18th century
100-400: 19th century 20th century The Nuku Rebellion was an anti-colonial movement that engulfed large parts of Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea between 1780 and 1810. It was initiated by the prince and later sultan of Tidore , Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin (c. 1738 – 1805), also known as Prince Nuku or Sultan Nuku . The movement united several ethnic groups of eastern Indonesia in
200-602: A kora-kora armada around Seram Island and Papua . In 1781, Amiruddin declared that he bore the title "Sri Maha Tuan Sultan Amir Muhammad Saifuddin Syah" ("The Great Overlord Sultan Amir Muhammad Saifuddin, the Shah"). Responding to this, the Dutch attacked and defeated Amiruddin's army, but they failed to catch Amiruddin himself. In 1783, the Dutch attacked Amiruddin's army again. The Dutch commander and most of his men were killed, and
300-765: A volcanic group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea , about 140 km (87 mi) south of Seram Island and about 2,000 km (1,243 mi) east of Java , and constitute an administrative district ( kecamatan ) within the Central Maluku Regency in the Indonesian province of Maluku . The islands rise out of 4-to-6-kilometre (2.5 to 3.7 mi) deep ocean and have a total land area of approximately 172 square kilometres (66 sq mi); with associated maritime area this reaches 736.3 square kilometres (284.3 sq mi). They had
400-528: A Dutch officer. The first major battle in East Seram occurred in Kilmuri, where Governor Van Pleuren's Hongi fleet was involved in armed contact with Prince Nuku's fleet (led by King Lukman of Kelihulu). After five hours of fighting, many of the prince's troops fled. Governor Van Pleuren's fleet burned 80 Kora-Kora and caused significant damage to 44 other Kora-Kora. Governor Van Pleuren's troops also burned
500-600: A VOC post in Loki and a Sago Factory). In 1782 the Dutch increased their military campaign to crush the rebellion. In this year, the Ambon government launched at least three expeditions to various places in the region. In February, under the command of Officer Johan Sigbrand Borgguits, a number of ships were sent to sail around the South Seram Sea. When the fleet arrived there, the rebels had already fled. Villages supporting
600-617: A combined fleet of 160 ships the rebels attacked and looted Amahai, one of the villages under Saparua's rule. Even though one of Prince Nuku's captains was beheaded, the rebels managed to kill Sergeant Cornelis Stephanus and a European soldier who attacked them in Itawaka. The rebels then looted other countries in Saparua and attacked Hatuana in the northern part of the island. In early February 1782, they again attacked inland of Saparua and invaded Nusa Laut Island, burning Negeri Amet and killing
700-496: A fauna that is rather more Australasian than Asian. Malukan biodiversity and its distribution are affected by various tectonic activities; most of the islands are geologically young, being from 1 million to 15 million years old, and have never been attached to the larger landmasses. The Maluku islands differ from other areas in Indonesia; they contain some of the country's smallest islands, coral island reefs scattered through some of
800-399: A later migration of Austronesian speakers around 2000 BC. Other archaeological finds showed possible Arab merchants began to arrive in the fourteenth century, bringing Islam . The conversion to Islam occurred in many islands, especially in the centres of trade, while aboriginal animism persisted in the hinterlands and more isolated islands. Archaeological evidence here relies largely on
900-639: A number of villages were burned as an example. Expedition To Gamrange (1783 ) Translator Coenraad Van Dijk was assigned to send an expedition to Gamrange and Raja Ampat Papua. He departed on 25 May 1783. On 25 September, the Governor received information that the Papuans had welcomed the Tidore fleet under Van Dijk's command. This sparked hope that the apparent cooperation would lead the Papuans to submit and ultimately abandon Prince Nuku. Later, on October 3, 1783,
1000-475: A population of 18,544 at the 2010 Census and 20,924 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 21,902. Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace , produced from the nutmeg tree. The islands are also popular destinations for scuba diving and snorkeling . The main town and administrative centre is Banda Neira , located on
1100-411: A request by Maurice, Prince of Orange to build a fort on the island (the eventual Fort Nassau ). The Bandanese were not excited about this idea. On 22 May, before building of the fort had started, the orang kaya called a meeting with the Dutch admiral, purportedly to negotiate prices. Instead, they led Verhoeff and two high-ranked men into an ambush and decapitated them and subsequently killed 46 of
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#17327658395101200-571: A ruler of the Sultanate of Tidore , who was arrested and exiled to Batavia by the Dutch colonials in 1779. His junior kinsman was Kamaluddin who later became sultan and a rival of Nuku. After the exile of Amiruddin's father, the Dutch appointed Kaicil Gay Jira as regent of the sultanate. Jira was later replaced by his son, Patra Alam; Amiruddin opposed this replacement. While Patra Alam ruled as Dutch-appointed sultan from 1780 to 1783, Amiruddin built
1300-681: A sense of shared interest with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese. The Dutch arrived in 1599 and competed with the Portuguese in the area for trade. The Dutch East India Company in the course of Dutch–Portuguese War allied with the Sultan of Ternate and conquered Ambon and Tidore in 1605, expelling the Portuguese. A Spanish counterattack from the Philippines restored Iberian rule in parts of North Maluku up to 1663. However,
