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44-597: Modern Söke is identified with the ancient Greek city of Annaea ( Ancient Greek : Ἄνναια, Ἄναια, Ἀναία ) (also referred to as Anea, Anaea, Anaia or Annaia), which was named after the Amazon Anaea (Ἀναία). Later, it was also called Sokia ( Greek : Σώκια ). As of 1920, the British were calling it Sokia . Anaia is also the name of a titular see ( Anaea ) of the Catholic and Orthodox churches. From 1833 to 1922, it

88-549: A few centuries as a deep-water port. In the 2nd century CE Pausanias reports that the Maeander already had silted over the inlet in which Myus stood, and that the population had abandoned it for Miletus . While Miletus apparently still had an open port then, according to recent geoarchaeological research, Priene had already lost the port and open connection to the sea in about the 1st century BCE. Its merchants likely had preceded most residents in relocation to Miletus. By 300 CE

132-491: A history of mining lignite . During World War I , it was producing large amounts of lignite. The British described the quality as being "very poor." It was exported to Smyrna via train and used in factories. Annaea Annaea or Annaia ( Ancient Greek : Ἄνναια ) or Anaea or Anaia (Ἀναία), was a town of ancient Ionia . Stephanus of Byzantium placed it in Caria, opposite Samos . Pausanias also puts it on

176-605: A local magnate, established himself as the city's ruler, but soon had to recognize the rule of the Empire of Nicaea . The area remained under Byzantine control until the late 13th century. By 1923, whatever Greek population remained was expelled in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey following World War I. Shortly after, the Turkish population moved to a more favourable location, which they called Güllü Bahçe ("rose garden"). The old Greek settlement, partly still in use,

220-640: A permanent deep-water port (similar to the many Greek island cities, located on and up seaside escarpments). Construction had begun when the Macedonians took the region from the Persian Empire , and Alexander the Great personally assumed responsibility for the development. He and Mausolus intended to make Priene a model city. Alexander offered to pay for construction of the Temple of Athena to designs of

264-575: A publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Annaea". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. 37°47′29″N 27°16′13″E  /  37.79147°N 27.2703°E  / 37.79147; 27.2703 This article about a former Greek populated place in Asia Minor is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Priene Priene ( Ancient Greek : Πριήνη , romanized :  Priēnē ; Turkish : Prien )

308-469: A slowly subsiding rift valley, creating a drowned coastline . Human use of the previously forested slopes and valley removed trees and exposed soils to erosion. The sediments were progressively deposited in the trough at the mouth of the river, which migrated westward and more than compensated for the subsidence. Physical remains of the original Priene have not yet been identified. It is believed they are likely to be buried under many feet of sediment. The top

352-407: A system of channels. The water distribution and sewer systems survive. Foundations, paved streets, stairways, partial door frames, monuments, walls, terraces can be seen everywhere among toppled columns and blocks. No wood has survived. The city extends upward to the base of an escarpment projecting from Mycale. A narrow path leads to the acropolis above. Despite the expectations, Priene lasted only

396-480: Is also important for the commodities of wheat and flour. Other income comes from handicrafts, forestry, and fishing. Söke is Turkey's only exporter of culinary snails. Söke is a large town in the centre of the Aegean region, and the market town is at the heart of an agricultural district. Although secondary to the nearby centres of tourism on the coast, Kuşadası , Didim and Bodrum , Söke does catch passing trade from

440-405: Is now cultivated as valuable agricultural land. Knowledge of the average rate of progradation is the basis for estimating the location of the city, which was moved closer to the water again every few centuries in order to operate as a port. The Greek city (there may have been unknown habitations of other ethnicities, as at Miletus ) was founded by a colony from the ancient Greek city of Thebes in

484-599: Is today known as Gelebeç or Kelebeş. The tourist attraction of Priene is accessible from there. In the 4th century BCE, Priene was a deep-water port with two harbours overlooking the Bay of Miletus and, somewhat further east, the marshes of the Maeander Delta. Between the ocean and steep Mycale, agricultural resources were limited. Priene's territory likely included a part of the Maeander Valley, needed to support

