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25-745: Some versions are nearly identical to Nusach Ashkenaz , while others come far closer to Nusach Edot Mizrach : most versions fall somewhere in between. All versions attempt to incorporate the customs of Isaac Luria, with greater or lesser success. There are many differences between the [various] prayer books, between the Sefardi rite, the Catalonian rite, the Ashkenazi rite, and the like. Concerning this matter, my master [the Ari ] of blessed memory told me that there are twelve windows in heaven corresponding to

50-653: Is a style of Jewish liturgy conducted by Ashkenazi Jews . It is primarily a way to order and include prayers, and differs from Nusach Sefard (as used by the Hasidim ) and Baladi-rite prayer , and still more from the Sephardic rite proper, in the placement and presence of certain prayers. Nusach Ashkenaz may be subdivided into the German or Western branch - Minhag Ashkenaz - used in Western and Central Europe , and

75-509: Is not offered in accordance with that rite. It is generally held that every Jew is bound to observe the mitzvot (commandments of Judaism) by following the customs appropriate to hir family of origin. For this reason, a number of rabbis disapprove of the adoption of Nusach Sefard by Ashkenazi Jews. However, it was a common kabbalistic belief that the Sephardic rite, especially in the form used by Isaac Luria, had more spiritual potency than

100-511: Is taken from the Sephardic kaddish. Nusach Maharitz, referring to and originating with Rabbi Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky , is the nusach used by most Dushinsky Hasidim. The nusach is a mixture of Nusach Ashkenaz and Nusach Sefard, differing from Nusach Ashkenaz only when it can be proven from the writings of the students of the Ari that he did otherwise, yielding a blend of elements from both rites almost equally. Nusach Ashkenaz Nusach Ashkenaz

125-739: The Chief Rabbi in Galanta , Slovakia . In an epidemic during World War I, his wife died, leaving no children. He subsequently remarried Esther Neuhaus, daughter of Rabbi Yoel Tzvi Neuhaus. He relocated to the town of Chust to assume the position of Chief Rabbi. In 1921, his only child, Yisroel Moshe , was born. In 1930, the Dushinsky family moved to the British Mandate of Palestine , settling in Jerusalem. Shortly after in 1932 came

150-658: The Maharitz , was the first Rebbe of Dushinsky and Chief Rabbi ( Gavad ) of the Edah HaChareidis of Jerusalem . Dushinsky was born in Paks , Hungary , to Yisroel and Sara Elka Dushinsky. He was a disciple of the author of Shevet Sofer , one of the grandchildren of the Chassam Sofer . After his marriage to Sheindel, the daughter of Rabbi Mordechai Winkler, author of Levushei Mordechai , Dushinsky became

175-689: The Ashkenazi rite is largely derived from the Siddur Rab Amram and minor Talmudic tractate Massechet Soferim . This may be true, but in itself this does not support a claim of Babylonian origin as argued by Gaster: as pointed out by Louis Ginzberg the Siddur Rab Amram had itself been heavily edited to reflect the Old Spanish rite. The Ashkenazi rite also contains a quantity of early liturgical poetry from Eretz Yisrael that has been eliminated from other rites, and this fact

200-721: The Ashkenazi. Many Eastern Jewish communities, such as the Persian Jews and the Shami Yemenites , accordingly adopted the Sephardic rite with Lurianic additions in preference to their previous traditional rites. In the same way, in the 17th and 18th centuries, many Kabbalistic groups in Europe adopted the Lurianic-Sephardic rite in preference to the Ashkenazi. This was, however, the custom of very restricted circles, and did not come into widespread public use until

225-706: The Israel follows some practices of the Vilna Gaon (see Perushim § Influence ) as well as some Sephardic practices. For example, the practice of most Ashkenazic communities in Israel to recite Ein Keloheinu during the week, as is the Sephardic practice. The ritual of the United Kingdom - Minhag Anglia - is based on those of both Germany and Poland Hamburg; see Authorised Daily Prayer Book . " Minhag Anglia " does also have wider connotations re

250-782: The Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives was inaccessible. He was succeeded by Rabbi Zelig Reuven Bengis as Chief Rabbi of the Edah HaChareidis, and by his son, Rabbi Yisroel Moshe Dushinsky , as leader of the Dushinsky Hasidim, which would under the latter's leadership turn into one of the newest Hasidic dynasties. His Torah commentaries have been published in the Toras Maharitz series. The Jerusalem Municipality sought to honor Dushinsky after his death with

275-729: The Polish/Lithuanian or Eastern branch - Minhag Polin - used in Eastern Europe, the United States and by some Israeli Ashkenazim, particularly those who identify as Litvaks ("Lithuanian"). In strictness, the term Minhag Ashkenaz (the Western Ashkenazic rite) applied only to the usages of southern German Jews (in recent centuries defined very roughly as those south and west of the Elbe ), most notably

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300-538: The claim emerged that, while in general one should keep to one's minhag of origin, the Nusach Sefard reached a believed "thirteenth gate" ( Shaar ha-Kollel ) in Heaven for those who do not know their own tribe. Nusach Sefard, with its variant Nusach Ari , became almost universal among Hasidim , as well as some other Ashkenazi Jews, but has not gained significant acceptance by Sephardi Jews. One consequence thereof

