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82-503: The Nuremberg Files is a website that displays the names and locations of various doctors who perform abortions throughout the United States. They came under fire as controversial because they provided photos, addresses, and other personal data of abortion providers. They also updated the listings of those doctors who had been killed or injured by anti-abortion activists, suggesting approval for such anti-abortion violence . The name

164-492: A press conference . The publicity generated hundreds of thousands of hits (Horsley claimed 400,000). Horsley was named as a co-conspirator in a successful civil suit, Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists , filed by Planned Parenthood over the information compiled by him and "Unwanted Posters" of doctors, which was judged by the court to constitute a threat of violence, even without an explicit call to violence. The U.S. Supreme Court has twice refused to hear

246-401: A YouTube video stating: "We're here today to remind Elton John that he has to die". The charges were subsequently dropped. During an interview in 2005 Horsley said that he had engaged in bestiality when he was a 'rowdy' adolescent 'in a state of perpetual confusion' pre-conversion, saying "I did everything that crossed my mind that looked like I   [...] I was a fool. When you grow up on

328-476: A case of sexual harassment. Jones appealed but later dropped her suit after reaching a settlement out of court for $ 850,000. Judge Webber Wright later held President Clinton in contempt of court for giving "intentionally false" testimony about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky in the Paula Jones lawsuit, marking the first time that a sitting president has been sanctioned for disobeying a court order. NOW

410-603: A current domestic terrorist threat by the United States Department of Justice . Most documented incidents have occurred in the United States, though they have also occurred in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. G. Davidson Smith of Canadian Security Intelligence Service defined anti-abortion violence as single-issue terrorism . A study of 1982–87 violence considered the incidents "limited political" or "sub-revolutionary" terrorism. Anti-abortion violence

492-775: A farm in Georgia, your first girlfriend is a mule." Horsley died on April 13, 2015, in Carrollton, Georgia , two days before his 71st birthday. Anti-abortion violence Anti-abortion violence is violence committed against individuals and organizations that perform abortions or provide abortion counseling . Incidents of violence have included destruction of property, including vandalism ; crimes against people, including kidnapping , stalking , assault , attempted murder , and murder ; and crimes affecting both people and property, as well as arson and terrorism , such as bombings. Anti-abortion extremists are considered

574-498: A feminist pressure group, a type of " NAACP for women", women would not be able to combat discrimination. NOW was created to mobilize women, give women's rights advocates the power to put pressure on employers and the government, and to promote full equality of the sexes. It hoped to increase the number of women attending colleges and graduate schools, employed in professional jobs instead of domestic or secretarial work, and appointed to federal offices. NOW's Statement of Purpose, which

656-408: A firearm. Horsley alleged that Waagner told him that he was stalking and planned to kill 42 abortion clinic workers who were profiled on the website, and presented evidence that he was the author of hundreds of phony anthrax letters that had been sent to abortion clinics and elected officials. Going to the media after his meeting with Waagner brought more attention to Horsley and his website. Waagner

738-704: A form of Christian terrorism . Since the 1970s in the United States, there have been at least 11 murders, 42 bombings, 196 arsons, and 491 assaults against abortion providers. At least one murder occurred in Australia, as well as several attempted murders in Canada. There were 1,793 abortion providers in the United States in 2008, as well as 197 abortion providers in Canada in 2001. The National Abortion Federation reported between 1,356 and 13,415 incidents of picketing at United States providers each year from 1995 to 2014. The Federal Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act

820-862: A movement. And I helped organize NOW, the National Organization for Women and the National Women's Political Caucus and NARAL , the abortion rights [organization] in the next few years. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 by 28 women at the Third National Conference of Commissions on the Status of Women in June (the successor to the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women ), and another 21 women and men who became founders at

902-835: A multi-year period. There is speculation that the timing of the shootings is related to the Canadian observance of Remembrance Day . A joint Canadian-FBI task force investigating the shootings was formed in December 1997—three years after the first attack. An official of the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police complained that the Canadian Government was not adequately financing the investigation. He said he requested more funds in July that would raise its budget to $ 250,000. Federal officials rejected