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528-702: The Ionic order built by Pytheos , the architect of the Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halikarnassos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . In 1870, silver tetradrachms of Orophernes, and some jewellery were found in excavations under the base of the statue of Athena. These were probably deposited at the time of the Cappadocian restoration. An ancient Priene Synagogue , with carved images of

572-649: The Maeander River . Thucydides suggests it was on or near the coast, and in or near the valley of the Maeander, and that it was a naval station, close enough Samos to annoy the Samians. Some Samian exiles lived there during the Peloponnesian War . It later became a bishopric, now a titular see (see Anaea (Asia) ). Its site is located near Kadı Kalesi , Aydın Province , Turkey . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

616-677: The Ottoman Empire . After the First Balkan War , many Muslim refugees from the Balkans settled around this area. According to the 1914 Ottoman population statistics , the district of Karaburun had a total population of 36.976, consisting of 20.028 Muslims, 16.720 Greeks , 133 Armenians , and 95 Jews . In 18 May 1919, Italian troops landed at Söke. The Allies were afraid that the Italian landing might provoke trouble with

660-803: The Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s, the Greek Christian population migrated to the Greek island of Crete and the Cretan Muslims moved here. The district lies between the Aegean coast and the edge of the fertile alluvial plain of the Büyük Menderes River . Lake Bafa is to the south of the district. The plain contains much rich agricultural land; it is one of Turkey's largest cotton-growing areas and

704-498: The Söke district of Aydın Province , Turkey . Priene is known to have been the site of high-quality Hellenistic art and architecture. The city's original position on Mount Mycale has never been discovered; however, it is believed that it was on a peninsula with two harbours. Priene never held a great deal of political importance due to the city's relatively limited size, as it is believed around four to five thousand inhabitants occupied

748-452: The acropolis rising nearly 200 metres (660 ft) behind it. The city was enclosed by a wall 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick, with towers at intervals and three principal gates. On the lower slopes of the acropolis was a sanctuary of Demeter . The town had six main streets, about 6 metres (20 ft) wide, running east and west, and fifteen streets about 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide crossing at right angles, all being evenly spaced. It

792-474: The menorah , has also been discovered. Around the agora , the main square crossed by the main street, is a series of halls. The municipal buildings, buleuterion and prytaneion, lie north of the agora. Further to the north is the Upper Gymnasium with Roman baths, and the well-preserved Hellenistic theatre. These and most other public structures are at the centre of the plan. Temples of Asclepius and

836-531: The stereotyped equation of wealth with aristocracy may have applied early in Priene's history, in the 4th century BCE the city-state was a democracy . State authority resided in a body called the Πριηνείς (Priēneis), "the Prieneian people", who issued all decrees and other public documents in their name. The coins minted at Priene featured the helmeted head of Athena on the obverse and a meander pattern on

880-561: The 13th century. The ruins, which fell on the successive terraces where they were built, were the object of investigatory missions sent out by the English Society of Dilettanti in 1765 and 1868. They were excavated by Theodor Wiegand (1895–1899) for the Berlin Museum . The city, as developed at this site that was new in the 4th century, was found to have been laid out on a rectangular scheme. The steep area faces south,

924-471: The Greek troops, who were near Smyrna . Although Italy and Greece were allies during WWI , their relations were not good. After the end of World War I , fighting continued in a power struggle after the break-up of the Ottoman Empire. In 1920, large Turkish and Arab forces were fighting against the occupying Italian forces. In April 1922 Italian troops were withdrawn and Greek troops entered

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968-513: The amazon Anaea was at the city. During the Peloponnesian War , some Samian exiles migrated there. In addition, Thucydides mentioned that there was a naval station, and it was near enough to annoy Samos . In 1426 the city was captured by the Ottoman Empire under Murad II as the remaining capital of the Sanjak of Menteşe. From 1867 until 1922, Söke was part of the Aidin Vilayet of