1400-460: A small island to the west of the large island of Halmahera , but has been moved to Sofifi on Halmahera itself. The capital of the remaining part of Maluku province remains at Ambon . Religious and ethnic conflict erupted across the islands in January 1999. The subsequent 18 months were characterized by fighting between local groups of Muslims and Christians against jihadist groups from Java and
1500-496: A squadron consisting of the 36-gun frigate HMS Caroline , HMS Piedmontaise (formerly a French frigate), 18-gun sloop HMS Barracouta , and the 12-gun transport HMS Mandarin left Madras with money, supplies and troops to support the garrison at Amboyna , recently captured from the Dutch. The frigates and sloop carried a hundred officers and men of the Madras European Regiment , while
1600-464: A surprise counter-attack on Ai, retaking the island and killing 200 Dutchmen. A year later, a much stronger Dutch force attacked Ai. This time the defenders were able to hold off the attack with cannon fire, but after a month of siege they ran out of ammunition. The Dutch killed the defenders, and afterwards strengthened the fort, renaming it 'Fort Revenge'. Newly appointed VOC governor-general Jan Pieterszoon Coen set about enforcing Dutch monopoly over
1700-488: Is 30 °C (86 °F) while the wet's average maximum is 23 °C (73 °F). Northern Maluku has its wet monsoon from December to March in line with the rest of Indonesia. Each island group has its climatic variations, and the larger islands tend to have drier coastal lowlands and their mountainous hinterlands are wetter. Religion in Maluku Islands (December 2023) The population of Maluku Province in 2020
1800-700: Is a big industry across the islands but particularly around Halmahera and Bacan . The Aru Islands produce pearls, and Seram exports lobsters . Logging is a significant industry on the larger islands with Seram producing ironwood and teak and ebony are produced on Buru. 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India Banda Island The Banda Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Banda ) are
1900-602: Is the subject of two major historical works of natural history by Georg Eberhard Rumphius : the Herbarium Amboinense and the Amboinsche Rariteitkamer . Rainforest covered most of northern and central Maluku, which, on the smaller islands has been replaced by plantations, including the region's endemic cloves and nutmeg . The Tanimbar Islands and other southeastern islands are arid and sparsely vegetated, much like nearby Timor . In 1997
2000-498: The 1975 Dutch train hostage crisis , the 1977 Dutch train hijacking , and the 1977 Dutch school hostage crisis to bring attention to their plight for an independent Republic of South Maluku. Maluku is one of the first provinces of Indonesia, proclaimed in 1945 and lasting until 1999 when the Maluku Utara and Halmahera Tengah Regencies were split off as a separate province of North Maluku . Its capital used to be Ternate , on
2100-796: The Dutch East India Company , is one of the largest remaining European forts in Indonesia. Though not physically present at the Banda Islands, the English claimed the small island of Run until 1667 when, under the Treaty of Breda , the Dutch and English agreed to maintain the colonial status quo and relinquish their respective claims. In 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was a vassal of Napoleonic France and hence in conflict with Britain. The French and British were each seeking to control lucrative Indian Ocean trade routes. On 10 May 1810,
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#17327658395102200-991: The Dutch–Portuguese War , also known as the Spice War. A second influx of immigrants primarily from Java began in the early 20th century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era, which has also caused a lot of controversy as the Transmigrant programs are thought to be a contributing factor to the Maluku Riots . The etymology of the word Maluku is unclear and has been a matter of debate for many experts. The first recorded word that can be identified with Maluku comes from Nagarakertagama , an Old Javanese eulogy of 1365. Canto 14 stanza 5 mentioned Maloko , which Pigeaud identified with Ternate or Moluccas. A theory holds that Maluku comes from
2300-518: The Lesser Sundas and Ambon to Banda, arriving in early 1512. The first Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained in Banda for about one month, purchasing and filling their ships with Banda's nutmeg, mace, and cloves , in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt trade. D'Abreu sailed through Ambon and Seram while his second in command Francisco Serrão went ahead towards
2400-889: The Mandarin carried supplies. The squadron was commanded by Captain Christopher Cole , with Captain Charles Foote on the Piedmontaise and Captain Richard Kenah aboard the Barracouta . After departing from Madras, Cole informed Foote and Kenah of Cole's plan to capture the Bandas; Foote and Kenah agreed. In Singapore, Captain Spencer informed Cole that over 700 regular Dutch troops may have been located in
2500-667: The Manusela National Park , and in 2004, the Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park , were established, for the protection of endangered species. Nocturnal marsupials , such as cuscus and bandicoots , make up the majority of the mammal species and introduced mammals include Malayan civets and feral pigs. Bird species include approximately 100 endemics with the greatest variety on the large islands of Halmahera and Seram. North Maluku has two species of endemic birds of paradise. Uniquely among
