Footwear refers to garments worn on the feet, which typically serve the purpose of protection against adversities of the environment such as wear from rough ground; stability on slippery ground; and temperature.
68-454: Hannahs is a New Zealand footwear retail company. Hannahs operates at 70 locations around New Zealand: 34 under its main Hannahs brand, 16 under its low-price Number One Shoes brand, and 20 as combined Number One Shoes and Hannahs stores. Irish cobbler Robert Hannah emigrated from Ireland to New Zealand, via Australia, in 1866. He traveled to Charleston, New Zealand for work, where he
136-501: A decline in the footwear industry. While about 27,000 firms were in business in 2005, only 21,700 remained in 2009. Not only have these firms decreased in number, but direct employment has also reduced within the sector. In the U.S., the annual footwear industry revenue was $ 48 billion in 2012. In 2015, there were about 29,000 shoe stores in the U.S. and the shoe industry employed about 189,000 people. Due to rising imports, these numbers are also declining. The only way of staying afloat in
204-520: A number of real estate agencies in Hamilton entered into an agreement to adopt a particular pricing model for real estate listings on Trade Me , a New Zealand website. The Commission considered that as a result of these meetings the agencies entered into price-fixing arrangements in breach of section 30 of the Commerce Act, and issued substantial financial penalties against these agencies. Some of
272-614: A quarter of the New Zealand footwear market. In 2018, Hannahs marked its 150th anniversary. It had 50 stores and was the country's largest retailer of international footwear brands such as Clarks , Hush Puppies and Keds . In May 2021, an employee at the Number One Shoes store in Palmerston North was arrested for allegedly taking photos of co-workers and customers before performing lewd acts with their shoes
340-653: A role in the regulation of some markets where there is little or no competition. The markets where the Commission is currently involved include: electricity transmission and distribution, gas transmission and distribution, telecommunications, airports and the dairy industry. Part 4 of the Commerce Act contains specific provisions for regulation in these markets with a purpose of promoting outcomes that are consistent with outcomes produced in competitive markets such that suppliers of regulated goods or services: For example, input methodologies are rules and processes determined by
408-471: A setting of power disparity. Practitioners of the craft of shoemaking are called shoemakers, cobblers, or cordwainers . Footwear has been used by humans since prehistoric times , with paleoclimatology suggesting that they would have been needed in some areas of human settlement by at least 50,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Period . Osteologists have found evidence of
476-422: A solid surface, it creates a two-dimensional impression. These types of impressions can be made with a variety of substances, like dirt and sand. When footwear removes material from a soft surface, it creates a three-dimensional impression. These types of impressions can be made in a variety of soft substances, like snow and dirt. Two-dimensional impressions also differ from three-dimensional impressions because
544-606: A specialist tribunal. The Commission is made up of a chairperson and four to six general commissioners. Three to five of the commissioners are appointed by the Governor General , on the recommendation of the Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs . A Telecommunications Commissioner is appointed on the recommendation of the Minister of Broadcasting, Communications and Digital Media and has special responsibilities in relation to that sector. The current chairperson of
612-415: A substantial degree of market power or resale price maintenance. As of January 2021, the Commission is seeking feedback on proposed revisions to its leniency policy to take into account the criminalisation of cartel conduct. It will be renamed the "Cartel Leniency and Immunity Policy". The Commission intends to remain the point of contact for applicants seeking either civil leniency or criminal immunity, but
680-401: A symbolic meaning. This can however also be imposed on specific individuals to place them at a practical disadvantage against shod people, if they are excluded from having footwear available or are prohibited from using any. This usually takes place in situations of captivity, such as imprisonment or slavery , where the groups are among other things distinctly divided by whether or not footwear
748-601: A tent while he rebuilt the business in Napier and Hastings. The First Labour Government started restricting footwear imports and increasing import tariffs in 1938 to protect the local footwear industry. In 1983 the New Brighton, Christchurch Hannahs store was one of the first retailers in Canterbury to trade on a Saturday. The Fourth Labour Government removed import restrictions on footwear and began lowering in
