australia and Victoria , on a trip planned to coincide with the 90th anniversary of Hermannsburg. On this trip, Pastor Doug Radke
7020-399: The contemporary country classic " Boys From the Bush ") and sister Tania Kernaghan , Melinda Schneider , Gina Jeffreys , Beccy Cole , Felicity Urquhart , Shannon Noll , Tracy Coster , Sara Storer , and brother Doug Storer. Sara Storer's award-winning second album Beautiful Circle prompted Melbourne's The Age newspaper to report that "As we lament the death of Slim Dusty , here
7128-452: The deep split between Leang Panninge and Aboriginal/Papuans. Mallick et al. 2016 and Mark Lipson et al. 2017 study found the bifurcation of Eastern Eurasians and Western Eurasians dates to least 45,000 years ago, with indigenous Australians nested inside the Eastern Eurasian clade. Two genetic studies by Larena et al. 2021 found that Philippines Negrito people split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans before
7236-497: The desert-dwelling Pitjantjatjara people compared with a group of European people showed that the cooling adaptation of the Aboriginal group differed from that of the white people, and that they were able to sleep more soundly through a cold desert night. A 2014 Cambridge University study found that a beneficial mutation in two genes which regulate thyroxine , a hormone involved in regulating body metabolism , helps to regulate body temperature in response to fever. The effect of this
7344-413: The foyer of Parliament House ; at the National Museum of Australia ; and at the National Gallery of Australia . Former choirmasters include pastors Carl Strehlow and Paul Albrecht, Aboriginal country music singer Gus Williams , and, in the 2010s, David Roenfeldt. In 2003 the choir was the subject of Andrew Schultz 's documentary Journey to Horseshoe Bend (aka Cantata Journey ), which tells
7452-400: The genre include Paul Kelly and Tex Perkins . Popular songs include When the Rain Tumbles Down in July (1946), Waltzing Matilda (1895), Pub With No Beer (1957), Lights on the Hill (1973), I Honestly Love You (1974), True Blue (1981), Boys From the Bush (1992), and Not Pretty Enough (2002). Australia has a long tradition of country music , which has developed
7560-525: The haplogroup C chromosomes. They found a divergence time of about 54,100 years between the Sahul C chromosome and its closest relative C5, as well as about 54,300 years between haplogroups K*/M and their closest haplogroups R and Q. The deep divergence time of 50,000-plus years with the South Asian chromosome and "the fact that the Aboriginal Australian Cs share a more recent common ancestor with Papuan Cs" excludes any recent genetic contact. The 2016 study's authors concluded that, although this does not disprove
7668-401: The idea of ancient Aboriginal isolation. Genetic data extracted in 2011 by Morten Rasmussen et al., who took a DNA sample from an early-20th-century lock of an Aboriginal person's hair, found that the Aboriginal ancestors probably migrated through South Asia and Maritime Southeast Asia , into Australia, where they stayed. As a result, outside of Africa, the Aboriginal peoples have occupied
7776-653: The increased suicide rate, many researchers have suggested that the inclusion of more cultural aspects into suicide prevention programs would help to combat mental health issues within the community. Past studies have found that many indigenous leaders and community members, do in fact, want more culturally-aware health care programs. Similarly, culturally-relative programs targeting indigenous youth have actively challenged suicide ideation among younger indigenous populations, with many social and emotional wellbeing programs using cultural information to provide coping mechanisms and improving mental health. The outstation movement of
7884-511: The indigenous populations of Borneo and Malaysia , sharing drift with them than compared to the groups from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. This indicates that populations in Australia were isolated for a long time from the rest of Southeast Asia. They remained untouched by migrations and population expansions into that area, which can be explained by the Wallace line . In a 2001 study, blood samples were collected from some Warlpiri people in
7992-638: The influence of rock and roll forms. While some subject matter may be constant, musical styles differ between traditional and contemporary bush ballads. Exemplars of the traditional bush ballad style include Slim Dusty 's " When the Rain Tumbles Down in July " or "Leave Him in the Long Yard" which have strong narrative in verses plus choruses set to a pick n' strum beat. Contemporary bush ballads may employ finger picking and strumming rock styles as in Lee Kernaghan 's later version of "Leave Him in