2600-587: The Piedmontaise ) was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Banda Islands. This action was a prelude to Britain's invasion of Java in 1811. Before the Dutch retook control of the islands, the British removed many nutmeg trees and transplanted them to Ceylon and other British colonies. The competition largely destroyed the value of the Banda Islands to the Dutch. In the late 1990s, violence between Christians and Muslims spilled over from intercommunal conflict in Ambon. The disturbance and resulting deaths damaged
2700-461: The Spice Islands because of the nutmeg , mace , and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked European colonial interests in the 16th century. The Maluku Islands formed a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when they were split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku , incorporates the area between Morotai and Sula , with
2800-637: The Venetians for exorbitant prices. The traders did not divulge the exact location of their source and no European was able to deduce their location. The first written accounts of Banda are in Suma Oriental , a book written by the Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires who was based in Malacca from 1512 to 1515 but visited Banda several times. On his first visit, he interviewed the Portuguese and
2900-498: The Banda Islands comes from a rock shelter site on Pulau Ay that was in use at least 8,000 years ago. The earliest mention of the Banda Islands is found in Chinese records dating as far back as 200 BCE though there is speculation that it is mentioned in earlier Indian sources. The Srivijaya Kingdom had extensive trade contacts with the Banda Islands. Also during this period (from the late 13th century and onwards) Islam arrived in
3000-484: The Banda's spice trade. In 1621 well-armed soldiers were landed on Bandaneira Island and within a few days they had also occupied neighbouring and larger Lontar . The orang kaya were forced at gunpoint to sign an unfeasibly arduous treaty, one that was in fact impossible to keep, thus providing Coen an excuse to use superior Dutch force against the Bandanese. The Dutch quickly noted a number of alleged violations of
3100-527: The Bandanese displayed no enthusiasm for Christianity or the Europeans who brought it in the sixteenth century, and no serious attempt was made to Christianise the Bandanese. Maintaining their independence, the Bandanese never allowed the Portuguese to build a fort or permanent post in the islands. Ironically, it was this lack of presence which attracted the Dutch to trade in Banda instead of the clove-producing islands of Ternate and Tidore. The Dutch followed
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3200-420: The Bandas. The squadron took a circuitous route to avoid alerting the Dutch. On 9 August 1810, the British appeared at Banda Neira . They quickly stormed the island and attacked Belgica Castle at sunrise. The battle was over within hours, with the Dutch surrendering Fort Nassau – after some subterfuge – and within days the remainder of the Banda Islands. After the Dutch surrender, Captain Charles Foote (of
3300-657: The British. During the French Revolutionary Wars and again in the Napoleonic Wars , British forces captured the islands in 1796–1801 and 1810, respectively, and held them until 1817. In that time they uprooted many of the spice trees for transplantation throughout the British Empire . With the declaration of a single republic of Indonesia in 1950 to replace the federal state, a Republic of South Maluku (Republik Maluku Selatan, RMS)
3400-677: The Dutch East India Company) in 1602. Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the orang kaya (literally 'rich men'); each of these was head of a district. At the time nutmeg was one of the "fine spices" kept expensive in Europe by disciplined manipulation of the market, but a desirable commodity for Dutch traders in the ports of India as well; economic historian Fernand Braudel notes that India consumed twice as much as Europe. A number of Banda's orang kaya were persuaded by
3500-406: The Dutch and Japanese. The Dutch carved 68 parcels out of the islands after the enslavement and slaughter of the natives. The population of the Banda Islands prior to Dutch conquest is generally estimated to have been around 13,000–15,000 people, some of whom were Malay and Javanese traders, as well as Chinese and Arabs. The actual numbers of Bandanese who were killed, forcibly expelled or fled
3600-492: The Dutch monopolized the production and trade of spices through a ruthless policy. This included the genocidal conquest of the nutmeg-producing Banda Islands in 1621, the elimination of the English in Ambon in 1623, and the subordination of Ternate and Tidore in the 1650s. An anticolonial resistance movement led by a Tidore prince, the Nuku Rebellion , engulfed large parts of Maluku and Papua in 1780-1810 and co-opted
3700-664: The Dutch presence had been simply as traders, that was sometimes treaty-based, the Banda conquest marked the start of the first overt colonial rule in Indonesia, albeit under the auspices of the VOC. Having nearly eradicated the islands' native population, Coen divided the productive land of approximately half a million nutmeg trees into sixty-eight 1.2-hectare perken . These land parcels were then handed to Dutch planters known as perkeniers of which 34 were on Lontar , 31 on Ai and 3 on Neira. With few Bandanese left to work them, slaves from elsewhere were brought in. Now enjoying control of