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984-680: A paper napkin Friedan scribbled the acronym "NOW". The 21 people who became founders in October were: Caruthers Berger , Colleen Boland , Inez Casiano , Carl Degler , Elizabeth Drews , Mary Esther Gaulden (later Jagger), Muriel Fox , Ruth Gober , Richard Graham , Anna Arnold Hedgeman , Lucille Kapplinger (later Hazell), Bessie Margolin , Margorie Palmer, Sonia Pressman (later Fuentes), Sister Mary Joel Read , Amy Robinson, Charlotte Roe , Alice Rossi , Claire R. Salmond , Morag Simchak and Clara Wells . The founders were frustrated with

1066-463: A photograph of a physician who performed abortions along with a monetary reward for any information that would lead to his "arrest, conviction, and revocation of license to practice medicine". The ACLA's website described these physicians as war criminals and accused them of committing " crimes against humanity ". The web site also published names, home addresses, telephone numbers, and other personal information regarding abortion providers—highlighting

1148-591: A secret existence in an effort to keep their children was unjust. That year, NOW also committed to offering legal and moral support in a test case involving child custody rights of lesbian mothers. In 1973, the NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism was established. Del Martin was the first open lesbian elected to NOW, and Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon were the first lesbian couple to join NOW. NOW also helped women get equal access to public places. For example,

1230-765: A security guard, a police officer, two people (unclear of their connection), and a clinic escort . Seven murders occurred in the 1990s. According to statistics gathered by the National Abortion Federation (NAF), an organization of abortion providers, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, there have been 17 attempted murders , 383 death threats , 153 incidents of assault or battery , 13 wounded, 100 butyric acid stink bomb attacks, 373 physical invasions, 41 bombings, 655 anthrax threats, and 3 kidnappings committed against abortion providers. Between 1977 and 1990, 77 death threats were made, with 250 made between 1991 and 1999. Attempted murders in

1312-444: A statement calling for peaceful protests to expose abortion providers. According to Media Matters and The Colorado Independent , however, Terry has also led apparently contradictory public prayers that an abortion provider would "[convert] to God" or that "calamity [would] strike him". Terry added that he hoped the "baby killer would be tried and executed for crimes against humanity". The doctor targeted by Terry's prayers said to

1394-418: A variety of issues deploying multiple strategies, causing it to be an organization in which a comprehensive goal is envisaged and performed. Priorities mentioned above were pursued to ultimately secure constitutional amendments guaranteeing these rights. Even though discrimination on the basis of sex was illegal, the federal government was not taking an active role in enforcing the constitutional amendments and

1476-588: Is a reference to the Nuremberg Trials , where Nazi German leadership were sentenced to death for their involvement in the Holocaust and other Nazi war crimes . While the original site was shut down in 2002, it has reappeared more than once on other ISPs. Horsley was forced to change his Internet service provider numerous times due to the site's content, and his website has been hacked on several occasions. It has been stated that information from

1558-561: Is regarded as one of the main liberal feminist organizations in the US, and primarily lobbies for gender equality within the existing political system. NOW has been criticized for not supporting anti-abortion feminists. Some members, such as LA NOW chapter president Tammy Bruce left NOW, saying they oppose putting liberal and partisan policy positions above equality for all women. Tammy Bruce has attacked NOW for not doing enough to advocate for international women's rights, but instead attacking

1640-523: Is specifically directed towards people who or places which provide abortion. It is recognized as " single-issue terrorism ". Incidents include vandalism, arson, and bombings of abortion clinics , such as those committed by Eric Rudolph (1996–98), and murders or attempted murders of physicians and clinic staff, as committed by James Kopp (1998), Paul Jennings Hill (1994), Scott Roeder (2009), Michael F. Griffin (1993), and Peter James Knight (2001). Those who engage in or support such actions defend

1722-450: Is the largest feminist organization in the United States with around 500,000 members. NOW is regarded as one of the main liberal feminist organizations in the US, and primarily lobbies for gender equality within the existing political system. NOW campaigns for constitutional equality, economic justice, reproductive rights , LGBTQIA+ rights and racial justice , and against violence against women . Many influences contributed to

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1804-505: The Army of God as an underground terrorist organization active in the United States. It was formed in 1982, and is responsible for a substantial amount of anti-abortion violence. The group has committed property crimes, acts of kidnapping, attempted murder, and murder. While sharing a common ideology and tactics, members claim to rarely communicate; to avoid risk of information leaking to outside sources. In August 1982, three men identifying as

1886-544: The Democratic National Committee (DNC)." As strong as the support was, it was to no avail to the opposition from various groups. These groups included select religious collectives, business and insurance interests, and most visibly was the STOP-ERA campaign led by antifeminist Phyllis Schlafly . Schlafly argued on the premise that creating equality in the work force or anywhere else would hinder

