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25-703: The facility is run by a civil corporation held by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), two French national research agencies. It is located in Saint-Aubin in the Essonne département , a south-western suburb of Paris, near Gif-sur-Yvette and Saclay , which host other facilities for nuclear and particle physics . The facility

50-827: A candidate has worked extensively with one of the jury members over the past two years, or has a direct and regular relationship with him or her. In 2020, the average age at recruitment was 33.9 years for chargés de recherche (research fellows), with wide variations between sections (in the humanities and social sciences, it was 36.3 years). In 2020, the average recruitment rate was 21.3 applicants for each single open position, again with variations to this rate between sections. The most competitive sections are usually Section 2 (theoretical physics), Section 35 (literature, philosophy and philology), Section 36 (sociology and law), and Section 40 (political science). In 2023, in Section 35, there were 158 applicants for four open positions, hence

75-413: A laboratory an "assistant engineer"). Following a 1983 reform, the candidates selected have the status of civil servants and are part of the public service. All permanent support employees are recruited through annual nationwide competitive campaigns ( concours ). Separate competitives campaigns are held in each of the forty disciplinary fields covered by the institution and organized in sections. In

100-788: A new constitution. On 11 July, Lebrun was replaced by Pétain as head of state. Lebrun then fled to Vizille (Isère) on 15 July, but was later captured, on 27 August 1943 (when the Germans moved into the region) and was sent into captivity at the Itter Castle in Tyrol . On 10 October 1943 he was allowed to return to Vizille due to illness, but was kept under constant surveillance. On 15 August 1944, Operation Dragoon began. One week later, Grenoble , Vizille and other cities were freed. The German 19th Army withdrew quickly. On 11 October 1944, Lebrun met with Charles de Gaulle and acknowledged

125-482: A numeric code attached and is typically headed by a university professor or a CNRS research director. A research unit may be subdivided into research groups ("équipes"). The CNRS also has support units, which may, for instance, supply administrative, computing, library, or engineering services. In 2016, the CNRS had 952 Joint Research Units, 32 proper research units, 135 service units, and 36 international units. The CNRS

150-406: A recruitment rate of 2.53%. By comparison, Section 12 (molecular chemistry) received 33 applications for five open positions. The CNRS was created on 19 October 1939 by decree of President Albert Lebrun . Since 1954, the centre has annually awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals to French scientists and junior researchers. In 1966, the organisation underwent structural changes, which resulted in

175-513: Is an associate member of the University of Paris-Saclay . SOLEIL also hosts IPANEMA, the European research platform on ancient materials (archaeology, palaeontology, past environments and cultural heritage) , a joint CNRS / French Ministry of Culture and Communication research unit. SOLEIL covers fundamental research needs in physics, chemistry, material sciences, life sciences (notably in

200-450: Is divided into 10 national institutes: The National Committee for Scientific Research, which is in charge of the recruitment and evaluation of researchers, is divided into 47 sections (e.g. Section 41 is mathematics, Section 7 is computer science and control, and so on). Research groups are affiliated with one primary institute and an optional secondary institute; the researchers themselves belong to one section. For administrative purposes,

225-413: Is governed by very strict, well-defined legal rules, including the sovereignty and impartiality of the jury and the rules governing conflicts of interest: candidates are strictly forbidden to have any contact with a member of the jury, and no one may put pressure on the jury in any way whatsoever. If a member of the jury belongs to the candidate's family, he or she may not sit on the jury. The same applies if

250-402: Is not a general rule (a research scientist can head a group or even a laboratory and some research directors do not head a group). Employees for support activities include research engineers, studies engineers, assistant engineers and technicians. Contrary to what the name would seem to imply, these can have administrative duties (e.g. a secretary can be "technician", an administrative manager of

275-703: Is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. In 2016, it employed 31,637 staff, including 11,137 tenured researchers, 13,415 engineers and technical staff, and 7,085 contractual workers. It is headquartered in Paris and has administrative offices in Brussels , Beijing , Tokyo , Singapore , Washington, D.C. , Bonn , Moscow , Tunis , Johannesburg , Santiago de Chile , Israel , and New Delhi . The CNRS operates on

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300-463: The military collapse of France imminent, Lebrun wrote "the uselessness of the struggle was demonstrated. An end must be made." With the Cabinet wanting to ask for an armistice, on 17 June 1940 Prime Minister Paul Reynaud resigned, recommending to President Lebrun that he appoint Marechal Philippe Pétain in his place, which he did that day. British General Sir Edward Spears , who was present with

