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90-618: Nyevangelism ( lit.   ' New Evangelism ' ) is a term for a branch of revivalist Protestant Christianity which emerged in Norrland , Sweden , at the beginning of the 19th century. The term, in opposition to Old Pietism ( gammalpietism ), has been in use since the 1850s. Nyevangelism arose within the Lutheran Church of Sweden but was not limited to it: a free church , Baptist -influenced strand also existed. Danish scholar Finn Rønne notes different views on

180-546: A chance to redeem itself and save itself from the advance of the Neo-Babylonian Empire . Many scholars see the whole core narrative, from Joshua to 2 Kings, as comprising a Deuteronomistic History (DtrH) written during Josiah's reign. In fact, some recent European theologians even go so far as to posit that most of the Torah and Deuteronomistic History was composed and finalized several centuries later, during

270-603: A cult process since the revivalist movements tend to rise and fall. Others study it as minority discontent with the status quo or, after the revivalists gain wide acceptance, as a majority that tends to impose its own standards. The Grundtvigian and Home Mission revival movements arose in Denmark after 1860 and reshaped religion in that country, and among immigrants to America. Norway saw several prominent revival movements within Orthodox Lutheranism stemming from

360-577: A greater outpouring of the Holy Spirit . In 1902 the American evangelists Reuben Archer Torrey and Charles McCallon Alexander conducted meetings in Melbourne, Australia, resulting in more than 8,000 converts. News of this revival travelled fast, igniting a passion for prayer and an expectation that God would work in similar ways elsewhere. Torrey and Alexander were involved in the beginnings of

450-585: A group of Anglican clergymen led by John Henry Newman and John Keble began the Oxford Movement . However its objective was to renew the Church of England by reviving certain Roman Catholic doctrines and rituals, thus distancing themselves as far as possible from evangelical enthusiasm. Many say that Australia has never been visited by a genuine religious revival as in other countries, but that

540-595: A largely legendary narrative about one of the earliest stages of the creation of Deuteronomistic work. William G. Dever , for example, argues that the Book of the Law was actually composed by orthodox Yahwist priests, who attributed it to the legendary figure of Moses and then hid it in the Temple, where it would be dramatically discovered; in this way, a "miraculous new Word from Yahweh " would seem to have appeared, giving Judah

630-470: A levy of a hundred talents of silver (about 3 3 ⁄ 4 tons or about 3.4 metric tons) and a talent of gold (about 75 pounds or about 34 kilograms). Necho then took Jehoahaz back to Egypt as his prisoner. The defeat of Josiah at Megiddo essentially represents the end of the rule of the Davidic line , since not only were Josiah's successors short-lived, but also Judah's relative independence had crumbled in

720-506: A local, national or global effect. This should be distinguished from the use of the term "revival" to refer to an evangelistic meeting or series of meetings (see revival meeting ). Proponents view revivals as the restoration of the church to a vital and fervent relationship with God after a period of moral decline. Within Christian studies the concept of revival is derived from biblical narratives of national decline and restoration during

810-582: A million people were converted in Britain. Missionaries subsequently carried the movement abroad; it was especially influential on the Pentecostal movement emerging in California . Unlike earlier religious revivals that pivoted on powerful preaching, the revival of 1904–05 relied primarily on music and on paranormal phenomena as exemplified by the visions of Evan Roberts. The intellectual emphasis of

900-517: A politically conservative Methodism forestalled revolution among the largely uneducated working class by redirecting its energies toward spiritual rather than temporal affairs. The thesis has engendered strong debate among historians, and several have adopted and modified Halévy's thesis. Some historians, such as Robert Wearmouth, suggest that evangelical revivalism directed working-class attention toward moral regeneration, not social radicalism. Others, including E. P. Thompson , claim that Methodism, though

990-524: A return to the tenets of Luther ; sometimes it was taken further, however, so that not only atonement but also justification was considered to have taken place with the death of Christ. Paul Petter Waldenström 's new, more subjective doctrine of the atonement came as a reaction against this preaching of the gospel. Nevertheless, the term new evangelism came to be used also within the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden , founded in 1878 as

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1080-417: A revival that was led primarily by uneducated laymen, the so-called "peasant prophets". During the 18th century, England saw a series of Methodist revivalist campaigns that stressed the tenets of faith set forth by John Wesley and that were conducted in accordance with a careful strategy. In addition to stressing the evangelist combination of "Bible, cross, conversion, and activism," the revivalist movement of