1968-780: The Equal Rights Amendment and works to give women explicit protections in the United States Constitution. NOW advocates for economic justice. NOW supports safe and legal abortion , affordable birth control and other contraception , and reproductive health education. NOW works to end violence against women . NOW has been involved in the civil rights struggle since the 1966 and advocates for equal opportunities for women of color in all areas of society, such as employment, education & health care. NOW supports LGBTQIA+ rights as one of its core issues. NOW president Terry O'Neill has said

2050-598: The George W. Bush White House for their conservative positions. Accusations of putting politics above feminism began in 1982, the year the ERA was defeated, when NOW, under President Judy Goldsmith , fiercely opposed Reaganomics and endorsed the Democratic opponent of Republican feminist Congresswoman Millicent Fenwick due to Fenwick's support of Ronald Reagan 's economic agenda. Additionally, Deborah Watkins, who

2132-575: The Oak Room held men-only lunches on weekdays until 1969, when Friedan and other members of NOW staged a protest. As well, women were not allowed in McSorley's Old Ale House 's until August 10, 1970, after NOW attorneys Faith Seidenberg and Karen DeCrow filed a discrimination case against the bar in District Court and won. The two entered McSorley's in 1969 and were refused service, which

2214-478: The use of force with claims of justifiable homicide or defense of others in the interest of protecting the life of the fetus . David C. Nice, of the University of Georgia, describes support for anti-abortion violence as being associated with weaker social controls, higher abortion rates, and greater acceptance of violence toward women. Numerous organizations have also recognized anti-abortion extremism as

2296-440: The "posters" constituted an illegal threat. Anti-abortion organizations including Family Research Council , Americans United for Life , Concerned Women for America , Susan B. Anthony List , American Life League , Students for Life of America , Pro-Life Action League and 40 Days For Life condemned the 2009 murder of Kansas doctor George Tiller . In a 2009 press release, Operation Rescue founder Randall Terry issued

2378-437: The 1970 Congress to Unite Women, on the first evening when all four hundred feminists were assembled in the auditorium, twenty women wearing T-shirts that read "Lavender Menace" came to the front of the room and faced the audience. One of the women then read their group's paper " The Woman-Identified Woman ", which was the first major lesbian feminist statement. The group, who later named themselves " Radicalesbians ", were among

2460-559: The 1990s, NOW was criticized by the Los Angeles Times for having a double standard when it refused to support Paula Jones in her sexual harassment suit against former Democratic President Bill Clinton , while calling for the resignation of Republican politician Bob Packwood , who was accused of similar assault by 10 women. The Jones suit was later dismissed by U.S. District Judge Susan Webber Wright , ruling that Mrs. Jones' allegations, even if true, would not qualify as

2542-806: The 50 states). In response to opposing states denying the ratification of the amendment, NOW encouraged members to participate in marches and economic boycotts. "Dozens of organizations supported the ERA and the boycott, including the League of Women Voters , the YWCA of the U.S., the Unitarian Universalist Association , the United Auto Workers (UAW), the National Education Association (NEA), and

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2624-559: The Army of God kidnapped Hector Zevallos (a doctor and clinic owner) and his wife, Rosalee Jean, holding them for eight days and released them unharmed. In 1993, Shelly Shannon , an Army of God member, admitted to the attempted murder of George Tiller . Law enforcement officials found the Army of God Manual , a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions, and bombings buried in Shelly Shannon's backyard. Paul Jennings Hill

2706-557: The Christian message. That's what they want." He also stated, "Our inflammatory rhetoric is only revealing a far more inflammatory truth." National Organization for Women The National Organization for Women ( NOW ) is an American feminist organization. Founded in 1966, it is legally a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C. It

2788-550: The National Organization for Women, decisions following the 1973 landmark case had substantially limited this right, which culminated in their response to encourage the Freedom of Choice Act . The controversy over the landmark case ruling was initiated in the two cases, Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood and Gonzales v. Carhart . These two cases consequently banned abortion methods after 12 weeks of pregnancy. Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood and Gonzales v. Carhart both dealt with