8100-572: The islands of Tasmania , K'gari (previously Fraser Island) , Hinchinbrook Island , the Tiwi Islands , Kangaroo Island and Groote Eylandt . Indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, however, are not Aboriginal. In the 2021 census , people who self-identified on the census form as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin totalled 812,728 out of a total of 25,422,788 Australians, equating to 3.2% of Australia's population and an increase of 163,557 people, or 25.2%, since
8208-455: The land was inundated at the start of the Holocene , the inter-glacial period that started about 11,700 years ago. Scholars of this ancient history believe that it would have been difficult for Aboriginal people to have originated purely from mainland Asia. Not enough people would have migrated to Australia and surrounding islands to fulfill the beginning of the size of the population seen in
8316-406: The last 10,000 years it may have occurred—newer analytical techniques have the potential to address such questions. Bergstrom's 2018 doctoral thesis looking at the population of Sahul suggests that other than relatively recent admixture, the populations of the region appear to have been genetically independent from the rest of the world since their divergence about 50,000 years ago. He writes "There
8424-524: The latter two diverged from each other, but after their common ancestor diverged from the ancestor of East Asian peoples . The dingo reached Australia about 4,000 years ago. Near that time, there were changes in language (with the Pama-Nyungan language family spreading over most of the mainland), and in stone tool technology. Smaller tools were used. Human contact has thus been inferred, and genetic data of two kinds have been proposed to support
8532-496: The likely migration routes of the peoples as they moved across the Australian continent to its southern reaches and what is now Tasmania , then part of the mainland. The modelling is based on data from archaeologists , anthropologists , ecologists , geneticists , climatologists , geomorphologists , and hydrologists . It is intended to compare this data with the oral histories of Aboriginal peoples, including Dreaming stories, Australian rock art , and linguistic features of
8640-413: The lives of stockmen , truckers and outlaws , songs of romance and of political protest; and songs about the "beauty and the terror" of the Australian bush. Early pioneers of the genre included Tex Morton , Smoky Dawson (touted as Australia's first singing cowboy), Buddy Williams , Slim Dusty and Johnny Ashcroft , Reg Lindsay and Jean Stafford (Early Hadley Recordings) who are all members of
8748-423: The many Aboriginal languages which reveal how the peoples developed separately. The routes, dubbed "superhighways" by the authors, are similar to current highways and stock routes in Australia. Lynette Russell of Monash University believes that the new model is a starting point for collaboration with Aboriginal people to help reveal their history. The new models suggest that the first people may have landed in
8856-403: The micro-level (tribe, clan, etc.), and others on shared languages and cultural practices spread over large regions defined by ecological factors. Anthropologists have encountered many difficulties in trying to define what constitutes an Aboriginal people/community/group/tribe, let alone naming them. Knowledge of pre-colonial Aboriginal cultures and societal groupings is still largely dependent on
8964-430: The multi millions, he and other successful Australian country artists were rarely heard on air outside regional centres in Australia until the new cross-over pop-country styles of the 1990s began to be heard again on city airwaves. In 1951, country singer-songwriter Reg Lindsay began broadcasting on Sydney radio and remained on air for 12 years. In 1964 he took over Channel 9 's The Country & Western Hour , which
9072-699: The nation. He was named Songmaker of the Year by the Tamworth Songwriters Association (TSA), and in 2000. won their Tex Morton Award and the Outback Trailblazer Award. He was a winner of a Golden Guitar Award Winner, and in 1999 was inducted into the Australian Country Music Roll of Renown at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. In 2001, he was honoured with an Order of Australia Medal. Country music has been particularly popular among
9180-411: The observers' interpretations, which were filtered through colonial ways of viewing societies. Some Aboriginal peoples identify as one of several saltwater, freshwater, rainforest or desert peoples . The term Aboriginal Australians includes many distinct peoples who have developed across Australia for over 50,000 years. These peoples have a broadly shared, though complex, genetic history, but it
9288-418: The oldest continuous cultures in the world, although this is disputed. At the time of European colonisation of Australia, the Aboriginal people consisted of complex cultural societies with more than 250 languages and varying degrees of technology and settlements. Languages (or dialects) and language-associated groups of people are connected with stretches of territory known as "Country", with which they have