1170-630: A series of prayer meetings in New York. By the beginning of 1858 the congregation was crowded, often with a majority of businessmen. Newspapers reported that over 6,000 were attending various prayer meetings in New York, and 6,000 in Pittsburgh. Daily prayer meetings were held in Washington, D.C. at 5 different times to accommodate the crowds. Other cities followed the pattern. Soon, a common mid-day sign on business premises read, "We will re-open at

1260-511: A small movement, had a politically regressive effect on efforts for reform. Some historians question the Halévy thesis. Eric Hobsbawm claims that Methodism was not a large enough movement to have been able to prevent revolution. Alan Gilbert suggests that Methodism's supposed antiradicalism has been misunderstood by historians, suggesting that it was seen as a socially deviant movement and the majority of Methodists were moderate radicals. Early in

1350-664: A strong hold in the churches on the continent of Europe. In German-speaking Europe, Lutheran Johann Georg Hamann (1730–88) was a leader in the new wave of evangelicalism, the Erweckung , which spread across the land, cross-fertilizing with British movements. The movement began in the Francophone world in connection with a circle of pastors and seminarians at French-speaking Protestant theological seminaries in Geneva , Switzerland and Montauban , France, influenced inter alia by

1440-818: A tertium quid. The Methodist revival of John Wesley , Charles Wesley and George Whitefield in England and Daniel Rowland , Howel Harris and William Williams Pantycelyn in Wales and the Great Awakening in America prior to the Revolution. A similar (but smaller scale) revival in Scotland took place at Cambuslang (then a village), and is known as the Cambuslang Work . In the American colonies

1530-547: A year earlier (610 BCE): Psamtik having been appointed and confirmed by Assyrian kings Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal . According to the Biblical Books of Chronicles , Necho had not intended to do battle with the Judeans and was confused by Josiah's decision to attack him, supposedly sending a letter saying "what have we done to each other, king of Judah? I am not coming against you this day." Josiah attempted to block

1620-548: A year, but in that period 100,000 converts were made. Begun as an effort to kindle nondenominational, nonsectarian spirituality, the Welsh revival of 1904–05 coincided with the rise of the labor movement, socialism, and a general disaffection with religion among the working class and youths. Placed in context, the short-lived revival appears as both a climax for Nonconformism and a flashpoint of change in Welsh religious life. The movement spread to Scotland and England, with estimates that

1710-725: Is Amon. And its surface was covered with Nettle, this is Jehoiakim. And its stone wall was broken down, this is a reference to Zedekiah, in whose days the temple was destroyed. After the setback in Harran, the Pharaoh Necho left a sizeable force in Judah and returned to Egypt . On his return march, Necho found that Jehoahaz had succeeded his father Josiah as King of Judah. ( 2 Kings 23:31 ) Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king of Judah for only three months, and replaced him with Jehoahaz's older brother, Jehoiakim . Necho imposed on Judah

1800-452: Is brought out in the Talmud (Sanh. 103b) as follows:(Sanh. 104a) Ahaz suspended the sacrificial worship, Manasseh tore down the altar, Amon made it a place of desolation [covered it with cobwebs]; Ahaz sealed up the scrolls of the Law (Isa. viii. 16), Manasseh cut out the sacred name, Amon burnt the scrolls altogether [compare Seder Olam, R. xxiv. This is derived from the story of the finding of

1890-708: Is identical to the phrase used in Joshua 1:8 and 8:34 to describe the sacred writings that Joshua had received from Moses. The book is not identified in the text as the Torah and many scholars believe this was either a copy of the Book of Deuteronomy or a text that became a part of Deuteronomy. However it has been noted that the story of the repairs to the Temple is based on those ordered by an earlier Judean king, Joash (who ruled c. 836 – 796 BCE) in 2 Kings 12 . Hilkiah brought this scroll to Josiah's attention. Josiah consulted

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1980-469: Is important. It was characterized by independent preachers who traveled from place to place, often preaching somewhat emotionally tinged sermons. The movement's foremost representative was Carl Olof Rosenius, who, in contrast to Enlightenment moralism and the emphasis on subjective conditions for salvation of Pietism and Schartauanism , placed Nyevangelism 's emphasis on the work of atonement accomplished through Christ. Here Nyevangelism represented