1012-556: The area. After the defeat of the Greek army in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) , Greek troops was withdrawn, and Turkish troops entered in September 1922. Greek inhabitants of the area evacuated to Greece together with the Greek army or they were killed by the advancing Turkish troops. The Turkish resistance in the area was led by one Cafer Efe ( Djafer Efe ); a statue was erected later here to commemorate him. During

1056-399: The city are generally conceded to be the most spectacular surviving example of an entire ancient Greek city; it is intact except for the ravages of time. It has been studied since at least the 18th century. The city was constructed of marble from nearby quarries on Mycale, and wood for such items as roofs and floors. The public area is laid out in a grid pattern up the steep slopes, drained by

1100-514: The city. Claiming much of Mycale, it had borders on the north with Ephesus and Thebes, a small state on Mycale. Priene was a small city-state of 6000 persons living in a constrained space of only 15 hectares (37 acres). The walled area had an extent of 20 hectares (49 acres) to 37 hectares (91 acres). The population density of its residential district has been estimated at 166 persons per hectare, living in about 33 homes per hectare (13 per acre) arranged in compact city blocks. The entire space within

1144-408: The countryside, the pedieis , "plainsmen", were defined by law. They were perhaps, an inheritance from the days when Priene was in the valley. Priene was said to have been first settled by Ionians under Aegyptus , a son of Belus and grandson of King Codrus , in the 11th century BCE. After successive attacks by Cimmerians , Lydians under Ardys , and Persians , it survived and prospered under

1188-582: The direction of its "sage," Bias , during the middle of the 6th century BCE. Cyrus captured it in 545 BCE; but it was able to send twelve ships to join the Ionic Revolt (499 BCE-494 BCE). Priene was a member of the Athenian-dominated Delian League in the 5th century BCE. In 387 BCE it came under Persian dominance again, which lasted until Alexander the Great 's conquest. Disputes with Samos , and

1232-546: The entire Bay of Miletus, except for Lake Bafa, was silted in. Today Miletus is many miles from the sea. Priene stands at the edge of a fertile plain, now a checkerboard of privately owned fields. A Greek village remained after the population decline. After the 12th century CE, more Turkish people moved into the area. In the 13th century CE Priene was known as "Sampson", in Greek, after the biblical hero Samson (Samsun Kale, "Samson's Castle" in Turkish). In 1204, Sabas Asidenos ,

1276-473: The interest of Mausolus and Alexander the Great indicate its standing. One third of the houses had indoor toilets, a rarity in this society. Typically cities had public banks of outdoor seats, side by side, an arrangement for which the flowing robes of the ancients were suitably functional. Indoor plumbing requires more extensive water supply and sewage systems. Priene's location was appropriate in that regard; they captured springs and streams on Mycale, brought

1320-488: The mainland across from Samos and says it was fortified by the people of that island after being displaced by Androklos of Ephesos . After ten years of mustering forces at Anaia, they were able to launch a force back across and reclaim Samos. Ephorus says that it was named after Anaea, an Amazon who was buried there. If Anaea was opposite Samos, it was in Ionia (or, well into Roman times, Lydia), which did not extend south of

1364-483: The noted architect Pytheos , if it would be dedicated by him, which it was, in 323 BCE. The dedicatory inscription is held by the British Museum . The inscription translated to: "King Alexander dedicated the temple to Athena Polias". The leading citizens were quick to follow suit: most of the public buildings were constructed at private expense and are inscribed with the names of the donors. The ruins of

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1408-409: The region. The city was arranged into four districts, firstly the political district, which consisted of the bouleuterion and the prytaneion ; the cultural district containing the theatre ; the commercial, where the agora was located; and finally the religious district, which contained sanctuaries dedicated to Zeus , Demeter and, most importantly, the Temple of Athena . The city visible on

1452-657: The reverse; one coin also displayed a dolphin and the legend ΠΡΙΗ for ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ (Priēneōn), "of the Prieneians." These symbols express the Prieneians identification as a maritime democracy aligned with Athens but located in Asia. The mechanism of democracy was similar to but simpler than that of the Athenians (whose population was much larger.) An assembly of citizens met periodically to render major decisions placed before them. The day-to-day legislative and executive business