2870-573: The Nuremberg Files site was used by James Charles Kopp to track down and kill Buffalo doctor Barnett Slepian in 1998. Kopp fled the country (becoming a fugitive in Canada ) but allegedly maintained contact with Horsley while on the run. Kopp was later arrested in France and extradited to New York , where he is serving a life sentence. After Slepian's murder, Planned Parenthood 's president Gloria Feldt denounced Horsley's website at

2952-857: The October 1966 NOW Organizing Conference, for a total of 49 founders. Both conferences were held in Washington, D.C. The 28 women who became founders in June were: Ada Allness , Mary Evelyn Benbow, Gene Boyer , Shirley Chisholm , Analoyce Clapp , Kathryn F. Clarenbach , Catherine Conroy , Caroline Davis , Mary Eastwood , Edith Finlayson , Betty Friedan , Dorothy Haener , Anna Roosevelt Halstead, Lorene Harrington, Aileen Hernandez , Mary Lou Hill , Esther Johnson, Nancy Knaak , Min Matheson , Helen Moreland, Pauli Murray , Ruth Murray, Inka O'Hanrahan , Pauline A. Parish , Eve Purvis , Edna Schwartz , Mary-Jane Ryan Snyder , Gretchen Squires , Betty Talkington and Caroline Ware . They were inspired by

3034-850: The U.S. included: in 1985 45% of clinics reported bomb threats, decreasing to 15% in 2000. One fifth of clinics in 2000 experienced some form of extreme activity. According to NAF, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, property crimes committed against abortion providers have included 41 bombings, 173 arsons, 91 attempted bombings or arsons, 619 bomb threats , 1630 incidents of trespassing , 1264 incidents of vandalism , and 100 attacks with butyric acid ("stink bombs"). The New York Times also cites over one hundred clinic bombings and incidents of arson, over three hundred invasions, and over four hundred incidents of vandalism between 1978 and 1993. The first clinic arson occurred in Oregon in March 1976 and

3116-430: The United States and Canada. Violence has also occurred in Canada, where at least three doctors have been attacked to date. The physicians were part of a pattern of attacks, which targeted providers in Canada and upstate New York (including the fatal shooting of Barnett Slepian of New York). All victims were shot, or shot at, in their homes with a rifle, at dusk or in the morning, in late October or early November over

3198-530: The accusation of the company's violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII is enabled to "protect individuals against employment discrimination on the bases of race and color, as well as national origin, sex, and religion". With this premise, Weeks, with the aid of Sylvia Roberts, succeeded in 1969 after making an appeal. The trial not only served as the triumph of National Organization for Women, but brought to life legislation made to

3280-478: The book's purpose was to fuel movement to a women's role outside of domestic environment. Acknowledging some satisfaction from raising children, cooking, and rearranging house decor was not enough to suffice the deeper desire for women to achieve an education. The book is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. It was published on February 19, 1963, by W. W. Norton . In an interview, Friedan specifically notes, There

3362-424: The case, upholding the ruling, but asking that the punitive damages be reconsidered. Punitive damages were reduced from $ 108 million to $ 4.7 million. The ruling also provides for $ 11 million in treble damages and $ 526,000 in compensatory damages. As part of the judgment, Horsley was to take down the "Nuremberg Files" section of his website. The verdict was later overturned on appeal, and the files returned. The case

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3444-399: The concerns of black women in their efforts. Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote NOW's Statement of Purpose in 1966; the original was scribbled on a napkin by Friedan. Also in 1966, Marguerite Rawalt became a member of NOW, and acted as their first legal counsel. NOW's first Legal Committee consisted of Catherine East , Mary Eastwood , Phineas Indritz , and Caruthers Berger; it was

3526-461: The country. Time described the event as "easily the largest women's rights rally since the suffrage protests". The organizers of the strike approved three main goals: free abortion care, 24/7 childcare centers , and equal opportunity in jobs and education. Other goals included passage of the Equal Rights Amendment , political representation , and no forced sterilization . Public reaction and media coverage were mixed. Many spectators called

3608-530: The demonstrators anti-feminine, "ridiculous exhibitionists," "a band of wild lesbians", or Communists , but the event was generally uninterrupted. The strike was a major success. Weeks after the event, NOW's membership rose by 50 percent, and a CBS News poll found that four out of five people had heard or read about women's liberation. NOW campaigns for constitutional equality, economic justice, reproductive rights , LGBTQIA+ rights and racial justice , and against violence against women . NOW supports