2070-557: Is known only from biblical texts; no reference to him exists in other surviving texts of the period from Egypt or Babylon , and no clear archaeological evidence, such as inscriptions bearing his name, has ever been found. However, a seal bearing the name " Nathan-melech ," the name of an administrative official under King Josiah according to 2 Kings 23:11 , dating to the 7th century BCE, was found in situ in an archeological site in Jerusalem. The discoverers believe this seal represents

2160-786: Is not entirely true. The effect of the Great Awakening of 1858–59 was also felt in Australia fostered mainly by the Methodist Church. Records show that the Methodist Church grew by a staggering 72% between 1857 and 1864, while the Baptists, Anglicans, Presbyterians and other evangelicals also benefited. Evangelical fervor was its height during the 1920s with visiting evangelists, R. A. Torrey, Wilbur J. Chapman, Charles M. Alexander and others winning many converts in their Crusades. The Crusades of American evangelist Billy Graham in

2250-612: The Ark of the Covenant to the Temple . The Hebrew Bible states that the priest Hilkiah found a "Book of the Law" in the temple during the early stages of Josiah's temple renovation. Hilkiah then gave the scroll to his secretary Shaphan , who took it to King Josiah. According to the Bible, King Josiah then changed his form of leadership entirely, entering into a new form of covenant with

2340-513: The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion. It resulted from powerful preaching that deeply affected listeners (already church members) with a deep sense of personal guilt and salvation by Christ. Pulling away from ancient ritual and ceremony, the Great Awakening made religion intensely emotive to

2430-872: The Le Reveil movement. In North America the Third Great Awakening began in 1857 onwards in Canada and spread throughout the English-speaking world including America and Australia. Significant names include Dwight L. Moody , Ira D. Sankey , William Booth and Catherine Booth (founders of the Salvation Army ), Charles Spurgeon and James Caughey . Hudson Taylor began the China Inland Mission and Thomas John Barnardo founded his famous orphanages. One representative

2520-475: The New Testament (cf. Matthew 1:10 – 11 ). According to the biblical narrative, Josiah was the son of King Amon and Jedidah , the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath . His grandfather Manasseh was one of the kings blamed for turning away from the worship of Yahweh . Manasseh adapted the Temple for idolatrous worship. Josiah's great-grandfather was King Hezekiah , a noted reformer also respected by

2610-568: The Second Great Awakening that began about 1800 and which reached out to non-believers, the First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members. It changed their rituals, their piety, and their self-awareness. The Hungarian Baptist Church sprung out of revival with the perceived liberalism of the Hungarian Reformed Church during the late 1800s. Many thousands of people were baptized in

2700-611: The Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement . It also introduced a new form of religious expression to America: the Scottish camp meeting . A movement in Swiss, eastern French, German, and Dutch Protestant history known as le Réveil (German: die Erweckung , Dutch: Het Reveil ). Le Réveil was a revival of Protestant Christianity along conservative evangelical lines at a time when rationalism had taken

2790-800: The Svenska missionsförbundet when Waldenström's followers split off from the movement. "Come as you are" was a commonly used phrase in Nyevangelism . The movement existed throughout Sweden; however, it found less ground where other revivals had made an impact. Others associated with Nyevangelism in Sweden include Thor Hartwig Odencrants , Lars Vilhelm Henschen , and Adolphe Stackelberg . It reached Norway, Denmark, and Finland as well. It came to Norway in 1870, with some aspects adopted by revival movements such as Haugeanism ; preachers such as Paul Gerhard Sand and Johannes Jørgensen were associated with

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2880-401: The 1950s had significant impact on Australian Churches. Stuart Piggin (1988) explores the development and tenacity of the evangelical movement in Australia, and its impact on Australian society. Evangelicalism arrived from Britain as an already mature movement characterized by commonly shared attitudes toward doctrine, spiritual life, and sacred history. Any attempt to periodize the history of

2970-454: The 19th century made efforts toward a universal appeal – rich and poor, urban and rural, and men and women. Special efforts were made to attract children and to generate literature to spread the revivalist message. Gobbett (1997) discusses the usefulness of historian Elie Halévy 's thesis explaining why England did not undergo a social revolution in the period 1790–1832, a time that appeared ripe for violent social upheaval. Halévy suggested that