3800-411: The Dutch to sign a treaty granting the Dutch a monopoly on spice purchases. Even though the Bandanese had little understanding of the significance of the treaty known as 'The Eternal Compact', or that not all Bandanese leaders had signed, it would later be used to justify Dutch troops being brought in to defend their monopoly. In April 1609, Admiral Pieter Willemsz. Verhoeff arrived at Banda Neira with
3900-400: The Dutch visitors. Jan Pietersz Coen , who was a lower-ranked merchant on the expedition, managed to escape, but the traumatic event likely influenced his future attitude towards the Bandanese. While Portuguese and Spanish activity in the region had weakened, the English had built fortified trading posts on tiny Ai and Run islands, ten to twenty kilometres from the main Banda Islands. With
4000-510: The Dutch—heavy woolens, and damasks, unwanted manufactured goods, for example—were usually unsuitable in comparison to traditional trade products. The Javanese , Arab and Indian , and Portuguese traders for example brought indispensable items along with steel knives, copper, medicines, and prized Chinese porcelain . As much as the Dutch disliked dealing with the Bandanese, the trade was a highly profitable one with spices selling for 300 times
4100-413: The English paying higher prices, they were significantly undermining Dutch aims for a monopoly. As Anglo-Dutch tensions increased in 1611 the Dutch built the larger and more strategic Fort Belgica above Fort Nassau. In 1615, the Dutch invaded Ai with 900 men, whereupon the English retreated to Run where they regrouped. Japanese mercenaries served in the Dutch forces. That same night, the English launched
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4200-438: The Governor of Ternate received news from the expedition fleet itself. At the end of September 1783, Van Dijk, European soldiers, and a number of native burghers were massacred by rebels on the island of Batanta. This situation was made worse by information that all the artillery on board the ship was distributed among Prince Nuku's followers. Papuans who had previously formally declared their submission and were assumed to support
4300-443: The Indonesian military backing them leading to the destruction of thousands of houses, the displacement of approximately 500,000 people, the loss of thousands of lives, and the segregation of Muslims and Christians. The Maluku Islands have a total area of 850,000 km (330,000 sq mi), 90% of which is sea. There are an estimated 1027 islands. The largest two islands, Halmahera and Seram , are sparsely populated, while
4400-637: The Lesser Sundas was traded for sago from the Kei Islands , Aru and Seram . In August 1511, on behalf of the king of Portugal , Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca , which at the time was a major hub of Asian trade. In November of that year, after having secured Malacca and learned of the Banda Islands' location, Albuquerque sent an expedition of three ships led by his good friend António de Abreu to find them. Malay pilots, either recruited or forcibly conscripted, guided them via Java ,
4500-603: The Maitimu family and village office of Negeri Ema, alongside many potteries. In August 1511 the Portuguese conquered the city-state of Malacca . The most significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence were the disruption and reorganization of the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the introduction of Christianity. One Portuguese diary noted, "It is over thirty years since they became Moors ". Afonso de Albuquerque learned of
4600-477: The Maluku Islands, the Aru Islands have a purely Papuan fauna including kangaroos, cassowaries, and birds of paradise. While many ecological problems affect both small islands and large landmasses, small islands suffer their particular problems. Development pressures on small islands are increasing, although their effects are not always anticipated. Although Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources,
4700-600: The Maluku islands, was shipwrecked and ended up in Ternate . Distracted by hostilities elsewhere in the archipelago, such as Ambon and Ternate, the Portuguese did not return to the Banda Islands until 1529, when Portuguese trader Captain Garcia Henriques landed troops. Five of the Banda islands were within gunshot of each other and Henriques realised that a fort on the main island Neira would give him full control of
4800-425: The Portuguese to Banda but were to have a much more dominating and lasting presence. Dutch–Bandanese relations were mutually resentful from the outset, with Holland's first merchants complaining of Bandanese reneging on agreed deliveries and price, and cheating on quantity and quality. For the Bandanese, on the other hand, although they welcomed another competitor purchaser for their spices, the items of trade offered by
4900-503: The Siege of Ternate, Sultan Nuku and his forces conquered Ternate. In the first siege of Ternate on January 22, 1801, British troops {under the command of Colonel Daniel Burr on the orders of Resident Farquhar) rejected an offer of assistance from Sultan Nuku, even though a large fleet of prahu and Kora-Kora had appeared at the anchorage under the command of Prince Mayor. The prince remained a short distance away during this failed attack. In