3690-470: The efforts did not prove to be enough to have the amendment ratified, the organization remains active in lobbying legislatures and media outlets on feminist issues. Abortion being an individual woman's choice has come into the forefront since the Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade in 1973. The decision of the court was that it ultimately was the woman's choice in reproduction. However, according to

3772-628: The failure of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ; at the Third National Conference of State Commissions on the Status of Women they were prohibited from issuing a resolution that recommended the EEOC carry out its legal mandate to end sex discrimination in employment. They thus gathered in Betty Friedan's hotel room to form a new organization. On

3854-919: The false lens of 'fairness'" that amounts to a hate campaign. NOW has further said that "waging a hate campaign against trans people is not feminist." NOW supports the use of inclusive language . Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote the organization's Statement of Purpose in 1966. The statement described the purpose of NOW as "to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men." The six core issues that NOW addresses are abortion and reproductive health services access, violence against women, constitutional equality, promoting diversity/ending racism, lesbian rights, and economic justice, with these issues having various sub-issues. The organization goes about creating these changes through laborious lobbying, rallies, marches, and conferences. NOW focuses on

3936-590: The first bombing occurred in February 1978 in Ohio . Incidents have included: The first hoax letters claiming to contain anthrax were mailed to U.S. clinics in October 1998, a few days after the shooting of Barnett Slepian; since then, there have been 655 such bioterror threats made against abortion providers. None of the "anthrax" in these cases was real. The Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security 's joint Terrorism Knowledge Base , identify

4018-402: The first to challenge the heterosexism of heterosexual feminists and to describe lesbian experience in positive terms. In 1971, NOW passed a resolution declaring "that a woman's right to her own person includes the right to define and express her own sexuality and to choose her own lifestyle", as well as a conference resolution stating that forcing lesbian mothers to stay in marriages or to live

4100-711: The first to sue on behalf of airline flight attendants claiming sex discrimination. In 1968 NOW issued a Bill of Rights, which they had adopted at their 1967 national conference, advocating the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment , enforcement of the prohibitions against sex discrimination in employment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , maternity leave rights in employment and in Social Security benefits, tax deduction for home and child care expenses for working parents, child day care centers, equal and non- gender-segregated education , equal job training opportunities and allowances for women in poverty, and

4182-538: The future. On August 26, 1970, the 50th anniversary of the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment which granted women the right to vote, NOW officially sponsored the Women's Strike for Equality, a nationwide demonstration for women's rights. Approximately 10,000 women took to the streets of New York City's Fifth Avenue for the strike and about 50,000 participants, mostly women, in total all throughout

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4264-420: The head of the organization. The goal was to reconcile those wanting to advance women's rights in the workforce (such as advocates of the Equal Rights Amendment ) and those advocating women's domestic role needing to be preserved (such as organized labor groups). The commission was a way to settle the tension between opposing sides. Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique in response to her own experiences;

4346-484: The intentions of organizations, such as NOW. NOW published a national newsletter, Do It NOW , beginning in 1970, edited by Muriel Fox . From 1977, the journal has been known as the National NOW Times ( ISSN   0149-4740 ). The following women have led the National Organization for Women: NOW has been criticized by various anti-abortion , conservative , and fathers' rights groups. During

4428-624: The laws that are instilled for the mere protection of these women. The safety of women was a higher priority than ensuring there is equality in financial and social scenarios. The predicament over the Equal Rights Amendment was not a fight between men and women who abhor men, but rather two groups of women advocating different perspectives on the nature of their lives. The rivalry was sparked in speeches, such as that of Schlafly who began her dialogue by thanking her husband for allowing her to participate in such an activity. Even though

4510-473: The moral culpability for Dr. Slepian's death". Horsley also unsuccessfully sued Gloria Feldt of Planned Parenthood and Kim Gandy of the National Organization for Women for similar statements. In 2010, Horsley ran unsuccessfully for governor of Georgia , under his Creator's Rights Party, on a nullification platform. Horsley was arrested in 2010 for making terrorist threats, after posting

4592-491: The names of those who had been wounded and striking out those of who had been killed. George Tiller's name was included on this list along with many others. The site was accused of being a thinly-veiled hit list intended to incite violence; others claimed that it was protected under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution . In 2002, after a prolonged debate, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that

4674-420: The navel is outside the body of the mother" is banned. The Supreme Court ultimately decided 5–4 that it was not unconstitutional and did not hinder a woman's right to an abortion. National Organization for Women claimed it was a disregard to a basic principle stemming from Roe v. Wade , which was to only have legislative restriction on abortion be justified with the intention of protecting women's health. Hence,