3060-511: The 19th century the Scottish minister Thomas Chalmers had an important influence on the evangelical revival movement. Chalmers began life as a moderate in the Church of Scotland and an opponent of evangelicalism. During the winter of 1803–04, he presented a series of lectures that outlined a reconciliation of the apparent incompatibility between the Genesis account of creation and the findings of

3150-559: The Americas, Africa, and Asia among Protestants and Catholics. Many Christian revivals drew inspiration from the missionary work of early monks, from the 16th-century Protestant Reformation (and Catholic Counter-Reformation ) and from the uncompromising stance of the Covenanters in 17th-century Scotland and Ulster that came to Virginia and Pennsylvania with Presbyterians and other non-conformists. Its character formed part of

3240-566: The Bible, notably 2 Kings 22–23 and 2 Chronicles 34–35 . No archaeological evidence for Josiah as a person exists. However, a signet ring has been found in the City of David in Jerusalem featuring the name of one of King Josiah's officials, Nathan-melech , mentioned in 2 Kings 23:11 . The inscription of the ring says, "(belonging) to Nathan-Melech, Servant of the King". Although it may not directly mention King Josiah by name, it does appear to be from

3330-627: The Bible. Finney also conducted revival meetings in England, first in 1849 and later to England and Scotland in 1858–59. In New England , the renewed interest in religion inspired a wave of social activism, including abolitionism . In the West (now upper South), especially in Cane Ridge, Kentucky and Tennessee , the revival strengthened the Methodists and Baptists . The Churches of Christ and Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) arose from

3420-439: The Book of the Law, II Kings, xxii. 8]; Ahab permitted incest, Manasseh committed it himself, Amon acted as Nero was said to have done toward his mother Agrippina. And yet, out of respect for his son Josiah, Amon's name was not placed on the list of the kings excluded from the world to come." also that Josiah's death was brought about because despite his sincere religious reform, he had in fact been deceived; thus he refused to heed

3510-574: The Johnsonian Revivals, largely expanded the pietistic emphases of Hauge via the Inner Mission Society as spearheaded by Gisle Johnson, which revolved around lay preaching and Bible study, increased spiritual literacy via the distribution of Christian literature, and the alleviation of the impoverished conditions of the quickly-industrializing Norway of the nineteenth century. The Johnsonian Revivals would go on to influence

3600-460: The Lord. He wiped out all of the pagan cults that had formed within his land. He, along with his people, then entered into this new covenant with the Lord to keep the commandments of the Lord. For much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it was agreed among biblical scholars that this "Book of the Law" was an early version of the Book of Deuteronomy , but recent biblical scholarship sees it as

3690-471: The Messianic age, the prophet Elijah shall reveal them (Mekhilta l.c.). When Josiah became king of Judah in about 641/640 BCE, the international situation was in flux. The Assyrian Empire was beginning to disintegrate, the Neo-Babylonian Empire had not yet risen to replace it, and Egypt to the west was still recovering from Assyrian rule. In this power vacuum, Jerusalem was able to govern itself for

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3780-603: The Netherlands the movement was taken forward by Willem Bilderdijk , with Isaäc da Costa , Abraham Capadose , Samuel Iperusz Wiselius , Willem de Clercq and Groen van Prinsterer as his pupils. The movement was politically influential and actively involved in improving society, and – at the end of the 19th century – brought about anti-revolutionary and Christian historical parties. At the same time in Britain figures such as William Wilberforce and Thomas Chalmers were active, although they are not considered to be part of

3870-695: The Norwegian church mission societies abroad, spanning Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In the U.S. the Second Great Awakening (1800–30s) was the second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. Major leaders included Asahel Nettleton , James Brainerd Taylor , Charles Grandison Finney , Lyman Beecher , Barton Stone , Alexander Campbell , Peter Cartwright and James B. Finley . Rev. Charles Finney (1792–1875)

3960-597: The Persian period. However, most biblical scholars are coming to believe that the Deuteronomistic History was composed using other earlier sources, including a brief chronicle of king's names, age at the beginning of their reign, and their mother's names. According to rabbinic interpretation, Huldah said to the messengers of King Josiah, "Tell the man that sent you to me ..." ( 2 Kings 22:15 ), indicating by her unceremonious language that for her Josiah