5000-639: The Sultanate of Tidore. More than half of the Nuku War took place in East Seram. On May 23, 1791, the peak of the battle occurred on Kataloka Beach. Two VOC flagships were burned. Captain Gobius was trapped in a small river between Ondor and Kataloka. Nuku and King Bessy's troops attacked Gobius' troops from two opposite directions. The captain, who had experience in European wars, fell with a gunshot wound to
5100-521: The VOC fleet proved to be defectors. One hundred and twenty ships from Maba, Patani and Papua appeared at Gane and Saketa. Captain Hairun, who was appointed by the VOC and other sangaji on board the ship, had defected to the rebel side. Two hundred Ternate people were arrested. The ' Battle of Gorong' (Dutch: Gorong Oorlog), also called the Battle of Gorom, was part of the thirty-year war of Sultan Nuku from
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#17327658395105200-466: The arc of islands from Buru and Seram to Wetar remaining within the existing Maluku Province . North Maluku is predominantly Muslim, and its capital is Sofifi on Halmahera island. Maluku province has a larger Christian population, and its capital is Ambon . Though originally Melanesian , many island populations especially in the Banda Islands , were massacred in the 17th century during
5300-458: The attack on Toloa, relations between Tidore and the three governments (especially Ternate) revolved around Prince Nuku's rebellion. Prince Nuku repeatedly attacked Dutch subjects, and in response the Dutch invaded areas whose residents were considered supporters of Prince Nuku. The newly appointed Sultan of Patra Alam became powerless, almost completely overshadowed by the power of the Nuku prince over
5400-466: The deepest seas in the world, and no large islands such as Java or Sumatra . Flora and fauna immigration between islands is thus restricted, leading to a high rate of endemic biota evolving. The ecology of the Maluku Islands has fascinated naturalists for centuries; Alfred Wallace 's book, The Malay Archipelago , was the first significant study of the area's natural history and remains an important resource for studying Indonesian biodiversity. Maluku
5500-544: The east of the Banda group, where a version of the original Banda language is still spoken in the villages of Banda Eli and Banda Elat on Kai Besar Island. While long integrated into Kei Island society, residents of these settlements continue to value the historical origins of their ancestors. Most of the present-day inhabitants of the Banda Islands are descended from migrants and plantation labourers from various parts of Indonesia, as well as from indigenous Bandanese. They have inherited aspects of pre-colonial ritual practices in
5600-694: The eastern part of Indonesia . Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone . Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi , west of New Guinea , and north and east of Timor . Lying within Wallacea (mostly east of the biogeographical Weber Line ), the Moluccas have been considered a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania . The islands were known as
5700-576: The far more knowledgeable Malay sailors in Malacca. He estimated the early sixteenth century population to be 2500–3000. He reported the Bandanese as being part of an Indonesia-wide trading network and the only native Malukan long-range traders taking cargo to Malacca, although shipments from Banda were also being made by Javanese traders. In addition to the production of nutmeg and mace, Banda maintained significant entrepôt trade; goods that moved through Banda included cloves from Ternate and Tidore in
5800-405: The frequency of his attacks against the Dutch, who were assisted by Kamaluddin's forces. In 1794, Kamaluddin's son Zainal Abidin , who had returned from exile, supported Amiruddin's effort. Several rulers of Papua also sided with him. In February 1795, Amiruddin's son Abdulgafur led a force to Tidore. Records show that Prince Nuku did not need long to gather troops in the outskirts of Tidore. Since
5900-453: The group. The Bandanese were, however, hostile to such a plan, and their warlike behavior was both costly and tiresome to Garcia whose men were attacked when they attempted to build a fort. From then on, the Portuguese were infrequent visitors to the islands, preferring to buy their nutmeg from traders in Malacca. Unlike inhabitants of other eastern Indonesian islands visited by the Portuguese, such as Ambon , Solor , Ternate and Morotai ,
6000-411: The head of a mercenary band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the spice trade. Both Serrão and Ferdinand Magellan , however, perished before they could meet one another. The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in
6100-604: The interior people of the islands Seram and Buru . Later added to this Austronesian-Melanesian mix were some Indian and Arab strain. More recent arrivals include Bugis trader settlers from Sulawesi and Javanese transmigrants . Over 130 languages were once spoken across the islands; however, many have now switched to the creoles of Ternate and Ambonese , the lingua franca of northern and southern Maluku, respectively. The Maluku Islands are divided into two provinces : Maluku and North Maluku . Cloves and nutmeg are still cultivated, as are cocoa, coffee and fruit. Fishing
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#17327658395106200-418: The island of the same name. There are seven inhabited islands and several that are uninhabited. The inhabited islands are: Main group (formed from the drowned caldera of a former volcano, with Bandaneira and still-smoking Guning Api islands at the centre of the crater, and the crescent-shaped Lonthair, Pulau Pisang and Batu Kapal being the surviving above-water parts of the volcanic rim): Some distance to