4756-458: The new policies. NOW sought to apply pressure to employers, local governments, and the federal government to uphold anti-discrimination policies. Through litigation, political pressure, and physical marches, NOW members held an authoritative stance leading to recognition in court cases, such as NOW v. Scheidler and Weeks v. Southern Bell . NOW v. Scheidler revolved around the issue of racketeering to gain support for anti-abortion groups. NOW

4838-514: The only three states to adhere via ballot initiative. Succeeding in the enactment of FOCA would ultimately mean fulfilment of three goals for the National Organization for Women. First, asserting a woman's reproductive right. Second, disseminate information to the public audience about threats posed in the two court cases mentioned above. Third, through the dissemination of information to the public, this in return would mobilize efforts to support female rights in multiple areas that will be presented in

4920-457: The organization to strengthen its tactics. Weeks v. Southern Bell had the same effect, but this is an example where those galvanized efforts proved beneficial. This concerned discriminatory practices against women in the workplace. Lorena Weeks , employee of Southern Bell, claimed she was being discriminated against via exclusion to higher paying positions within the company. Sylvia Roberts acted as her attorney, supporting Week's grievances with

5002-488: The passage of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act . Advocacy of the Equal Rights Amendment was also an important issue to NOW. The amendment had three primary objectives, which were: Section 1. Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation,

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5084-483: The press, "He's clearly inciting someone, anyone, to kill me"; a spokesman responded that Terry only meant that "God would deal with [the doctor]". Flip Benham, director of Operation Rescue, accused "those in the abortion-providing industry" of committing most of the violence in an attempt to discredit the antiabortion movement. He defended his organization's use of inflammatory rhetoric, saying: "This whole thing isn't about violence. It's all about silence – silencing

5166-415: The provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification. Efforts were proven successful when Congress passed the amendment in 1972. However, simply passing the amendment in the two houses of Congress did not mean the work was finished. NOW had to direct the efforts of getting the amendment ratified in at least three-fourths of the states (38 out of

5248-520: The purpose of defending innocent human life". The AOG claimed responsibility for Eric Robert Rudolph 's 1997 shrapnel bombing of abortion clinics in Atlanta and Birmingham . The organization embraces its description as terrorist. In the late 1990s, an organization called American Coalition of Life Activists (ACLA) was accused of implicitly advocating violence by its publication on its "Nuremberg Files" website of wanted-style posters, which featured

5330-637: The question of whether the 2003 Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act was unconstitutional for violating the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment expressed in the Roe v. Wade case. This act ultimately meant that the concept of partial-birth abortion as defined in the Act as any abortion in which the death of the fetus occurs when "the entire fetal head [...] or [...] any part of the fetal trunk past

5412-413: The request on October 15, a week before Slepian was killed. In 2001, James Kopp , an American citizen and resident was charged with the murder of Slepian and the attempted murder of Short; some speculate that Kopp was responsible for the other shootings. In the United States, violence directed towards abortion providers has killed at least eleven people, including four doctors, two clinic employees,

5494-490: The right of women to control their reproductive lives. The NOW bill of rights was included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement , edited by Robin Morgan . In 1969, Ivy Bottini , who was openly lesbian, designed the logo for NOW, which is still in use today. The first time lesbian concerns were introduced into NOW also occurred in 1969, when Bottini, who

5576-629: The rise of NOW. Such influences included the President's Commission on the Status of Women , Betty Friedan 's 1963 book The Feminine Mystique , and the passage and lack of enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting sexual discrimination ). The President's Commission on the Status of Women was established in 1961 by John F. Kennedy , in hopes of providing a solution to female discrimination in education, work force, and Social Security. Kennedy appointed Eleanor Roosevelt as

5658-548: The ruling allowing women to be served, the bathroom became unisex, and it took 16 years for the ladies room to be installed. Carole De Saram , who joined NOW in 1970 and was later president of the New York chapter, led a demonstration in 1972 to protest discriminatory banking policies. She encouraged women to withdraw savings from a Citibank branch in protest of their practices, causing a branch to close. NOW led numerous similar protests, and in 1974, their actions led directly to