4050-534: The Pietistic preaching of Hans Nielsen Hauge and dogmatician Gisle Johnson , the latter of which started the movement known as the Johnsonian Revivals. The lasting importance of Hauge's revivals was threefold: 1. the introduction of revivalism as a prominent feature of Norwegian spiritual life, 2. the introduction of lay preaching as a common practice, and 3. institution of conventicles, or non-sanctioned congregational gatherings. The second wave of revivals, called

4140-543: The Prophet Jeremiah, thinking that no sword would pass through the Land of Israel. He was struck by 300 darts; he made no complaint except to acknowledge "The Lord is righteous, for I rebelled against His commandment. The sages also explain proverbs 24:30 as follows: I passed by the field of a lazy man, This is Ahaz. And the vineyard of a senseless man, this is Manashe. And behold, it was all overgrown with thorns, this

4230-601: The advance at Megiddo , where a fierce battle was fought and Josiah was killed. Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian Ashur-uballit II and crossed the Euphrates to lay siege to Harran . The combined forces failed to capture the city, and Necho retreated to northern Syria. There are two accounts of Josiah's death in the Bible. The Second Book of Kings merely states that Necho II met Josiah at Megiddo and killed him ( 2 Kings 23:29 ), whereas

4320-627: The average person by creating a deep sense of spiritual guilt and redemption. Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom sees it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created Pietism in Germany, the Evangelical Revival and Methodism in England. It brought Christianity to enslaved Americans and was a ground-breaking event in New England that challenged established authority. It incited rancor and division between

4410-544: The biblical writers as having "done what was right in the sight of the LORD, as David had done. Josiah had four sons: Johanan , and Eliakim (born c. 634 BCE), whose mother was Zebidah the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah; and Shallum (633/632 BCE) and Mattanyahu (c. 618 BCE), whose mother was Hamutal , the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah . Eliakim had his name changed by Pharaoh Necho of Egypt to Jehoiakim . His third son Shallum succeeded Josiah as king of Judah, under

4500-412: The close of the prayer meeting". By May, 50,000 of New York's 800,000 people were new converts. Finney wrote of this revival, "This winter of 1857–58 will be remembered as the time when a great revival prevailed. It swept across the land with such power that at the time it was estimated that not less than 50,000 conversions occurred weekly." In 1857, four young Irishmen began a weekly prayer meeting in

4590-492: The death of a righteous king to some form of sin. Some researchers have concluded from the account in Kings that Josiah did not meet Necho in battle but was summoned by Necho as a vassal, investigated, and beheaded for failing to pay the correct tribute or tax to Egypt. Rabbinic Literature remarks on Josiah's piety and his father Amon: "The fact that Amon was the most sinful of all the wicked kings of Judah (II Chron. xxxiii. 23)

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4680-487: The destruction of the temple at Bethel. Some scholars have rejected the entire historicity of these accounts, while others have defended the historical existence of a religious reform under Josiah's reign. According to the later account in 2 Chronicles , Josiah destroyed altars and images of pagan deities in cities of the tribes of Manasseh , Ephraim , "and Simeon , as far as Naphtali " ( 2 Chronicles 34:6–7 ), which were outside of his kingdom, Judah, and returned

4770-545: The developing science of geology. However, by 1810 he had become an evangelical and would eventually lead the Disruption of 1843 that resulted in the formation of the Free Church of Scotland . The Plymouth Brethren started with John Nelson Darby at this time, a result of disillusionment with denominationalism and clerical hierarchy. The established churches too, were influenced by the evangelical revival. In 1833

4860-401: The double grave of the "man of God" and of the Bethel prophet to be left alone as these prophecies had come true. Josiah's reforms are described in two biblical accounts, 2 Kings 22–23, and 2 Chronicles 34–35. They began with the ending of ancient Israelite religious practices, and the astral cults that had become popular in the 8th century, and led to centralisation of worship in Jerusalem, and

4950-431: The earlier revivals had left a dearth of religious imagery that the visions supplied. They also challenged the denial of the spiritual and miraculous element of scripture by opponents of the revival, who held liberal and critical theological positions. The structure and content of the visions not only repeated those of Scripture and earlier Christian mystical tradition but also illuminated the personal and social tensions that