9396-638: The oldest living populations in the world, certainly the oldest outside of Africa." Their ancestors left the African continent 75,000 years ago. They may have the oldest continuous culture on earth. In Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory , oral histories comprising complex narratives have been passed down by Yolngu people through hundreds of generations. The Aboriginal rock art , dated by modern techniques, shows that their culture has continued from ancient times. The ancestors of present-day Aboriginal Australian people migrated from Southeast Asia by sea during
9504-421: The original 250–400 Aboriginal languages (more than 250 languages and about 800 dialectal varieties on the continent) are endangered or extinct, although some efforts are being made at language revival for some. As of 2016, only 13 traditional Indigenous languages were still being acquired by children, and about another 100 spoken by older generations only. Dispersing across the Australian continent over time,
9612-420: The other studies had utilised complete Y chromosome sequencing, which has the highest precision. For example, use of a ten Y STRs method has been shown to massively underestimate divergence times. Gene flow across the island-dotted 150-kilometre-wide (93 mi) Torres Strait, is both geographically plausible and demonstrated by the data, although at this point it could not be determined from this study when within
9720-440: The presence of any Holocene gene flow or non-genetic influences from South Asia at that time, and the appearance of the dingo does provide strong evidence for external contacts, the evidence overall is consistent with a complete lack of gene flow, and points to indigenous origins for the technological and linguistic changes. They attributed the disparity between their results and previous findings to improvements in technology; none of
9828-414: The previous census in 2016. Reasons for the increase were broadly as follows: Most Aboriginal people speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English (which also has a tangible influence of Aboriginal languages in the phonology and grammatical structure ). Some Aboriginal people, especially those living in remote areas, are multi-lingual. Many of
9936-541: The re-release of the digitally remastered music of the 1967 tour to accompany Olga Radke's 2021 book. The choir is now called Ntaria Choir, and once again includes men. As of 2020 there were eight people in the choir, who sing in Western Arrarnta and Pitjantjatjara ; they are Marion Swift, Clarabelle Swift, David and lily Roennfeldt, Sonya Braybon, Genise Williams, Damien Williams and Nicholas Williams. Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal Australians are
10044-487: The remaining land bridge was impassable. This isolation makes the Aboriginal people the world's oldest culture. The study also found evidence of an unknown hominin group, distantly related to Denisovans, with whom the Aboriginal and Papuan ancestors must have interbred, leaving a trace of about 4% in most Aboriginal Australians' genome. There is, however, increased genetic diversity among Aboriginal Australians based on geographical distribution. Carlhoff et al. 2021 analysed
10152-406: The same territory continuously longer than any other human populations. These findings suggest that modern Aboriginal Australians are the direct descendants of the eastern wave, who left Africa up to 75,000 years ago. This finding is compatible with earlier archaeological finds of human remains near Lake Mungo that date to approximately 40,000 years ago. The idea of the "oldest continuous culture"
10260-531: The smaller offshore islands and Tasmania when the land was inundated at the start of the Holocene inter-glacial period , about 11,700 years ago. Despite this, Aboriginal people maintained extensive networks within the continent and certain groups maintained relationships with Torres Strait Islanders and the Makassar people of modern-day Indonesia. Aboriginal Australians have a wide variety of cultural practices and beliefs that some scientists believe make up
10368-589: The story of creation known as The Dreamtime . Additionally, traditional healers were also custodians of important Dreaming stories as well as their medical roles (for example the Ngangkari in the Western desert ). Some core structures and themes are shared across the continent with details and additional elements varying between language and cultural groups. For example, in The Dreamtime of most regions,
10476-555: The story of their performance with the Sydney Symphony in May of that year. In 2005 the choir were featured in An Aural Map Of Australia , a documentary profiling experimental artist and violinist Jon Rose . The 2015 trip to Stuttgart with CAAWC became the subject of a documentary film called The Song Keepers (2017), directed by Naina Sen and produced by Sen, Trisha Morton-Thomas and others. The film showed at