6300-567: The island with 79 Kora-Kora and one British ship. In 1780 Nuku aimed to conquer Bacan, a small island in Maluku Utara . According to Prince Nuku, conquering Bacan was an integral part of unifying Maluku. The political situation in Bacan during Prince Nuku's rebellion is unclear. In sources, there is no evidence of communication between Prince Nuku and the Sultan of Bacan or vice versa. After
6400-436: The islands in 1621 remain uncertain. But readings of historical sources suggest around one thousand Bandanese likely survived in the islands, and were spread throughout the nutmeg groves as forced labourers. The Dutch subsequently re-settled the islands with imported slaves, convicts and indentured labourers (to work the nutmeg plantations), as well as immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia. Most survivors fled as refugees to
6500-533: The islands of their trading partners, in particular Keffing and Guli Guli in the Seram Laut chain and Kei Besar . Shipments of surviving Bandanese were also sent to Batavia ( Jakarta ) to work as slaves in developing the city and its fortress. Some 530 of these individuals were later returned to the islands because of their much-needed expertise in nutmeg cultivation (something sorely lacking among newly arrived Dutch settlers). Whereas up until this point
6600-490: The last 500 years and earthquakes are common. The geology of the Maluku Islands shares much similar history, characteristics, and processes with the neighbouring Nusa Tenggara region. There is a long history of geological study of these regions since Indonesian colonial times ; however, the geological formation and progression are not fully understood, and theories of the island's geological evolution have changed extensively in recent decades. The Maluku Islands comprise some of
6700-469: The left thigh and a spear in the left stomach, dying on the spot. Hundreds of Gobius troops died on the coast of Gorom. Captain Walterbek followed to help but it was too late, while Admiral Straring withdrew his troops and returned to Banda. In 1796, British forces seized Banda Island . They also gave limited assistance to Amiruddin to take control of Tidore Island on 12 April 1797, after surrounding
6800-446: The location of mountains, in which case "Maloko Kie Raha" in the phrase "Ternate se Tidore, Moti se Mara Maloko Kie Raha " means "Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Mara the place of the four mountains " or with the shifting of pronunciation of loko towards luku , means "Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Mara the world of the four mountains ". Australo-Melanesians were the first people to inhabit the islands at least 40,000 years ago, and then
6900-557: The meaning of Moloko or Moloku is. One possible meaning is in Ternate language , it meant "to hold or grasp", in which case Moloko Kie Raha could be understood to mean " Confederation of the Four Mountains ". Another possibility is that the word originates from the word maloko , which is a combination of the particle ma- and the root loko in North Halmahera languages means the variety of words relating to
7000-545: The most developed, Ambon and Ternate , are small. The majority of the islands are forested and mountainous. The Tanimbar Islands are dry and hilly, while the Aru Islands are flat and swampy. Mount Binaiya (3,027 m; 9,931 ft) on Seram is the highest mountain. Several islands, such as Ternate (1,721 m; 5,646 ft) and the TNS islands, are volcanoes emerging from the sea with villages sited around their coasts. There have been over 70 serious volcanic eruptions in
7100-740: The most geologically complex and active regions in the world, resulting from their position at the meeting point of four geological plates and two continental blocks. Biogeographically , all of the islands apart from the Aru group lie in Wallacea , the region between the Sunda Shelf (part of the Asia block), and the Arafura Shelf (part of the Australian block). More specifically, they lie between Weber's Line and Lydekker's Line and thus have
7200-496: The name of Kapitan Ading Adang Anaan Tanahatuila. The meeting was facilitated by Malessy Soa Lisa Maitimu; however, it failed to reach an agreement. As Sutarmi failed, she decided to stay in exile while her retinues settled and married locals of Ema, and her spear bearer settled on the coast but was killed later by Gunung Maut troops. Archaeological finds relating to this expedition include a water source with Sun symbols with nine rays, and heirlooms of spears and Totobuang kept by
7300-494: The national language, Indonesian . But it has comparatively fewer, and they differ in pronunciation. Examples: Finally, and most noticeably, Banda Malay uses some distinct pronouns. The most immediately distinguishing is that of the second person singular familiar form of address: pané . The descendants of some of the Bandanese who fled Dutch conquest in the seventeenth century live in the Kai Islands (Kepulauan Kei) to
7400-513: The new puppet sultan . In 1787, Amiruddin's base in eastern Seram was attacked and seized by the Dutch forces; however, Amiruddin managed to escape. Amiruddin then built a new base on the island of Gorong. He also initiated a positive relationship with Britain. After receiving armaments from Britain, Amiruddin's army attacked the Dutch, winning this battle. The Dutch then offered Amiruddin a position if he would negotiate with Sultan Kamaluddin; Amiruddin refused this proposition. Instead, he increased