5040-445: The effects of various national revivals within the history of the US and other countries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, American society experienced a number of " Awakenings " around the years 1727, 1792, 1830, 1857 and 1882. More recent revivals in the 20th century include the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival , 1906 ( Azusa Street Revival ), 1930s ( Balokole ), 1970s ( Jesus people ), 1971 Bario Revival and 1909 Chile Revival which spread in

5130-427: The eighteenth year of his reign. Josiah ordered the High Priest Hilkiah to use the tax money which had been collected over the years to renovate the temple. While Hilkiah was clearing the treasure room of the Temple he discovered a scroll described in 2 Kings as "the book of the Law", and in 2 Chronicles as "the book of the Law of the LORD given by Moses ". The phrase sefer ha-torah (ספר התורה) in 2 Kings 22:8

5220-408: The eighth year of his reign, he "began to seek the God of his father David" and in the twelfth year of that reign he began a program of destruction of Baalist altars and images throughout Jerusalem and Judah. The Chronicler records in detail the execution of this program, whereas the account in 2 Kings begins with the restoration of the temple in Jerusalem, which both accounts say was initiated in

5310-413: The face of a resurgent Egypt bent on regaining its traditional control of the region, and the imminent rise of the Babylonian empire which also sought control. Necho had left Egypt in 609 BCE to relieve the Assyrian Harran under Babylonian siege. Josiah's actions may have provided aid to the Babylonians by engaging the Egyptian army. The only textual sources of information for Josiah's reign are from

5400-427: The great Welsh revival (1904). In 1906 the modern Pentecostal movement was born in Azusa Street , in Los Angeles. The rebaibal , as it is known in Tok Pisin , had begun in the Solomon Islands and reached the Urapmin people by 1977. The Urapmin were particularly zealous in rejecting their traditional beliefs, and adopted a form of Charismatic Christianity based on Baptist Christianity . The Urapmin innovated

5490-433: The history of the Israelites. In particular, narrative accounts of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emphasise periods of national decline and revival associated with the rule of respectively wicked or righteous kings. Josiah is notable within this biblical narrative as a figure who reinstituted temple worship of Yahweh while destroying pagan worship. Within modern church history, church historians have identified and debated

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5580-439: The house with which I am at war; and God has commanded me to hurry. Cease opposing God, who is with me, so that he will not destroy you." According to 2 Chronicles 35:25 , Jeremiah wrote a lament for Josiah's death. The account in Chronicles is considered unreliable by some scholars, as it is based on the description of the death of a different king, Ahab, in 1 Kings, and it meets the Chronicler's religious agenda to attribute

5670-477: The indigenous Geneva Evangelical Society . The Réveil also inspired the International Committee of the Red Cross , which was established in Geneva in 1863 by a group of young professional followers of the movement. As well as supporting existing Protestant denominations, in France and Germany the movement led to the creation of Free Evangelical Church groupings: the Union des Églises évangéliques libres and Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden in Deutschland . In

5760-426: The individual mentioned in 2 Kings 23:11. Most scholars believe that Josiah existed historically. The Bible describes him as a righteous king, a king who "walked in all the way of David his father, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left" ( 2 Kings 22:2 ; 2 Chronicles 34:2 ). He is also one of the kings mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew's gospel , one of the two genealogies of Jesus in

5850-439: The interest in the American movement that in 1858 the Presbyterian General Assembly meeting in Derry appointed two of their ministers, Dr. William Gibson and Rev. William McClure to visit North America. Upon their return the two deputies had many public opportunities to bear testimony to what they had witnessed of the remarkable outpouring of the Spirit across the Atlantic, and to fan the flames in their homeland yet further. Such

5940-419: The mental framework that led to the American War of Independence and the Civil War. The 18th-century Age of Enlightenment had two camps: those who identified humans as only intellectual beings, Rationalists , and those who believed humans to be only passionate beings, followers of Romanticism . The philosophy of Earl of Shaftesbury III led to a proto-Romanticism that mixed with Christian worship to produce

6030-476: The movement in Australia should examine the role of revivalism and the oscillations between emphases on personal holiness and social concerns. Historians have examined the revival movements in Scandinavia, with special attention to the growth of organizations, church history, missionary history, social class and religion, women in religious movements, religious geography, the lay movements as counter culture, ethnology, and social force. Some historians approach it as