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#1732790601264816-647: A voluntary basis or compulsory basis, conducting interviews, and executing search warrants . The Commission has a range of enforcement options including the provision of compliance advice or warning letters and by prosecuting a person or business in the High Court . The Commission is responsible for enforcing prohibitions against "restrictive trade practices" (anti-competitive behaviour or conduct that reduces competition), which includes (for example) cartels or price-fixing behaviour, taking advantage of market power, or resale price maintenance . For example, in 2013,
884-588: Is being worn. In some cultures, people remove their shoes before entering a home. Bare feet are also seen as a sign of humility and respect, and adherents of many religions worship or mourn while barefoot. Some religious communities explicitly require people to remove shoes before they enter holy buildings, such as temples. In several cultures people remove their shoes as a sign of respect towards someone of higher standing. Similarly, deliberately forcing other people to go barefoot while being shod oneself has been used to clearly showcase and convey one's superiority within
952-499: Is usually made of leather or plastic , and rubber . In fact, leather was one of the original materials used for the first versions of a shoe. The soles can be made of rubber or plastic, sometimes with the addition of a sheet of metal on the inside. Roman sandals had sheets of metal on their soles so that they would not bend out of shape. In more recent times, footwear suppliers such as Nike have begun to source environmentally friendly materials. In Europe, recent decades have seen
1020-702: The American South was an exception. Its demand for masses of low-quality shoes for its slaves was met by workshops around Boston , Philadelphia , and New York , a dependence that later hobbled the Confederate Army during the Civil War and was responsible in legend for the decisive Battle of Gettysburg . Amid the Industrial Revolution , John Adam Dagyr's introduction of assembly line production and tight quality control to
1088-682: The Australian Trade Practices Commission . The Commission was given the power of enforcing the Commerce Act's prohibitions through court proceedings, and to authorise anti-competitive behaviour and mergers in certain circumstances. One key difference between the Australian and New Zealand regimes is that appeals from the Commerce Commission's decisions are decided by the general courts of New Zealand, unlike Australia where appeals are reviewed by
1156-616: The British Army amid the Napoleonic Wars —failed commercially as soon as the wars were over because the demobilized soldiers reduced the price of manual labor. John Brooks Nichols 's 1850 adaptation of Howe and Singer 's sewing machines to handle binding uppers to soles and the Surinamese immigrant Jan Ernst Matzeliger 's 1880 invention of an automatic lasting machine finally allowed true industrialization, taking
1224-540: The Diocletianic Persecution . In medieval Europe , leather shoes and boots became more common. At first most were simply pieces of leather sewn together and then held tight around the foot with a toggle or drawstring. This developed into the turnshoe , where the sole and upper were sewn together and then turned inside-out to hide and protect the seam and improve water resistance. From the reign of Charlemagne , Byzantine fashions began to influence
1292-567: The Marshall Plan after World War II , Italy became the major shoe exporting country in the 1950s. It was joined in the 1960s by Japan , which offshored its production to Taiwan , South Korea , and Hong Kong as its own labor became too expensive. In their turn, the Hong Kong manufacturers began moving production to Guangdong in mainland China almost immediately after the establishment of Deng Xiaoping 's Opening Up Policy in
1360-510: The Search and Surveillance Act 2012 such as the ability to apply for surveillance wiretaps . The Commission has a cartel leniency policy to assist in the investigation of anti-competitive arrangements between competitors that are often secret and difficult to detect. The Commission wishes to encourage those involved in cartel conduct to report the cartel to the Commission. The Commission will grant immunity from Commission-initiated prosecution to
1428-472: The Solicitor-General will be responsible for deciding whether to grant immunity from criminal prosecution. In addition to enforcement, the Commission has some quasi-judicial functions under the Commerce Act. It can approve anti-competitive behaviour and mergers in certain circumstances, including where an arrangement does not substantially lessen competition or where the public benefit outweighs
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#17327906012641496-662: The following civil war , contributing to disease and desertion , particularly among the Nationalists . Following the world wars, the increasing importance of professional sports greatly popularized a variety of athletic shoes , particularly sneakers . Major brands such as Converse , Adidas , and Nike used celebrity endorsements from Chuck Taylor , Michael Jordan , Lionel Messi , and others to promote their products. Fashion houses periodically prompted new trends in women's and high-end fashion. In particular, while working for Christian Dior , Roger Vivier popularized