325-666: The 2023 assessment report of the HCERES. Alain Fuchs was appointed president on 20 January 2010. His position combined the previous positions of president and director general. Several of the French Nobel Prize winners were employed by the CNRS, particularly at the start of their careers, and most worked in university laboratories associated with the CNRS. Albert Lebrun Albert François Lebrun ( French: [albɛʁ ləbʁœ̃] ; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950)

350-481: The CNRS is divided into 18 regional divisions (including four for the Paris region). Researchers who are permanent employees of the CNRS, equivalent to lifelong research fellows in English-speaking countries, are classified in two categories, each subdivided into two or three classes, and each class is divided into several pay grades. In principle, research directors tend to head research groups, but this

375-646: The French cabinet during this crisis wrote "it is clear that the President had made up his mind that France was free of her obligations to Britain, and was at liberty to ask for an armistice [with Germany] if she deemed it to be in her interests to do so." On 10 July 1940, Lebrun enacted the Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940 , which the National Assembly had voted for by 569 votes to 80, allowing Prime Minister Philippe Pétain to promulgate

400-721: The General's leadership, and conveniently forgetting the new Constitutional Law he had enacted in 1940, said that he had not formally resigned as president because the dissolution of the National Assembly had left nobody to accept his resignation. Whether or not de Gaulle accepted this lie is unknown. During the post-war Petain trial "all the available celebrities of the Third Republic testified, including Lebrun, all whitewashing themselves". Lebrun argued again that he had never officially resigned. De Gaulle made no mystery of his low opinion of Lebrun, and wrote of him in his memoirs: "As

425-457: The Senate from 1925 through 1929. He was president of that body from 1931 to 1932. Lebrun was elected President of France by the newly elected Chamber of Deputies following the assassination of President Paul Doumer by Pavel Gurgulov on 6 May 1932. Re-elected in 1939, largely because of his record of accommodating all political sides, he exercised little power as president. In June 1940, with

450-677: The age of 29 to enter politics. Lebrun won a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1900 as a member of the Left Republican Party, later serving on the cabinet as Minister for the Colonies from 1912 to 1914, Minister of War in 1913 and Minister for Liberated Regions from 1917 to 1919. Joining the Democratic Alliance, he was elected to the French senate from Meurthe-et-Moselle in 1920, and served as Vice President of

475-422: The basis of research units, which are of two kinds: "proper units" (UPRs) are operated solely by the CNRS, and Joint Research Units (UMRs – French: Unité mixte de recherche ) are run in association with other institutions, such as universities or INSERM . Members of Joint Research Units may be either CNRS researchers or university employees ( maîtres de conférences or professeurs ). Each research unit has

500-420: The context of the competition, the section is made up of an eligibility jury, which reads the application files, selects some for the orals, holds the orals, and draws up a ranked list of potential candidates, submitted to the admission jury, which validates (or not) this ranking; the admission jury can make adjustments within this list. At the end of the admissions jury, the results are announced. The competition

525-744: The creation of two specialised institutes: the National Astronomy and Geophysics Institute in 1967 (which became the National Institute of Sciences of the Universe in 1985) and the Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules (IN2P3; English: National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics) in 1971. The effectiveness of the recruitment, compensation, career management, and evaluation procedures of CNRS have been under scrutiny. Governmental projects include

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550-423: The crystallography of biological macromolecules), earth sciences, and atmospheric sciences. It offers the use of a wide range of spectroscopic methods from infrared to X-rays, and structural methods such as X-ray diffraction and scattering. SOLEIL contains electrons travelling with an energy of 2.75  GeV around a 354 m circumference. It takes the electrons 1.2  μs to travel around this ring at almost

575-544: The speed of light; 847,000 times per second. According to Google Scholar, in 2024 this is the top 10 of most cited scientists of Synchrotron Soleil: This article about a French building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This particle physics –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . French National Centre for Scientific Research The French National Centre for Scientific Research (French: Centre national de la recherche scientifique , CNRS )

600-580: The transformation of the CNRS into an organization allocating support to research projects on an ad hoc basis and the reallocation of CNRS researchers to universities. Another controversial plan advanced by the government involves breaking up the CNRS into six separate institutes. These modifications, which were again proposed in 2021 by think tanks such as the Institut Montaigne, have been massively rejected by French scientists, leading to multiple protests. Important reforms were also recommended in

625-642: Was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic . He was a member of the centre-right Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD). Born to a farming family in Mercy-le-Haut , Meurthe-et-Moselle, he attended the École Polytechnique and the École des Mines de Paris , graduating from both at the top of his class. He then became a mining engineer in Vesoul and Nancy , but left that profession at

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