1496-614: The slopes and escarpment of Mycale was constructed according to plan entirely during the 4th century BCE. The original Priene had been a port city situated at the then mouth of the Maeander River. This location caused insuperable environmental difficulties, due to slow aggradation of the riverbed and progradation in the direction of the Aegean Sea . Typically the harbour would silt over, so that residents were living in pest-ridden swamps and marshes. The Maeander flows through

1540-512: The tourist visitors to the area, including visitors to the nearby historical site of Priene . There are a number of amenities on the highway for tourists passing through from İzmir airport to the coast, including restaurants, service stations, and outlet stores. The local cuisine includes çöp şiş (a shish kebab of small pieces of lamb) and pide (a flat bread pizza). There are 49 neighbourhoods in Söke District: Söke has

1584-489: The troubles after Alexander's death, brought Priene low. Rome had to save it from the kings of Pergamon and Cappadocia in 155. Orophernes , the rebellious brother of the Cappadocian king, who had deposited a treasure there and recovered it by Roman intervention, restored the Temple of Athena as a thank-offering. Under Roman and Byzantine dominion Priene had a prosperous history. It passed into Muslim hands late in

1628-502: The vicinity of ancient Aneon at about 1000 BCE. At about 700 BCE a series of earthquakes were the catalyst to move the city to within 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of its 4th century BCE location. At about 500 BCE, the city moved again to the port of Naulochos. At about 350 BCE the Persian-empire satrap , Mausolus (a Carian ), planned a magnificent new city on the steep slopes of Mycale. He hoped it could be

1672-420: The walls offered not much more space and privacy: the density was 108 persons per hectare. All the public buildings were within walking distance, except that walking must have been an athletic event due to the vertical components of the distances. Priene was a wealthy city, as the plenitude of fine urban homes in marble and the private dedications of public buildings suggests. In addition, historical references to

1716-499: The water in by aqueduct to cisterns, and piped or channeled from there to houses and fountains. Most Greek cities, such as Athens, required getting water from the public fountains (which was the work of domestic servants). The upper third of Prienean society had access to indoor water. The source of Ionian wealth was maritime activity; Ionia had a reputation among the other Greeks for being luxurious. The intellectuals, such as Heraclitus , often railed against their practices. Although

1760-564: Was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League ) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale , about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of what was then the course of the Maeander River (now called the Büyük Menderes or "Big Maeander"). It was 67 kilometres (42 mi) from ancient Anthea , 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from ancient Aneon and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from ancient Miletus . The city

1804-433: Was built on the sea coast, overlooking the former Latmian Gulf of the Aegean . It was developed on steep slopes and terraces extending from sea level to a height of 380 metres (1,250 ft) above sea level at the top of the escarpment. Because of siltation from the river filling the bay over several centuries, the city is now an inland site. It is located at a short distance west of the modern village Güllübahçe Turun in

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1848-403: Was conducted by a boulē , or city council, which met in a bouleuterion , a space like a small theatre with a wooden roof. The official head of state was a prytane . He and more specialized magistrates were elected periodically. As at Athens, not all the population was franchised. For example, the property rights and tax responsibilities of a non-Prieneian section of the population living in

1892-589: Was the seat of the Diocese of Anea of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . After that date, the demographics of the population changed and Orthodox Christians declined in number in the area. Settled for centuries before the Common Era , the region was called Aneon ( Greek : Ανέων ) and was inhabited by Greeks. Stephanus of Byzantium , quoting Ephorus , mention that the tomb of

1936-419: Was thus divided into about 80 insulae . Private houses were apportioned eight to an insula. The systems of water-supply and drainage are still visible. The houses present many analogies with the earliest ones of Pompeii . In the western half of the city, on a high terrace north of the main street and approached by a fine stairway, was the temple of Athena Polias . It was a hexastyle peripteral structure in

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