132-522: Nuremberg Airport ( German : Albrecht Dürer Flughafen Nürnberg ( IATA : NUE , ICAO : EDDN )) is an international airport of the Franconian metropolitan area of Nuremberg and the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport . The year 2018, with 4.5 million, was the year with the highest passenger volume to date at this airport. It is Germany's 9th busiest airport in 2022. It
264-462: A Danube River cruise ) which can be boarded at the port of Nuremberg some 10 kilometres (6 mi) due south from the airport as the crow flies . The travel company TUI reported in early 2024 that based on their analysis of google reviews up to July 2023, Nuremberg Airport is the most popular international airport in Germany, receiving an average rating of 4.3 out of 5 stars. The runway 10/28
396-465: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it
528-402: A second language , and 75–100 million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90 million people, or 16% of
660-612: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become
792-571: A biomonitoring campaign with honey bees was launched at the airport. The water collected on the 70 hectares (170 acres) of sealed or covered areas is being filtered and analyzed before it gets fed into receiving water courses, to prevent pollution due to oils or fuels. If the analyzed TOC value is above the threshold level, the water is discharged into the sewerage. Over the years, surface and aircraft de-icing fluids have been replaced by substances with higher biodegradability . The airport has been keeping bees and analyzes their honey for pollution as
924-415: A customs union with France until 1959, and France extracted coal from the area until 1981. West Germany proceeded quickly after 1948 to rebuild its capital stock and thus to increase its economic output at stunning rates. The very high capital investment rate thanks to low consumption and a very small need for replacement capital investments (due to the still small capital stock) drove this recovery during
1056-529: A decree abolishing price controls . This move was conducted without the permission of the Allied occupying powers, and was opposed by the Social Democratic Party , most West German manufacturing interests, and according to Erhard, at least some of his own advisers. At the time, food was difficult to find in stores at the artificially low price, and was instead often acquired by barter or through
1188-682: A flight covering around 170 km (110 mi) taking less than 30 minutes, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and after facing longstanding criticism from an environmental standpoint. It has been replaced by a coach service which however lacks usage by customers. During the same time, flights via other hubs than Munich registered increased passenger numbers. In August 2021, the airport announced plans to build another cargo center with 3,600 m (39,000 sq ft) of hangar space and 1,900 m (20,000 sq ft) of office space, with completion scheduled for 2023. In 2021 Ryanair announced
1320-591: A form of biomonitoring since 2003. The beekeepers otherwise work in other departments of the airport and the honey that is not needed for analysis is given to long-time employees as a gift. All relevant threshold values have (as of 2022) always been met as long as the biomonitoring has been practiced. In 2019 the airport replaced its baggage tug fleets with all electric vehicles The airport uses solar panels on some rooftops and woodchips provided by local agricultural producers to provide 100% renewable electricity Unlike many other airports in Germany, Nuremberg Airport
1452-433: A further reduction in service to Nuremberg, cancelling the routes of their wholly owned subsidiaries Swiss and Austrian to their respective hubs Zurich Airport and Vienna Schwechat Airport , respectively. British Airways also ended its operations to Nuremberg in early 2024, previously offering a hub connection to London Heathrow . In June 2021, Lufthansa announced the termination of its route to Munich Airport ,
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#17327800040541584-559: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from
1716-427: A major overhaul of its shopping and gastronomical offer. The erstwhile 650 m (7,000 sq ft) airside shopping, duty free and food court area is to be expanded to 1,200 m (13,000 sq ft). A joint venture with Smartseller GmbH & Co KG (owned to equal parts by the airport and Smartseller) was set up to manage the transition and operate the new business. In 1987, Cargo Center Nuremberg (CCN)
1848-458: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained
1980-468: A new base at NUE with over 50 weekly departures in the summer season. The company further expressed their commitment to the region with a special aircraft livery Boeing 737-800 honouring local football team 1. FC Nürnberg with whom they entered a partnership in 2020. Nuremberg formerly had an extensive domestic network of which (as of 2024) only one direct route remains. Lufthansa decided not to resume its vital hub connection to Munich Airport in
2112-416: A new base at Nuremberg Airport consisting of one aircraft which served several new leisure routes. 2017 saw the bankruptcy of Air Berlin ending a trend of Air Berlin withdrawing service from the airport with the grounding of all Air Berlin flights. In January 2018, Eurowings announced it would establish a base at the airport consisting of one aircraft and four new routes as well as increased frequencies. After