7500-477: The new treaty, in response to which Coen launched a punitive massacre. Japanese mercenaries were hired to deal with the orang kaya , forty of whom were beheaded with their heads impaled and displayed on bamboo spears. The butchering and beheadings were carried out by the Japanese for the Dutch. The islanders were tortured and their villages destroyed by the Dutch. The Bandanese chiefs were also tortured by
7600-441: The newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize or disrupt this trade. Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as
7700-562: The north, bird-of-paradise feathers from the Aru Islands and Western New Guinea , and massoi bark for traditional medicines and salves. In exchange, Banda predominantly received rice and cloth; namely light cotton batik from Java , calicoes from India and ikat from the Lesser Sundas . In 1603, an average quality sarong -sized cloth traded for eighteen kilograms of nutmeg. Some of these textiles were then sold on, ending up in Halmahera and New Guinea . Coarser ikat from
7800-569: The northern tip of Sulawesi. During these attacks, more than 300 people were arrested. In the following months of 1780, Prince Nuku's troops attacked and plundered the Nusatelu Islands (Drie Gebroeders), Amblau, Haia, and Luhu, capturing and enslaving 134 residents. Two European soldiers and eight native soldiers were injured in clashes near Kramat Di Buru. Many residents in Hatileng were massacred or fled In December 1781, together with
7900-478: The nutmeg production, the VOC paid the perkeniers 1 ⁄ 122 nd of the Dutch market price for nutmeg; however, the perkeniers still profited immensely, building substantial villas with opulent imported European decorations. The outlying island of Run was harder for the VOC to control and they exterminated all nutmeg trees there. The production and export of nutmeg was a VOC monopoly for almost two hundred years. Fort Belgica , one of many forts built by
8000-486: The occurrence of pigs' teeth, as evidence of pork eating or abstinence therefrom. Remnants of Majapahit expeditions were also found in oral as well as archaeological sites. A story from Letvuan on Kai Kecil island, tells of a Balinese envoy of Gajah Mada by the name of Kasdev, his wife Dit Ratngil, and eight of their children. Archaeological sites of ancient tombs found in Sorbay Bay south of Letvuan seemed to support
8100-706: The outskirts of Tidore. On July 14, 1780, Toloa was finally attacked. In his efforts to expel the rebels, the Governor of Ternate used the help of four kora-kora who brought along one hundred Europeans and the native Alifuru militia. About 30 Tidoreans were killed and the survivors fled inland. Only one Alifuru or European was injured. Even though the Dutch won this battle, they finally had a crisis of confidence in Sultan Jamaludin, and appointed Patra Alam as Sultan. In 1780, rebel troops attacked and looted Amblau, Haia, and Haitiling, as well as Sula and Besi as far as Bacan. They also attacked Selayar, Buton and Talaud at
8200-509: The phrase Moloko Kie Raha or Moloku Kie Raha . In the Ternate language , raha means "four", while kie here means "mountain". Kie raha or "four mountains" refers to Ternate , Tidore , Bacan , and Jailolo (the name Jailolo has been used in the past to refer to Halmahera island), all of which have their kolano (a local title for kings rooted in Panji tales ). It is unclear what
8300-531: The previously prosperous tourism industry. Bandanese speak Banda Malay , which has several features distinguishing it from Ambonese Malay , a Malay dialect that is a lingua franca in central and southern Maluku alongside Indonesian . Banda Malay is famous in the region for its unique, lilting accent, but it also has a number of locally identifying words in its lexicon, many of them borrowings or loanwords from Dutch . Examples: Banda Malay shares many Portuguese loanwords with Ambonese Malay not appearing in
8400-650: The purchase price in Banda. This amply justified the expense and risk in shipping them to Europe. The allure of such profits saw an increasing number of Dutch expeditions; it was soon seen that in trade with the East Indies, competition from each would eat into all their profits. Thus the competitors united to form the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) (the United East India Company , referred to in English as
8500-550: The rebels were destroyed. A second expedition launched in May proved a failure. During the third expedition, which took place between October 1782 and January 1783, Hongi visited most of the important settlements in Seram. Ambon's Governor Van Pleuren promised assistance to his subjects and pardoned those who chose to surrender. However, the orangkaya and kings who were known as rebels were still detained and replaced by loyalists. Once again
8600-471: The region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic, and anti-European state; the Portuguese-Ternate wars raged throughout the reigns of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat (r. 1583–1606). Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia through to contemporary times, which has contributed to
8700-472: The region. It soon became established in the area. Before the arrival of Europeans, Banda had an oligarchic form of government led by orang kaya ('rich men') and the Bandanese had an active and independent role in trade throughout the archipelago. Banda was the world's only source of nutmeg and mace , spices used as flavourings, medicines, and preserving agents that were at the time highly valued in European markets. They were sold by Arab traders to