6120-413: The movement's origin: it has been argued that it can be traced back to the teachings of strongly Moravian -influenced priest Anders Carl Rutström  [ sv ] , while others posit it is an outgrowth of Carl Olof Rosenius ' beliefs. The movement's beliefs can be somewhat difficult to define precisely. It was often congregationalist in governance with low-church aspects where personal commitment

6210-427: The movement. Excerpts from Rosenius' and George Scott 's periodical Pietisten were circulated in the country. In Denmark, Bornholm became the center of Nyevangelism . In Finland, early Baptist founders such as Anna Heikel were also influenced by it. Christian revival Christian revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a Christian church, congregation or society with

6300-431: The name Jehoahaz . Shallum was succeeded by Eliakim, under the name Jehoiakim , who was succeeded by his own son Jeconiah ; then, Jeconiah was succeeded to the throne by his uncle Mattanyahu, under the name Zedekiah . Zedekiah was the last king of Judah before the kingdom was conquered by Babylon and the people exiled . The Second Book of Chronicles records that Josiah was eight years old when he became king. In

6390-447: The northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) , approximately three hundred years earlier, that "a son named Josiah will be born to the house of David" and that he would destroy the altar at Bethel . And the only exception to this destruction was for the grave of an unnamed prophet he found in Bethel ( 2 Kings 23:15–19 ), who had foretold that these religious sites Jeroboam erected would one day be destroyed (see 1 Kings 13 ). Josiah ordered

6480-434: The practices of spirit possession (known as the "spirit disko") and ritualized confessions, the latter being especially atypical for Protestantism . The Welsh revival was not an isolated religious movement but very much a part of Britain's modernization. The revival began in the fall of 1904 under the leadership of Evan Roberts (1878–1951), a 26-year-old former collier and minister-in-training. The revival lasted less than

6570-601: The prophet's advice, Jeremiah knew that this was an error by the otherwise pious king; and later he bitterly laments the king's death: the fourth chapter of Lamentations beginning with a dirge on Josiah. King Josiah, who foresaw the impending national catastrophe, concealed the Ark and its contents (including Aaron's rod, the vial of manna and the anointing oil) within a hidden chamber which had been built by King Solomon ] (Tosefta, Sotah, 13a); cf. Babylonian Talmud ( Kereithot 5b) and their whereabouts will remain unknown until, in

6660-458: The prophetess Huldah , who assured him that the evil foretold in the document for non-observance of its instructions, would come, but not in his day; "because", she said, "thine heart was tender and thou didst humble thyself before the Lord". An assembly of the elders of Judah and Jerusalem and of all the people was called, and Josiah then encouraged the exclusive worship of Yahweh, forbidding all other forms of worship. The instruments and emblems of

6750-450: The reign of Josiah; he was a contemporary of his relative the prophetess Hulda and of his teacher Zephaniah. These three prophets divided their activity: Hulda spoke to the women and Jeremiah to the men in the street, while Zephaniah preached in the synagogue. When Josiah restored the true worship, Jeremiah went to the exiled ten tribes, whom he brought to Israel under the rule of the pious king. Although Josiah went to war with Egypt against

6840-576: The revitalized interest of men and women in Christian perfection. Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities. In England the Keswick Convention movement began out of the British Holiness movement , encouraging a lifestyle of holiness , unity and prayer. On 21 September 1857 businessman Jeremiah Lanphier began

6930-605: The revival addressed by juxtaposing biblical images with scenes familiar to contemporary Welsh believers. The Pyongyang Great Revival (1907-1910) in North Korea started when Korean Protestantism was barely 20 years old. The effect was still strong in 1910. Starting in February 2023, students at Asbury College in Kentucky, USA, participated in the 2023 Asbury revival . excerpt and text search Josiah Josiah

7020-513: The same time period in which he would have lived. Seals and seal impressions from the period show a transition from those of an earlier period which bear images of stars and the moon, to seals that carry only names, a possible indication of Josiah's enforcement of monotheism. No other archaeological evidence of Josiah's religious reforms has been discovered, with a possible exception being at Tel Dothan . The date of Josiah's death can be established fairly accurately. The Babylonian Chronicles date

7110-571: The same to the women. Huldah was not only a prophetess, but taught publicly in the school, according to some teaching especially the oral doctrine. It is doubtful whether "the Gate of Huldah" in the Second Temple (Middot 1:3) has any connection with the prophetess Huldah; it may have meant "Cat's Gate"; some scholars, however, associate the gate with Huldah's schoolhouse (Rashi to Kings l.c.).E. C. L. G. The prophetic activity of Jeremiah began in