2244-696: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In
2376-580: A rescue helicopter and an intensive care helicopter, respectively. Furthermore, several ADAC air ambulances and Flight Ambulance International (FAI) are based in Nuremberg. The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Nuremberg Airport: In 2023 the busiest routes were Antalya (505,700 passengers), Palma de Mallorca (430,000 passengers), Istanbul (225,400 passengers) Frankfurt (206,800 passengers) and Amsterdam (168,000 passengers). The U-Bahn ( Metro ) line U2 serves
2508-483: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it
2640-412: A single access ticket. In the arrivals area, there are three luggage carousels which sometimes present a bottleneck during busy times when more than three flights land in quick succession or when unloading of one or more flights is delayed for whatever reason. Plans to expand the capacity of the baggage claim have thus far (as of September 2023) not come to fruition. In late 2023, the airport announced
2772-519: A traffic junction of highways ( A3 , A9 & A73 ) and railroads. The region's export share of 42% is remarkably high and above German average. In addition, several headquarters of internationally operating companies are located in the region, for example Siemens , Adidas , Bosch , Puma and Faber-Castell . Due to the positive trend, Cargo Center II (CCN II) was built in 2003. Today, almost 14,400 m (155,000 sq ft) storage space and 6,550 m (70,500 sq ft) of office space
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#17327800040542904-591: A wide swath across the German tax system at the time of the currency reform." Individual income tax rates, in particular, fell dramatically. Previously the tax rate on any income over 6,000 Deutschmark had been 95 percent. After tax reform, this 95 percent rate applied only to annual incomes above 250,000 Deutschmark. For the West German with an annual income of about 2,400 Deutschmark in 1950, the marginal tax rate fell from 85 percent to 18 percent. Erhard also issued
3036-453: A winter hub at the airport, making it the airline's second most important tourist interchange airport, after Palma de Mallorca . The new control tower commenced operations in 1999 and the U-Bahn station was opened. The 2,388 m (7,835 ft) extension of the U-Bahn line U2 cost 95 million Deutsche Mark (equivalent to €67,228,608 in 2021) of which the airport paid 18.6 million –
3168-613: Is 2,700 by 45 m (8,858 by 148 ft). Takeoff and landing of all current aircraft, including widebody aircraft (e.g. Boeing 747) or cargo planes (e.g. Antonov An-124 Ruslan ) are possible. However, Nuremberg Airport is not licensed for the Airbus A380 . The apron is 246,845 m (2,657,020 sq ft) in space and provides parking positions for 37 planes. The passenger terminal consists of two departure halls and one arrival hall which are all linked landside and airside. The check-in area features 40 desks. In December 2015
3300-717: Is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and
3432-460: Is a rare sight, to this day freight flights using the largest serially produced civilian cargo plane take off and land at NUE with some regularity. In 1969 the then Munich Riem Airport shut down its main runway for maintenance for three weeks, which meant that most flights were redirected to Nuremberg Airport. This necessitated some upgrades to the existing infrastructure which cost some two million DM (equivalent to €3,918,006 in 2021). The apron
3564-601: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as
3696-883: Is also a destination for both business and leisure travel. The main draws are the Christkindlesmarkt in December as well as various trade fairs of world renown held at the Messezentrum Nuremberg – most notably the Nuremberg International Toy Fair in February. Another market of note are river cruises along the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal (and from there either northwestwards on the Main and Rhine or southeastwards as
3828-612: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German
3960-558: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic
4092-469: Is available at Nuremberg Airport. 107,123 metric tons of cargo were handled in 2010. Deutsche Flugsicherung (DFS), which is in charge of air traffic control in Germany, moved into the 48-metre-high (157 ft) tower in November 1998. The control tower at Nuremberg Airport was designed by architect Günther Behnisch and has become the architectural landmark of the airport with its dynamic silhouette. It
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4224-478: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German
4356-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25 million speak it as
4488-535: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in
4620-611: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as
4752-565: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are
4884-434: Is licensed for 24/7 operations and has a lot of passenger flights at night especially during the summer high season. This is controversial on noise abatement grounds, but the airport argues that slots at busy destination airports like Antalya Airport are only available for nighttime departures/arrivals to/from Nuremberg. In addition to local citizens, Lord Mayor Florian Janik ( SPD ) whose city of Erlangen partially sits in