325-494: The community of Frankfurt am Main . North-Eastern German communities such as Hamburg and Berlin followed Minhag Polin , although their musical tradition and pronunciation of Hebrew, and some of the traditions about the prayers included, were more reminiscent of the western communities than of Poland proper or even Austria-Hungary. There are a number of minor differences between the Israeli and American Ashkenazi practice in that

350-680: The current Sephardic rite has since been standardized to conform with the rulings of the Geonim , thereby showing some degree of convergence with the Babylonian and North African rites. The liturgical writings of the Byzantine Jewish , especially the piyyutim (hymns), found their way through Italy to Ashkenaz and are preserved to this day in most Ashkenazi mahzorim . Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky (first Dushinsky rebbe) Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky (1867 – 17 October 1948), also known as

375-573: The death of the Chief Rabbi and founder of the Edah HaChareidis, Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld . Dushinsky was appointed as his successor. He founded a community of Hungarian Jews in Jerusalem, affiliated with the Perushim section of the Edah HaChareidis. This community gradually developed into a Hasidic dynasty, which is today headed by his grandson , who was named after him. Dushinsky was known for his strong opposition to Zionism , and spoke to

400-695: The expulsion of Jews from France in 1394, but certain usages survived on the High holidays only in the Appam community of Northwest Italy until shortly after WWII, and has since become extinct. Both the Old French and the Ashkenazi rites have a loose family resemblance to other ancient European rites such as the Italian , Romaniote and Provençal rites, and to a lesser extent to the Catalan and Old Spanish rites:

425-509: The immigration of many Ashkenazi Jews from America, the millennia-old Ashkenazi rite has regained a strong following. Today many of the various sects and dynasties of Hasidism each use their own version of Nusach Sfard . Many Hasidic groups have slightly varying versions. A significant difference compared to Nusach Ashkenaz resides in the text of kaddish . For example, Nusach Sfard adds the words " ויצמח פורקניה ויקרב משיחיה ‎" (may His redemption sprout and His Messiah approach), which

450-455: The mid- to late 18th century Hasidism . Luria taught that twelve gates of prayer exists, corresponding to the twelve tribes of ancient Israel (and to the twelve Jewish communities that existed in Safed in his lifetime), and that twelve nusachs for Jewish prayer [ nasachot ha-tefillah ] emanated accordingly. In alteration of this Lurianic concept, especially in 18th/19th-century Hasidism,

475-553: The newly formed United Nations against the creation of the State of Israel . In fall 1948 Dushinsky was hospitalized in the Shaarei Zedek Hospital on Jaffa Road under the care of Dr. Moshe Wallach , director-general of the hospital. He died on the eve of Sukkot 1948 and was buried in the small cemetery adjacent to the hospital , which was used as a temporary burial ground during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War when

500-502: The opposite claim. To put the matter into perspective it must be emphasized that all Jewish liturgies in use in the world today are in substance Babylonian, with a small number of usages from the Land of Israel ( Eretz Yisrael ) surviving the process of standardization: in a list of differences preserved from the time of the Geonim , most of the usages recorded as from Eretz Yisrael are now obsolete. Medieval Ashkenazi scholars stated that

525-468: The source and root of the souls of that tribe, so must be its prayer rite. It is therefore fitting that each and every individual should maintain the customary liturgical rite of his forefathers. For you do not know who is from this tribe and who from that tribe. And since his forefathers practiced a certain custom, perhaps he is from that tribe for whom this custom is appropriate, and if he comes now and changes it, his prayer may not ascend [to heaven], when it

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550-512: The structure, and hashkafa , of English-Judaism more generally; see United Synagogue , London Beth Din , Jews College . Leopold Zunz claimed that the Ashkenazi rite is descended from the ancient Eretz Israel minhag , while the Sephardi rite is descended from Babylonia . Hakham Moses Gaster , in his introduction to the prayer book of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews , made exactly

575-496: The twelve tribes, and that the prayer of each tribe ascends through its own special gate. This is the secret of the twelve gates mentioned at the end of [the book of] Yechezkel . There is no question that were the prayers of all the tribes the same, there would be no need for twelve windows and gates, each gate having a path of its own. Rather, without a doubt it necessarily follows that because their prayers are different, each and every tribe requires its own gate. For in accordance with

600-525: Was that, before the establishment of the State of Israel and in Israel's early years, it was the predominant rite used by Ashkenazim in the Holy Land, with the exception of certain pockets of traditional Lithuanian Jews . One reason for this was that the Land of Israel was regarded as part of the Sephardic world, so that it was felt that new immigrants should adopt the local rite. In recent decades, following

625-458: Was the main support for Zunz's theory. The earliest recorded form of the Ashkenazi rite, in the broadest sense, may be found in an early medieval prayer book called Machzor Vitry . This however, like the Siddur Rashi of a century later, records the Old French rite rather than the Ashkenazi (German) rite proper, though the differences are small. The Old French rite mostly died out after

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