10584-409: The term Aboriginal has changed over time and place, with the importance of family lineage, self-identification and community acceptance all being of varying importance. The term Indigenous Australians refers to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and the term is conventionally only used when both groups are included in the topic being addressed, or by self-identification by
10692-482: The two states. The tour has been long remembered by Hermannsburg residents, and Radke commented that it resembled a "missionary venture... in reverse", educating non-Indigenous southerners in Christian ways towards "the strangers of our society - the aborigines [sic]". Radke and his wife, Olga Radke , who had been organist and accompanist on the tour, left the mission in 1969 to work at other Lutheran churches. From
10800-474: The various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the Torres Strait Islands . Humans first migrated to Australia at least 65,000 years ago, and over time formed as many as 500 language-based groups . In the past, Aboriginal people lived over large sections of the continental shelf . They were isolated on many of
10908-517: The wider Australian community. Due to the aforementioned disadvantage, Aboriginal Australian communities experience a higher rate of suicide, as compared to non-indigenous communities. These issues stem from a variety of different causes unique to indigenous communities, such as historical trauma, socioeconomic disadvantage, and decreased access to education and health care. Also, this problem largely affects indigenous youth, as many indigenous youth may feel disconnected from their culture. To combat
11016-492: The year 2000 and was given the honour of singing Waltzing Matilda in the closing ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games . Dusty was accorded a state funeral upon his death and with over 7 million Australian record sales he remains Australia's most successful domestic music artist. Slim Dusty's wife Joy McKean penned several of his most popular songs including "Indian Pacific", "The Biggest Disappointment" and " Lights on
11124-491: Was born. Singing was always an important part of the church activities, and there were many versions of the choir over the years. German-born pastor Carl Strehlow was the choirmaster in the early years. In the 1920s, the Hermannsburg teacher's wife, a Mrs Heinrich, taught some of the residents how to sing in harmony. The choir was a large mixed-sex choir until the 1970s, and artist Albert Namatjira may have sung with
11232-485: Was conductor, and Aboriginal country music singer Gus Williams acted as compère and lead singer, together recording Hermannsburg Choir on Tour 1967 . They performed at Adelaide Town Hall (the highlight of the tour, for the choir) Bethlehem Lutheran Church , and other venues, which included several churches and schools. In total they were seen by around 12,000 people at 13 concerts in Adelaide and regional towns in
11340-557: Was known as the "King of Australian Country Music", and helped to popularise the Australian bush ballad . His successful career spanned almost six decades and his 1957 hit " A Pub With No Beer " was the biggest-selling record by an Australian to that time, the first Australian single to go gold , and the first and only 78 rpm record to be awarded a gold disc. Dusty remains Australia's most successful and prolific performer, and won more Gold and Platinum albums than any other Australian artist. Dusty recorded and released his one-hundredth album in
11448-541: Was networked around Australia and ran for seven and a half years. Soon after the show was replaced with Reg Lindsay's Country Homestead from Brisbane. The show gave hundreds of young artists a boost and helped to boost the Australian country music industry. Another enduring talent of Australian country music has been Chad Morgan , who began recording in the 1950s and is known for his vaudeville style of comic Australian country and western songs, his prominent teeth and goofy stage persona. In reference to his first recording he
11556-473: Was only later published in print in volumes such as Banjo Paterson 's Old Bush Songs , in the 1890s. " Waltzing Matilda ", often regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem , is a quintessential early Australian country song, influenced more by Celtic folk ballads than by US country and western music. The lyrics were composed by the poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. This strain of Australian country music, with lyrics focusing on strictly Australian subjects,
11664-422: Was the first of many popular songs employing Australian slang . In 1982 he released " True Blue " and subsequent works including Mallee Boy , the lyrical "Galleries of Pink Galahs" and reworkings of Australian bush ballads and folk songs earned him a permanent position as leading exponent of Australian country and folk music. In 1970, Tamworth's Radio 2TM organised the landmark Bicentennial Concert to mark
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