5016-655: Is located approximately 5 km north of Nuremberg's city centre and offers flights within Germany as well as to European metropolitan and leisure destinations, especially along the Mediterranean Sea , on the Canary Islands , in Turkey and in Egypt . The Airport is owned and operated by Flughafen Nürnberg GmbH , in turn owned 50% by the state of Bavaria and 50% by the city of Nuremberg. Prior to World War II,
5148-560: Is not afraid of celebrating occasionally on a grander scale. Productivity growth in West Germany enabled most workers to obtain significant improvements in their living standards and 'security of life.' David Eversley wrote: As real incomes rose, so public authorities were enabled (and indeed encouraged) to raise funds, both from taxation and through borrowing, to accelerate the rate of investment and current spending in projects which are partly immediately productive, partly conducive to
5280-682: Is often associated with the West German Wirtschaftswunder . Austria was also included in the Marshall Plan and can thus be included in any consideration of the Wirtschaftswunder . Through the nationalisation of key industries ( VOEST , AMAG , Steyr-Puch ) and yet more long working hours, full economic capacity was reached. Using West Germany as a guide, the currency was stabilised when the Schilling
5412-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and
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5544-597: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as
5676-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German
5808-525: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c. 1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period
5940-578: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish
6072-485: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers
6204-445: Is via Marienbergstraße and Flughafenstraße whereas public transit buses can use a slightly more direct route (see below ). Bus number 30 connects the airport with bus and Tram stop "am Wegfeld" before continuing to Erlangen . Since December 2015 new bus line 33 was installed, allowing passengers from Nuremberg's west-neighbouring city Fürth getting to the airport quicker without taking a detour via Nuremberg Central Station . Since
6336-689: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to
6468-639: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as
6600-537: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share
6732-497: The European Union and don't get mixed up with passengers who have already been checked. There is a second security control for the stricter security procedures for flights to Israel (if and when they operate) inside the TCT. The airport has an airport lounge branded "Dürer Lounge" which can be accessed with tickets of a high enough travel class and for status customers of the frequent flyer programs of various airlines or by paying for
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#17327800040546864-417: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language
6996-522: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout
7128-746: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in
7260-666: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c. 765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in
7392-676: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung
7524-550: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit. ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this
7656-458: The U1 subway line, Fürth Hardhöhe station (A small plaque in the access tunnel to the subway station records that history.) The need to build an airport equipped for the demands of the rapidly growing aviation sector, in a country experiencing strong post-war economic growth , became pressing, and the young Federal Republic of Germany engaged in its first airport building project. Nuremberg Airport
7788-513: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German
7920-469: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from
8052-478: The "father of the West German economic miracle." In Austria, efficient labor practices led to a similar period of economic growth . The era of economic growth raised West Germany and Austria from total wartime devastation to developed nations in modern Europe . At the founding of the European Common Market in 1957, West Germany's economic growth stood in contrast to the struggling conditions at
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#17327800040548184-617: The 1950s. Living standards also rose steadily, with the purchasing power of wages increasing by 73% from 1950 to 1960. As noted by the British journalist Terence Prittie in the early 1960s: Today the German working-man leads a comfortable life and wears a well-filled waistcoat. He eats well, and his food – although German cooking lacks the elegance of French – is wholesome and appetizing. He buys good clothes, and he dresses his wife and children well. He generally has money to spare for television sets, week-end excursions and football matches. And he
8316-478: The 85 million DM construction cost of the 945 m (3,100 ft) stretch Herrnhütte -Ziegelstein. According to press reports approximately 30 million passengers used the U-Bahn extension to the airport in its first 20 years of operation. In 2005 Nuremberg Airport celebrated its 50th anniversary with 45,000 visitors. In April 2013, Air Berlin permanently shut down its winter seasonal hub in Nuremberg which had been maintained for several years. In December 2014
8448-723: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In
8580-748: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of
8712-417: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of