5740-552: The struggle against transphobia is a feminist issue. NOW has affirmed that "trans women are women, trans girls are girls." In a further statement NOW said that "trans women are women. They deserve equal opportunity, health care, a safe community & workplace, and they deserve to play sports. They have a right to have their identity respected without conforming to perceived sex and gender identity standards. We stand with you." NOW has said that "'debate' about trans girls and women in school sports spreads transphobia and bigotry through

5822-561: The support for the Freedom of Choice Act (FOCA), which primary purpose was to safeguard a woman's access to abortions even if the Roe v. Wade ruling is further disregarded. As of 2013, there are seven states that have made the Freedom of Choice Act (FOCA) state law. FOCA will consequently supersede any other law prohibiting abortion in those seven states. They are: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Nevada, Wisconsin, Maine, and Washington. In addition, Maryland, Nevada, and Washington were

5904-421: The way in which the federal government was not enforcing the new anti-discrimination laws. Even after measures like the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, employers were still discriminating against women in terms of hiring women and unequal pay with men. Women's rights advocates saw that these legal changes were not being enforced and worried that without

5986-471: Was a success in terms of the class action suit "brought against terrorists by those they had terrorized". However the case was dismissed based on the mere definition of racketeering because racketeering must have an economic inclination, and there was no evidence to prove PLAN had this financial intention. This does not mean it was not a significant case. It brought light and recognition to National Organization for Women and its goals. If anything, it galvanized

6068-404: Was adopted at its organizing conference in Washington, D.C., on October 29, 1966, declares among other things that "the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings." NOW was also one of the first women's organizations to include

6150-468: Was arrested in December 2001, and is now serving a lengthy prison sentence. During an appearance on Upfront Tonight on CNBC , Geraldo Rivera accused Horsley of "aiding and abetting a homicide" in the Slepian murder. Horsley sued Rivera for libel and slander , but the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals found against Horsley, concluding that Rivera was merely "expressing his belief that Horsley shared in

6232-504: Was found guilty of the murder of both John Britton and clinic escort James Barrett. The Army of God published a "Defensive Action Statement" signed by more than two dozen supporters of Hill, saying that "whatever force is legitimate to defend the life of a born child is legitimate to defend the life of an unborn child... if in fact Paul Hill did kill or wound abortionist John Britton and clinic assistants James Barrett and Mrs. Barrett, his actions are morally justified if they were necessary for

6314-431: Was no activism in that cause when I wrote Feminine Mystique . But I realized that it was not enough just to write a book. There had to be social change. And I remember somewhere in that period coming off an airplane [and] some guy was carrying a sign... It said, "The first step in revolution is consciousness." Well, I did the consciousness with The Feminine Mystique . But then there had to be organization and there had to be

6396-547: Was passed in 1994 to protect reproductive health service facilities and their staff and patients from violent threats, assault, vandalism, and blockade. The law (18 U.S.C. sec. 248) also provides the same level of legal protection to all pregnancy-related medical clinics, including anti-abortion counseling centers; it also applies to use of threatening tactics directed towards churches and places of worship. State, provincial, and local governments have also passed similar laws designed to afford legal protection of access to abortion in

6478-568: Was reheard en banc , and the court determined that the files constituted " true threats " that are not constitutionally protected. Karin Spaink ran a mirror of the site in the Netherlands for about a week after the district court decision. She later decided to take down the mirror website. In 2001, self-described militant Clayton Waagner , an armed bank robber who had escaped from an Illinois prison, showed up at Horsley's home brandishing

6560-482: Was suing the groups for use of violence and the threat of violence for garnering support. The violence varied from physical barriers into entrances of abortion clinic to arson and bombings of those clinics. The plaintiff accused the Pro-Life Action Network (PLAN) of unethically seizing the right of women to make decisions about their own bodies and argued that this right needed to be defended. The case

6642-609: Was the basis for their lawsuit for discrimination. The case decision made the front page of The New York Times on June 26, 1970. The suit, Seidenberg v. McSorleys' Old Ale House (1970, United States District Court, S. D. New York), established that, as a public place, the bar could not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution . The bar was then forced to admit women, but it did so "kicking and screaming". With

6724-459: Was then president of the New York chapter of NOW, held a public forum titled "Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue?". However, NOW president Betty Friedan was against lesbian participation in the movement. In 1969, she referred to growing lesbian visibility as a "lavender menace" and fired openly lesbian newsletter editor Rita Mae Brown , and in 1970 she engineered the expulsion of lesbians, including Bottini, from NOW's New York chapter. In reaction, at

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