1564-400: The imperial period , however, as the emperors appropriated more and more symbols of high status for themselves. The Romans were the earliest people currently known to have shaped their right and left shoes distinctly during creation, rather than pulling them tight and allowing them to wear into shape. The Catholic patron saints of shoemaking— Crispin and Crispinian —were martyred during
1632-414: The large dresses of the era . Shoe fetishism was first publicized in the work of Nicolas-Edme Rétif in prerevolutionary France . 17th-century Cavalier boots developed into upper-class fashion and into sailing boots prized by fishermen and pirates before being replaced as military gear by the 18th-century Hessian and 19th-century Wellington boot . In Ming and Qing China , foot binding led to
1700-508: The stiletto heel in 1954. (Men's dress shoes have tended to retain 19th-century British looks such as the Oxford shoe and loafers .) Various subcultures have employed distinctive footwear as part of their identity, including winklepickers , Doc Martens , and skate shoes . The international trade in footwear was at first chiefly restricted to American exports to Europe and Europe's exports to its various colonial empires . Assisted by
1768-465: The "ten-footer" workshops in Lynn, Massachusetts , US, around 1760 is sometimes credited as the first shoe factory . However, although mechanized textile mills greatly reduced the price of proper socks , each step of the shoemaking process still needed to be done by hand in a slowly optimized putting-out system . The first mechanized systems—developed by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1810 to supply boots to
1836-423: The 1533 marriage of the 14-year-old Florentine Catherine de Medici to Prince Henry of France , both male and female royalty and nobles began wearing high heels , giving rise to the expression "well heeled". This was done sometimes for display or appearance and sometimes as an aid to riding in stirrups . For the most part, male footwear was more ornate and expensive because women's feet were usually covered by
1904-453: The Act which relates to oppressive contracts known as buy-back transactions was enacted on 14 October 2003 and was already enforced by the Commission prior to April 2005. In 2011, former National Finance director and convicted fraudster Trevor Allan Ludlow was the first person to be indefinitely banned by the Commission from working in the consumer finance industry. The Commerce Commission has
1972-528: The Commission and applied to regulated businesses under Part 4 of the Commerce Act. These input methodologies provide the basis for how prices are set for electricity lines, gas pipelines and airport services. Their purpose is to ensure certainty for suppliers and consumers in these regulated industries. The Commission has both enforcement and adjudication roles under the Dairy Industry Restructuring Act 2001 . The Act provides for
2040-464: The Commission is Dr John Small, appointed in December 2022 after the expiry of the three-year term of the previous chair, Anna Rawlings. One of the key roles of the Commission is to ensure markets in New Zealand are competitive, including by investigating anti-competitive behaviour and enforcing compliance. Investigations may involve gathering publicly available information, requesting information on
2108-404: The Commission is run independently from the government, and is intended to be an impartial promotor and enforcer of the law. The Commission undertakes investigations into potential breaches of the Commerce Act 1986 and where appropriate, takes court action. It considers applications for authorisations and clearances in relation to anti-competitive behaviour and mergers , in circumstances where
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2176-513: The Commission to undertake enforcement action and requires the Commission to issue determinations to resolve disputes between Fonterra and other parties. The Commission has two primary functions under the Telecommunications Act 2001 that help to ensure broadband and mobile markets are competitive. The first is to regulate certain fixed-line and mobile services by setting the price and/or access terms for that service. The second
2244-562: The Hastings stores died. William Hannah was visiting his accountant at the time; the two men grabbed each other and made it out of the three-storey YMCA building they were in without injury. Robert Hannah's son brought William Hannah and his family back to the family home in Wellington. William initially lived in a tent outside the house as he no longer trusted being inside a building. A few years later he returned to Hawke's Bay, living in
2312-653: The United States but chose to move to Wellington instead. Hannah established a new shop on Lambton Quay in 1870. He established a three-storey shop and factory, between Cuba Street and Leeds Street, in 1874. Hannah quickly established branches around the country. In 1883, he established a store on Hastings Street in Napier . Two others followed on Heretaunga Street in Hastings . By 1893, Hannah has 10 shops and his factory employed more than 250 people. At its peak,
2380-478: The agencies accepted and paid the penalties, whilst others appealed. In April 2020 the penalties were upheld by the Supreme Court . In total, thirteen companies and three individuals were ordered to pay nearly NZ$ 23 million in penalties. In April 2021, cartel conduct becomes a criminal offence in New Zealand and can be punished by up to seven years' imprisonment. The Commission will have new powers under