8844-399: The German states; the invention of the printing press c. 1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of
8976-413: The German surrender and for the next two years, the U.S. pursued a vigorous program of intellectual reparations through Operation Paperclip. John Gimbel's book Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany concludes the "intellectual reparations" taken by the U.S. and the United Kingdom amounted to close to $ 10 billion. During the more than two years that this policy
9108-623: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by
9240-547: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are
9372-644: The Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German
9504-518: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c. thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c. 1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy
9636-751: The Nuremberg area was served by a number of airfields in quick succession, all of which became inadequate in the face of the rapid development of aviation or fell victim to the same wars that had played a part in their construction. The first airfield in the area was built in 1915 by the Bavarian Army in the neighboring town of Fürth as a military air base. This Old Atzenhof Airport ( Fürth Airfield ) ( 49°29′52″N 10°57′19″E / 49.4978°N 10.9553°E / 49.4978; 10.9553 ) remained in civilian use (the Versailles Treaty forbade Germany from maintaining an airforce but
9768-471: The West German coal and steel industries decided at the Potsdam Conference was virtually completed by 1950; equipment had then been removed from 706 manufacturing plants in the west and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons. Although the industrially important Saarland with its rich coal fields was returned to West Germany in 1957, it remained economically integrated in
9900-493: The aircraft based at NUE. In 2023 Eurowings announced the return of a base in Nuremberg. Starting with the winter 2023/2024 schedule, one aircraft will be based in Nuremberg year-round with four destinations served in the winter and summer respectively. While many flights serving NUE are targeted to holidaymakers living in the region and in adjacent parts of Saxony , Thuringia and the Czech Republic , Nuremberg itself
10032-536: The airport at the Flughafen station. Trains connect the airport with the centre of the city every 10 minutes. The ride to the Hauptbahnhof (Central Railway Station) and the nearby Altstadt (historic old town) only takes 13 minutes. Nuremberg Airport is the only airport in Germany to be served by U-Bahn rather than S-Bahn, Tramway or Deutsche Bahn. Nuremberg Airport is located 5 km (3.1 mi) north of
10164-452: The airport parking lot. During much of the day lines 30 and 33 overlap between "am Wegfeld" and the airport for a ten-minute headway . Lufthansa also offers a bus service from Nuremberg to Munich. The bus route replaces a former fight, that was withdrawn during the pandemic and not reinstated after restrictions were lifted in part due to criticism by environmentalist groups. The Lufthansa Express Bus leaves from Parking space P2. Because of
10296-505: The airport was named after Albrecht Dürer , who was born in Nuremberg. Subsequently, the metro station was adorned with reproductions of Dürer works. In October 2016, Ryanair announced it would open a base at Nuremberg Airport consisting of two aircraft while four additional routes were inaugurated. In the same month, Air Berlin announced it would close its maintenance facilities at the airport due to cost cutting and restructuring measures. Shortly after, Germania announced it would open
10428-458: The airport's close-in location and its direct connections to local streets, it is also possible to walk or ride a bicycle from nearby neighborhoods right up to the terminal. Consequently, there is also bicycle parking in front of the terminal which is used by both employees and passengers. In addition to developing strategies to reduce noise pollution the department also implements regular measurements of air pollutants and soil analyses. In 2003,
10560-406: The black market. Once the price controls were removed, the shortages disappeared and the economy improved dramatically. The removal of price controls returned supply and demand to equilibrium. Once the goods could be sold for the higher price that reflected the cost of production, it incentivized producers to increase production, ultimately increasing economic efficiency. The Allied dismantling of
10692-526: The building costs as well as three modern jet bridges. Today, there are four finger docks available. On 25 January 2007 the newest addition, the Transfer-Control-Terminal (TCT) was opened. It not only serves as a capacity extension but it also allows for new legislation concerning security measures: since EU Regulation 2320/2002 airports have to make sure that non-EU passengers are controlled before continuing their trip to countries of
10824-501: The city centre. It is accessible via nearby Autobahn A 3 , which connects to Autobahn A 9 as well as Motorways A 73 and A 6 . Longstanding plans for a more direct access from A3 (which runs north of the runway) were abandoned by all relevant local political factions in the run-up to the 2020 local elections . Bundesstraße 4 runs just to the West of the runway and is connected to the airport by local roads. Access for private automobiles