8800-453: The resources of the small islands of Maluku are limited and specialised; furthermore, human resources, in particular, are limited. General observations about small islands that can be applied to the Maluku Islands include: Central and southern Maluku Islands experience the dry monsoon between October and March and the wet monsoon from May to August, which is the reverse of the rest of Indonesia. The dry monsoon's average maximum temperature
8900-484: The route to the Banda Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of António de Abreu , Simão Afonso Bisigudo, and Francisco Serrão . On the return trip, Serrão was shipwrecked at Hitu island (northern Ambon ) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and
9000-548: The second siege, a stronger force was placed in the vanguard after Resident Farquhar concluded that he had no choice but to accept the help of the prince of Tidore. A traveling salesman named Captain Lynch was ordered to organize the Tidore troops, teaching them to fire 9-pound cannons. The siege lasted for two months before the Ternate government finally surrendered on June 21, 1801. However, Governor Cranssen refused to admit defeat. Kamaluddin escaped to Ternate Island , and Amiruddin
9100-476: The story as well as some cultural practices of Kei of Balinese origin. Other archaeological finds in Kei islands include Shiva statue from Kei Besar island. Another oral story was of 14th century Majapahit expedition to Negeri Ema, Ambon Island , by an envoy named Nyi Mas Kenang Eko Sutarmi alongside 22 of her retinues, and a spear bearer trying to form an alliance and trading relationship with Negeri Ema's leader by
9200-535: The struggle against the Dutch and was temporarily successful, helped by an alliance with the British East India Company . However, the movement was defeated after the demise of Nuku, and Maluku was restored under European rule. In 1995, Nuku was officially appointed a National Hero of Indonesia . Nuku or Amiruddin was born in Soa Siu, Tidore , in about 1738. His father was Sultan Jamaluddin,
9300-481: The survivors were captured. In October 1783, the Dutch post on Tidore was attacked by Amiruddin's force, and all the Europeans were killed. This intensified the rivalry between the kingdom of Ternate and Tidore. In November of that year, Ternate helped the Dutch attack Tidore. In December, the Dutch enforced an agreement and appointed Sultan Hairul Alam Kamaluddin Kaicili Asgar, a prince exiled to Ceylon , as
9400-572: The village. Before the fleet could unite, 64 rebel ships ambushed them on Babi Island. A ship belonging to the king of Nusa Laut and three other ships along with all their weapons were captured. Gnatahoedij Mardika and Raja Soya drowned, and 29 other men also drowned or were killed or captured by the rebels. In May 1782, the rebels surprised the residents of Haruku Island at night, burning Helaliu, Kariu and Pelau. A number of Dutch subjects were captured or executed. The rebels then moved to Negeri Liang under Hila rule, destroying settlements there (including
9500-586: The west: To the north of Banda Besar: To the southeast: Others, all small and/or uninhabited, are: The islands are part of the Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests ecoregion . The Banda Islands District ( kecamatan ) is sub-divided into eighteen administrative villages ( desa ), listed below with their areas and their officially-estimated populations as at mid 2002. All share the postcode of 97586. Notes: (a) comprising 10,723 males and 10,702 females. The first documented human presence in
9600-475: Was 1,848,923 and that of North Maluku Province was 1,282,937. Hence the total population of the Maluku Islands as a region in 2020 was 3,131,860. A long history of trade and seafaring has resulted in a high degree of mixed ancestry in Malukans. Austronesian peoples added to the native Melanesian population around 2000 BCE. Melanesian features are strongest in the islands of Kei and Aru and amongst
9700-532: Was an effect of this rebellion and his mistakes that Tidore was defeated by the Dutch in 1810. Amiruddin was awarded the title National Hero of Indonesia in 1995, via Presidential Decree number 071/TK/1995. Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands ( / m ə ˈ l uː k uː , m æ ˈ l uː k uː / mə- LOO -koo, mal- OO - ; Indonesian : Kepulauan Maluku ) or the Moluccas ( / m ə ˈ l ʌ k ə z / mə- LUK -əz ) are an archipelago in
9800-686: Was declared and attempted to secede, led by Chris Soumokil (former Supreme Prosecutor of the Eastern Indonesia state) and supported by the Moluccan members of the Netherlands KNIL special troops. This movement was defeated by the Indonesian army and by special agreement with the Netherlands the Moluccan troops were ordered to move to the Netherlands. . Decades later, descendants of these Moluccan KNIL soldiers participated in
9900-407: Was driven out of Tidore by a renewed Dutch attack in 1806, and finally died in 1810 after a largely unsuccessful resistance. The Nuku Rebellion was the successful revolt of Nuku to get his Crown as Sultan after he conquered Tidore , Bacan , and Ternate , though he died in 1805 when the revolt still ongoing. His successor, Zainal Abidin , was a failed leader in that he made some bad decisions. It
10000-398: Was unanimously elected as the new sultan of Tidore. In 1801, Amiruddin and the allied British freed Ternate from the Dutch. This marked the climax of Nuku's movement, and was one of the few victories of indigenous forces over Dutch colonial rule. However, Britain withdrew from Maluku in 1803, leaving Amiruddin to fend for himself. Amiruddin died in 1805. His brother and successor Zainal Abidin
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