2448-491: The chain shifted its focus to affordable "trendy" shoes. In 2012, the Commerce Commission formally warned Number One Shoes for advertising children's shoes made of vinyl and less-quality leather as "full-grain leather". It was the second time the Commission had investigated the chain over its claims. The chain said it mainly sold synthetic shoes and had made a "mistake in terminology". In 2014, Number One Shoes
2516-539: The chopines directly to the nalins worn in Ottoman baths and whose height was considered to be a marker of status.) By the early modern period , the development of better socks and less stiff hose allowed European footwear to become firmer and more durable. Welting was developed, using a narrow band of leather between the uppers and sole to improve appearance and comfort, increase water resistance, and simplify repair, particularly resoling worn shoes. Beginning with
2584-468: The country's markets , fair trading and consumer credit contracts, and regulatory responsibility for areas such as electricity and gas, telecommunications, dairy products and airports. It is an independent Crown entity established under the Commerce Act 1986 . Although responsible to the Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs and the Minister of Broadcasting, Communications and Digital Media ,
2652-458: The development of lotus shoes for Han women and then flowerpot shoes for the Manchu women who wanted to emulate the characteristic walk of women with bound feet without undergoing the process themselves. In Africa , North America , and Spanish and Portuguese South America , slave codes often mandated slaves should be barefoot at all times without exception. Following its independence ,
2720-546: The development of plimsolls , deck shoes , rubber boots , galoshes , and waders . The prevalence of trench foot in World War I focused attention on the importance of providing of adequate footwear in following conflicts, although this was not always possible. Millions of Chinese soldiers in both the NRA and PLA were obliged to use straw and rope shoes to allow easy replacement on long marches during both World War II and
2788-519: The early 1980s. Competitors were soon forced to follow suit, including removal of Taiwanese and Korean production to Fujian and to Wenzhou in southern Zhejiang . Similarly, amid Perestroika and the Fall of Communism , Italy dismantled its domestic industry, outsourcing its work to Eastern Europe , which proved less dependable than the Chinese and further eroded their market share. Beginning around
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2856-629: The effect of footwear on human remains by around 40,000 years ago. The oldest shoes so far recovered were found by a team under Luther Cressman in Fort Rock Cave , Oregon, US, in 1938. They had been preserved under the Mazama Ash deposited c. 5025 BC during the volcanic eruption that formed Crater Lake . In 1999, they were dated to around 10,500– 9,300 BP . Egyptian butchers sometimes wore platform sandals with thicker soles than usual to raise their feet out of
2924-453: The factory was capable of producing 6,000 pairs of shoes a week. The company also became a major landowner, leasing commercial property on Cuba Street to other businesses. Robert's brother William took over the three Napier and Hastings store in 1897. The Napier site became a street storey store, regional office and warehouse. In addition to his shop on Leeds Street, Hannah also had two factories on Lambton Quay at different times. During
2992-411: The first person involved in a cartel to come forward with information and formally apply for leniency, provided they co-operate fully with the Commission in its investigation and prosecution of the cartel. The leniency policy applies to arrangements between competitors which substantially lessen competition. It does not include other kinds of anti-competitive behaviour such as a company taking advantage of
3060-447: The gore. Wealthier Egyptians also sometimes wore platforms. The Greeks distinguished a great variety of footwear, particularly different styles of sandals . The heeled cothurnus was part of the standard costume for tragedians , and the effeminate soccus for comedians . Going barefoot , however, was frequently lauded: Spartan boys undergoing military training, Socrates , and Olympic athletes all went without shoes most of
3128-426: The harm to competition. These mechanisms offer protection to businesses from any legal action. In the case of a merger, the Commission may grant a "clearance" if satisfied that the transaction is not likely to substantially lessen competition; alternatively, in the case of anti-competitive behaviour or mergers that are likely to substantially lessen competition, the Commission may grant "authorisation" if satisfied that
3196-516: The industry: "edgesetter", "heel trimmer", " McKay machine operator". Many were replaced by cheaper immigrants ; the Czech Tomáš Baťa joined these workers at Lynn in 1904 and then returned to his own factory in Zlín , Moravia, mechanizing and rationalizing its production while guiding the factory town that developed into a garden city . By the early 20th century, vulcanization had led to