10956-415: The creation of the good life, as seen in Germany ... Any superficial examination of the German townscape, let alone perusal of the statistics, shows that Germany has spent sums on hospitals, libraries, theaters, schools, parks, railway-stations, socially-aided housing, underground railways, airports, museums, and so on which are simply not to be compared with British efforts in this direction. As since there
11088-472: The demise of Germania in early 2019, TUI fly Deutschland announced it would base aircraft in Nuremberg to take over several leisure destinations. In late 2019 Ryanair announced the closure of their base in Nuremberg effective with the end of the winter schedule. The lack of available aircraft in light of the Boeing 737 Max groundings was cited as a reason at the time. Also in 2019 Corendon airlines announced
11220-482: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with
11352-456: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in
11484-519: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of
11616-519: The economic rehabilitation of Germany". At the same time, the government, following Erhard's advice, cut taxes sharply on moderate incomes. Walter Heller , a young economist with the U.S. occupation forces who was later to become chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President of the United States John F. Kennedy , wrote in 1949 that to "remove the repressive effect of extremely high rates, Military Government Law No. 64 cut
11748-462: The extension of Tram Line 4 from Thon to am Wegfeld, Bus line 30 which formerly terminated in Thon has been rerouted to the airport, thus offering a direct connection to downtown Erlangen from the airport for the first time. The bus takes a route through local neighborhoods which predate the airport and makes use of streets which are otherwise closed to motorized traffic, including a short stretch through
11880-556: The first post-war years. These initial problems were overcome by the time of the currency reform of 1948, which replaced the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark as legal tender, halting rampant inflation. This act to strengthen the West German economy had been explicitly forbidden during the two years that JCS 1067 was in effect. JCS 1067 had directed the U.S. forces of occupation in Germany to "take no steps looking toward
12012-513: The first private competition to Lufthansa on the German domestic market de:Nürnberger Flugdienst (NFD) which had a base of operations at Nuremberg Airport and ultimately wound up as part of Eurowings in 1992. Even after the end of his involvement with NFD, Wöhrl remained active in aviation and founded or took over multiple airlines as well as launching unsuccessful bids to take over struggling or bankrupt airlines like Air Berlin when it went bankrupt in 2017/2018. In 1997/98, Air Berlin established
12144-469: The first time. In 1961 the runway was extended from 1,900 to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft), and in 1968 the runway was extended to its present length of 2,700 metres (8,900 ft), allowing the then largest airliner in existence – the Boeing 747 – to use it. On 12 July 1970, a Boeing 747 landed at the airport for the first time and attracted 20,000 visitors. While a Boeing 747 used in passenger service at NUE
12276-707: The flightpath has formally lodged a complaint against night-time operations at the airport. While cargo, general aviation and military flights also operate at night during winter months, scheduled passenger flights at night are less common during that time of year. As a side-effect of being one of the closest airports with the license and capabilities to receive arriving flights during the nighttime curfew of Munich or Frankfurt Airport (the busiest airports in Germany and important Lufthansa hubs), it receives rerouted flights originally scheduled to land at those airports from time to time. German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] )
12408-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,
12540-481: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of
12672-615: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . Wirtschaftswunder The Wirtschaftswunder ( German: [ˈvɪʁt.ʃaftsˌvʊndɐ] , "economic miracle"), also known as the Miracle on the Rhine , was the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria after World War II . The expression referring to this phenomenon
12804-529: The locals and for prostitutes. During exercises such numbers of soldiers would swell to over 250,000. Nonetheless, the amount of monetary aid, which was mainly in the form of loans, about $ 1.4 billion, was greatly overshadowed by the amount the Germans had to pay back as war reparations and by the charges the Allies made on the Germans for the ongoing cost of the occupation, about $ 2.4 billion per year. In 1953 it
12936-402: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted
13068-421: The new security control between departure halls 1 and 2 on the ground floor opened, replacing earlier facilities upstairs in hall 2 as machines had gotten too heavy to be placed on the upper floor. The newly freed up space on the upper floor has been converted to offices of travel bureaus selling their products and services right at the airport. The extension of departure hall 2 was inaugurated on 30 April 1992 and
13200-653: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from
13332-403: The noted exception of the hub-feeder flights to Frankfurt – "all but disappeared" – despite overall passenger numbers in Nuremberg reaching 96% of the 2019 level in that year (better than the German average of roughly 80%). While Air Berlin still operated one of its hubs at Nuremberg Airport, NUE was connected - at least seasonally - with fourteen German airports. These included, additionally to