7200-409: The second book of Chronicles ( 2 Chronicles 35:20–27 ) gives a lengthier account and states that Josiah was fatally wounded by Egyptian archers and was brought back to Jerusalem to die. His death in the latter account was attributed to him "not listening to what Necho had said at God's command..." when Necho stated: "What have I to do with you, king of Judah? I am not coming against you today, but against

7290-574: The shore, Necho passed the low tracts of Philistia and Sharon . However, the passage over the ridge of hills which shuts in on the south of the great Jezreel Valley was blocked by the Judean army led by Josiah. The reason for Josiah attempting to halt the Egyptian campaign is not known, but he may have considered that the Assyrians and Egyptians were weakened by the death of pharaoh Psamtik I only

7380-603: The time being without foreign intervention. In the spring of 609 BCE, Pharaoh Necho II led a sizable army up to the Euphrates River to aid the Neo-Assyrian Empire , which was collapsing under the attacks of the Medes and the Neo-Babylonian Empire . Taking the coast route Via Maris into Syria at the head of a large army, consisting mainly of mercenaries; and supported by his Mediterranean fleet along

7470-635: The traditionalists who argued for ritual and doctrine and the revivalists who ignored or sometimes avidly contradicted doctrine, e.g. George Whitfield 's being denied a pulpit in Anglican Churches after denying Anglican Doctrine. Its democratic features had a major impact in shaping the Congregational , Presbyterian , Dutch Reformed , and German Reformed denominations, and strengthened the small Baptist and Methodist denominations. It had little impact on Anglicans and Quakers . Unlike

7560-402: The village of Connor near Ballymena . See also Ahoghill . This meeting is generally regarded as the origin of the 1859 Ulster Revival that swept through most of the towns and villages throughout Ulster and in due course brought 100,000 converts into the churches. It was also ignited by a young preacher, Henry Grattan Guinness , who drew thousands at a time to hear his preaching. So great was

7650-596: The visit of Scottish Christian Robert Haldane in 1816–17. The circle included such figures as Merle D'Aubigne , César Malan , Felix Neff , and the Monod brothers. As these men traveled, the movement spread to Lyon and Paris in France, Berlin and Eberfeld in Germany, and the Netherlands. Several missionary societies were founded to support this work, such as the British-based Continental society and

7740-665: The worship of Baal and " the host of heaven " were removed from the Jerusalem Temple. Local sanctuaries, or High Places , were destroyed, from Beer-sheba in the south to Beth-el and the cities of Samaria in the north. Josiah had pagan priests executed and even had the bones of the dead priests of Bethel exhumed from their graves and burned on their altars. Josiah also reinstituted the Passover celebrations. According to 1 Kings 13:1–3 an unnamed "man of God" (sometimes identified as Iddo ) had prophesied to King Jeroboam of

7830-623: Was Rev. James Caughey, an American sent by the Wesleyan Methodist Church to Canada from the 1840s through 1864. He brought in converts by the score, most notably in the revivals in Canada West 1851–53. His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment, coupled with follow-up action to organize support from converts. It was a time when the Holiness Movement caught fire, with

7920-458: Was a key leader of the evangelical revival movement in America. From 1821 onward he conducted revival meetings across many north-eastern states and won many converts. For him, a revival was not a miracle but a change of mindset that was ultimately a matter of an individual's free will. His revival meetings created anxiety in a penitent's mind that their soul could only be saved by submission to the will of God, as illustrated by Finney's quotations from

8010-411: Was like any other man. The king addressed her, and not Jeremiah, because he thought that women are more easily stirred to pity than men, and that therefore the prophetess would be more likely than Jeremiah to intercede with God in his behalf. Huldah was a relative of Jeremiah, both being descendants of Rahab by her marriage with Joshua. While Jeremiah admonished and preached repentance to the men, she did

8100-410: Was the strength of emotion generated by the preachers' oratory that many made spontaneous confessions seeking to be relieved of their burdens of sin. Others suffered complete nervous breakdown. The most recent Great Awakening (1904 onwards) had its roots in the holiness movement which had developed in the late 19th century. The Pentecostal revival movement began, out of a passion for more power and

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