3264-556: The late 1980s, leading to a sharp increase in the volume of shoes imported from China and other Asian countries. Many local shoe manufacturers closed Richard Johnson, Robert Hannah's great-great grandson, has worked for Hannahs as a staff member and consultant. The site of the original Leeds Street factory was converted into residential apartments during the 1996. A section of Leeds Street is now called Hannahs Laneway. Hannahs launched its own footwear brand Pulp in 1997. The company relocated its headquarters to Porirua in 1999. During
3332-493: The late 1990s and early 2000s, Hannahs stated to stock a range of international footwear and accessory brands, including Hush Puppies , Steve Madden , Ipanema x Gisele Bundchen, Kardashian Kollection handbags, Truth or Dare by Madonna and Keds . In 2005, Hannahs owner Hellaby Holdings purchased Number 1 Shoe Warehouse for $ 22 million. In 2010, there were 48 stores around New Zealand branded as Number 1 Shoe Warehouse. The stores were all rebranded as Number One Shoes in 2012, as
3400-442: The latter demonstrate length, width, and depth whereas two-dimensional impressions only demonstrate the first two aspects. [REDACTED] Media related to Footwear at Wikimedia Commons Commerce Commission The Commerce Commission ( Māori : Te Komihana Tauhokohoko ) (sometimes shortened to ComCom ) is a New Zealand government agency with responsibility for enforcing legislation that relates to competition in
3468-644: The major provisions of the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003 on 1 April 2005. This Act repealed the Credit Contracts Act 1981 and the Hire Purchase Act 1971, placing obligations on creditors with respect to disclosure requirements; calculation of fees, charges and interest; and oppressive conduct. It also enables consumers to seek reasonable changes to credit contracts on the grounds of unforeseen hardship. The part of
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#17327906012643536-546: The new provisions, completed in December 2019, found that New Zealand's fuel market could be more competitive. The government made some initial changes in response to this study, including requiring wholesale prices to be advertised, to enable new entrants to move into the market. In November 2022 the government announced that it would be giving the Commission the power to "set a fair price" in fuel markets if needed, and said that this power would be introduced in mid-2023. The second study related to supermarkets and food prices and
3604-669: The previous month. Newshub reported he had allegedly posted images of up to 250 teenage girls on Facebook . He pleaded guilty to two charges of offensive behaviour, and was discharged without conviction. In 2021, Hannahs was starting to close its "shabby" or under-performing stores or merge stores with Number One Shoes. The chain had been losing market share to rival chain Merchant 1948 , department stores and online retailers due to its conservative business model. Footwear Cultures have different customs regarding footwear. These include not using any in some situations, usually bearing
3672-424: The productivity of individual workers from 20 or 50 pairs a day to as many as 700, halving prices, and briefly making Lynn the center of world shoe production. As late as 1865, most men in the industry identified in the census and city directory as general purpose "cordwainers" or "shoemakers"; by 1890, they were almost universally described as "shoe workers" or—more often—by the specific name of their work within
3740-447: The prominently pointed shoe or boot now known as the calceus repandus . The Romans saw clothing and footwear as unmistakable signs of power and status in society . Patricians typically wore dyed and ornamented shoes of tanned leather with their togas or armor , while plebeians wore rawhide or hobnail boots and slaves were usually required to be barefoot . These class distinctions in footwear seem to have lessened during
3808-445: The public benefit outweighs the harm to competition. In October 2018, new legislative provisions were introduced to enable the Commission to undertake investigations into particular markets to identify anti-competitive behaviour or other competition problems. The provisions included new powers for the Commission enabling it to require private companies to provide information in response to its questions. The first market study under
3876-442: The public benefit outweighs the harm to competition. In specific areas where it has regulatory responsibilities, such as electricity and gas, the Commission has additional enforcement powers to promote competition and protect consumers. The Commerce Commission was introduced under the Commerce Act 1986 as an integrated regulatory body with responsibilities for competition, economic regulation and consumer protection , modelled after