13464-733: The ones mentioned above, the likes of Bremen Airport , Cologne Bonn Airport , Dortmund Airport , Dresden Airport , Erfurt Weimar Airport , Hanover Airport , Leipzig Halle Airport , Münster Osnabrück Airport , Paderborn Lippstadt Airport , Rostock Laage Airport and Sylt Airport . Furthermore, Nuremberg Airport has also lost a lot of connectivity to European hubs with Brussels Airlines (to Brussels-Zaventem Airport ), Finnair (to Helsinki Vantaa Airport ), LOT Polish Airlines (to Warsaw Chopin Airport ), and Scandinavian Airlines (to Copenhagen Airport ) all not offering their respective services anymore. In 2023 Lufthansa Group also announced
13596-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation
13728-402: The re-establishment of their previously closed base at NUE in light of re-emerging demand after more and more destination countries had relaxed or removed COVID-19 restrictions. The 737-MAX groundings, cited as a reason for the abandonment of the base in 2019, had also ended by that point in time, increasing the number of planes Ryanair had available. In 2023 Ryanair opened a maintenance hangar for
13860-400: The rest was paid for by the state government of Bavaria and the federal government of Germany. Due to the extension to the airport opening on the same day as that to Ziegelstein , some press reports mistake the overall 180 million DM figure for that of the extension to the airport alone. While the city did not pay any of the cost of the stretch to the airport, it did contribute 15 million DM for
13992-546: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,
14124-498: The suppression of its economy was holding back the recovery of other European countries and was not the main force behind the Wirtschaftswunder . However, it likely greatly contributed to Germany's overall economic recovery. Furthermore, often overlooked is the effect of the "unofficial contributions" of 150,000 U.S. occupation troops, earning as much as 4 Deutschmark to the dollar. These marks were spent within West Germany to buy food, luxury items, beer and cars, as well as entertaining
14256-500: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in
14388-596: The time in the United Kingdom . The fundamental reason for the quick economic recovery of West Germany can be found in the ordoliberal growth model. Germany had a skilled workforce and a high technological level in 1946, but its capital stock had largely been destroyed during and after the war. This small capital stock was compounded by the difficulty in converting the German economy to the production of civilian goods, as well as rampant monetary and regulatory problems, leading to an unusually low economic output during
14520-419: The value of its exports during and shortly after the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population in the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s and extra labour supplied by thousands of Gastarbeiter ("guest workers", since the late 1950s) provided a vital base for the sustainment of the economic upturn with additional workforce. From the late 1950s, West Germany had one of
14652-498: The wake of the pandemic, while its subsidiary Eurowings terminated all of its domestic links to Berlin (the since defunct Tegel Airport ), Düsseldorf Airport , and Hamburg Airport . This leads to the circumstance that every domestic route from Nuremberg has been cancelled, with the sole exception of Lufthansas hub-feeder to Frankfurt Airport which is operated five times per day. While in 2019 there had been 450,000 domestic passengers to/from Nuremberg, by 2023 that market had – with
14784-735: The war and is today used as a golf course with some of the erstwhile airport buildings still extant. After World War II the US Armed Forces (Nuremberg being in the American Zone of Occupation ) would use the main boulevard of the Nazi Party Rallying Grounds as a makeshift runway for their purposes, including the flights to and from the Nuremberg trials . However, even after Germans were allowed to partake in civil aviation again, that makeshift infrastructure
14916-555: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during
15048-643: The world's strongest economies. The East German economy also showed strong growth, but not as much as in West Germany, due to the bureaucratic system, emigration of working-age East Germans to West Germany, and materiel sent as reparations to the USSR. Unemployment hit a record low of 0.7–0.8% in 1961–1966 and 1970–1971. Ludwig Erhard , who served as Minister of the Economy in Chancellor Adenauer 's cabinet from 1949 until 1963 and later became Chancellor,
15180-600: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching
15312-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of
15444-547: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially
15576-532: Was built because the original control tower was only 18 meters (59 ft) high. The project cost approximately 30 million DM (equivalent to €21,442,385 in 2021). There are about 10,000 car parking spaces at Nuremberg Airport. Apart from three multistorey car parks , there are various parking lots in close vicinity to the terminals. The newest facility is car park P4 with 3,600 parking spaces, which opened in 2021. Construction of P4 cost approximately €36 million and had begun in 2019. The old Parking facility P1
15708-596: Was decided that Germany would repay $ 1.1 billion of the aid it had received. The last repayment was made in June 1971. The demands of the Korean War in 1950–53 led to a global shortage of goods that helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of West German products. At the time West Germany had a large pool of skilled labour, partly as a result of the deportations and migrations which involved up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped West Germany to more than double
15840-400: Was enlarged in 1977 and in 1981 a new passenger terminal with an observation deck and a restaurant replaced the previous building. In December 1986, the one million passenger mark was passed for the first time. The local entrepreneur and partial heir to the de:Rudolf Wöhrl SE , Hans Rudolf Wöhrl is associated with the airport in multiple roles, not least his involvement in the 1974 founding of
15972-492: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which
16104-475: Was first used by The Times in 1950. Beginning with the replacement of the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark in 1948 as legal tender (the Schilling was similarly re-established in Austria), a lasting era of low inflation and rapid industrial growth was overseen by the government led by West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his Minister of Economics, Ludwig Erhard , who went down in history as
16236-530: Was in place, new industrial research in Germany was hampered because it was unprotected and freely available to overseas competitors, encouraged by occupation authorities to access all records and facilities. Thousands of the best German researchers and engineers were working in the Soviet Union and in the United States . The Marshall Plan was only extended to Western Germany after it was realized
16368-522: Was intended from its opening as a military airfield, which became openly admitted policy in 1935 with the establishment of the Luftwaffe , which maintained a base at Nuremberg-Marienberg airport. Largely destroyed in the war, the site of the former Marienberg airport, located a few km due south of the current airport, is today a public park. The former Atzenhof airfield was taken over by the US Army after
16500-460: Was limited to use by the American military. Being thus left without a "proper" usable civilian airport — from 1950 to the completion of the new permanent airport passenger flights serving the area had to land at a private airfield ( 49°28′54″N 10°57′12″E / 49.481667°N 10.953333°E / 49.481667; 10.953333 ) of a Fürth based company near the current endpoint of
16632-423: Was no army before 1955, there was little war spending. In addition to the physical barriers that had to be overcome for the West German economic recovery, there were also intellectual challenges. The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value, all German patents, at home and abroad and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies. Immediately after
16764-408: Was originally dimensioned for 2.8 million passengers per year. Now there is room for 5 million passengers per year. Daylight dominates the transparent construction made of steel and glass drafted by Nuremberg architects Grabow and Hoffmann. The construction phase took three years and cost about 100 million Deutsche Mark (equivalent to €84,801,622 in 2021). The extension of the apron was included in
16896-529: Was put into operation. When the Cold War ended and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Nuremberg won back its central location in Europe. As a consequence Nuremberg Airport and air freight quickly gained in importance in the 1990s. Nuremberg is also the economic and service metropolis of Franconia with approximately 150,000 companies and enterprises taking advantage of the locality of Nuremberg as
17028-686: Was reintroduced in place of the Reichsmark . This economic policy was known in journalistic circles as the Raab-Kamitz-Kurs , named after Julius Raab , Austrian chancellor from 1953, and his Finance Minister Reinhard Kamitz similar to the West German Adenauer-Erhard-Kurs . Because of major state projects, such as the Kaprun hydroelectric plant and the West Autobahn , unemployment fell and social peace
17160-520: Was silent on civil aviation) throughout the Weimar Republic until the new Nazi government opened the new Marienberg Airport ( 49°28′33″N 11°05′39″E / 49.475833°N 11.094167°E / 49.475833; 11.094167 ) in Nuremberg. While the plans to build Marienberg Airport had existed before the 1933 power grab of the Nazis and it served supposedly civilian purposes, it
17292-460: Was the first airport constructed in West Germany after World War II . It was inaugurated on 6 April 1955. Nuremberg Airport was in the American Zone of Occupation during German partition and to this day some US Army Bases in the vicinity (most notably U.S. Army Garrison Grafenwoehr ) make use of the airport to fly in cargo and soldiers – the latter also on commercial flights. In 1960, the number of passengers at Nuremberg Airport reached 100,000 for
17424-478: Was torn down as it had reached the end of its useful life, leaving the number of parking garages constant at three, albeit with a major increase in capacity from roughly 8,000 to the current number. There are different parking tariffs to choose from, for example "BusinessParken" (business parking) or "UrlauberParken" (holiday parking). Nuremberg Airport is also a center for Deutsche Rettungsflugwacht e.V (DRF) and HDM Flugservice air rescue services which operate
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