3944-1069: The regulatory system as being the main drivers of the lack of competition in this market. The Commission enforces some of New Zealand's consumer protection laws. The Fair Trading Act 1986 was developed alongside the Commerce Act to encourage competition and to protect consumers from misleading and deceptive conduct and unfair trading practices. The Act applies to all aspects of the promotion and sale of goods and services , including for example advertising, pricing, sales techniques and finance agreements. The Act also applies to pyramid schemes , and provides for consumer information standards covering country of origin labelling, clothing and footwear labelling, fibre content labelling, care labelling and supplier information notices relating to motor vehicles. The Commission also enforces six product safety standards relating to baby walkers, pedal bicycles, flammability of children’s night clothes, cigarette lighters, household cots and toys for children aged up to three years. The Commission assumed responsibility for enforcing
4012-408: The same time, several mendicant orders began practicing discalceation as an aspect of their vows of humility and poverty , going entirely barefoot at all times or only wearing sandals in any weather. From the 1480s, the poulaine was replaced by the duckbill , which had a flat front but soon became impractically wide. The stiff hose of the era usually required fairly soft footwear, which in turn
4080-592: The shoe market is to establish a presence in niche markets. To ensure high quality and safety of footwear , manufacturers have to make sure all products comply to existing and relevant standards. By producing footwear in accordance with national and international regulations, potential risks can be minimized and the interest of both textile manufacturers and consumers can be protected. The following standards/regulations apply to footwear products: Footwear can create two types of impressions: two-dimensional and three-dimensional impressions. When footwear places material onto
4148-630: The start of the Great Depression , Hannah reportedly put in his own orders to his factory to keep staff in employment. Robert Hannah died of pneumonia in 1930. At the time, he had 19 stores in the North Island and 11 in the South Island, in addition to his factory. The Napier and Hastings stores were destroyed in the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake , along with a new shipment of English shoes and other stock. Three stores at one of
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#17327906012644216-661: The time. Similarly, ancient China considered footwear an important aspect of civilization—particularly embroidered slippers —but often depicted Taoist immortals and gods like Xuanwu barefoot. The Book of Exodus records Moses reverentially removing his shoes at Mount Sinai and the priests likewise went barefoot at the Temple of Solomon before Babylonian customs prevailed and entering houses of worship in footwear became common in Judaism and Christianity . The Etruscans experienced several footwear trends, including
4284-485: The west and the pontificalia of the popes and other bishops began to feature greater luxury, including embroidered silk and velvet slippers . By the High Middle Ages , fashion trends periodically prompted sumptuary taxes or regulations and church condemnation for vanity . The 12th-century pigache and 14th- and 15th-century poulaine had elongated toes, often stuffed to maintain their shape. Around
4352-482: The year 2000, China has constantly produced more than half of the world's shoes. As of 2021, footwear is the 30th most traded category internationally; but, while China produces well over 60% of exported footwear, it currently earns less than 36% of the value of the total trade owing to the continuing importance of American, German, and other brands in the North American and European markets. Modern footwear
4420-535: Was completed in March 2022, and its recommendations included making land available for building new supermarkets and for existing supermarkets to open their wholesale supplies up to smaller retailers. The Commission did not recommend splitting the two existing supermarket chains or requiring them to sell off existing stores. The Commission released its third market study report on the building supply market in December 2022. It identified rebates paid by large suppliers and
4488-465: Was easier to damage in the dirt and muck of the street and outdoors. This led many people to use wooden-soled calopedes , pattens , or galoshes , overshoes that served as a platform while walking. Particularly in Venice , these platforms were combined with the shoe to make chopines , sometimes so awkwardly high that the wearer required servants to help support them. ( Turkish sources, meanwhile, credit
4556-582: Was forced to add an "H" to his surname after losing a coin toss with another man with the same surname. Hannah established his first store, R. Hannah & Co., in Charleston, New Zealand on 29 January 1868. It produced high-quality shores for gold miners during the end of the West Coast gold rush . Business quickly declined as gold started to run out. Miners left the area and property owners abandoned their land. Hannah originally planned to relocate to
4624-411: Was the largest footwear retailer in New Zealand. In November of that year, it signed its first New Zealand supply deal with Christchurch gumboot manufacturer Sandford Industries. Hannahs and Number One Shoes went through changes of ownership in 2015 and 2017. At the time of the 2017 sale, there were 51 Hannahs stores and 89 Number One Shoes stores, which employed hundreds of people and represented about
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