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51-408: The term SBCS is commonly contrasted against the terms DBCS (double-byte character set) and TBCS (triple-byte character set), as well as MBCS (multi-byte character set). The multi-byte character sets are used to accommodate languages with scripts that have large numbers of characters and symbols, predominantly Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. These are sometimes referred to by

102-478: A character belonging to a 94×94 coded character set (such as GB 2312 ) represented in two bytes. The EUC-CN form of GB 2312 and EUC-KR are examples of such two-byte EUC codes. EUC-JP includes characters represented by up to three bytes, including an initial shift code , whereas a single character in EUC-TW can take up to four bytes. Modern applications are more likely to use UTF-8 , which supports all of

153-589: A character from the DBCS is represented with a lead (first) byte with the most significant bit set (i.e., being greater than seven bits), and paired up with a single-byte character-set (SBCS). For the practical reason of maintaining compatibility with unmodified, off-the-shelf software, the SBCS is associated with half-width characters and the DBCS with full-width characters . In a 7-bit code such as ISO-2022-JP , escape sequences or shift codes are used to switch between

204-490: A double-byte DBCS-Host mode using shifting sequences (where 0x29 switches to single-byte mode and 0x28 switches to double-byte mode). Also similarly to KEIS, JIS X 0208 codes are represented the same as in EUC-JP. The lead byte range is extended back to 0x41, with 0x80–0xA0 designated for user definition; lead bytes 0x41–0x7F are assigned row numbers 101 through 163 for kuten purposes, although row 162 (lead byte 0x7E)

255-601: A subset include the Mac OS Korean script (known as Code page 10003 or x-mac-korean ), which was used by HangulTalk (MacOS-KH), the Korean localization of the classic Mac OS . It was developed by Elex Computer ( 일렉스 ), who were at the time the authorised distributor of Apple Macintosh computers in South Korea. HangulTalk adds extension characters with lead bytes between 0xA1 and 0xAD, both in unused space within

306-438: Is 256 characters, while two bytes can represent up to 65,536 characters). Examples of such languages include Japanese and Chinese . Hangul does not contain as many characters, but KS X 1001 supports both Hangul and Hanja , and uses two bytes per character. The term DBCS traditionally refers to a character encoding where each graphic character is encoded in two bytes. In an 8-bit code, such as Big-5 or Shift JIS ,

357-484: Is a character encoding in which either all characters (including control characters ) are encoded in two bytes, or merely every graphic character not representable by an accompanying single-byte character set ( SBCS ) is encoded in two bytes ( Han characters would generally comprise most of these two-byte characters). A DBCS supports national languages that contain many unique characters or symbols (the maximum number of characters that can be represented with one byte

408-414: Is a variable-length encoding used to represent the elements of three Japanese character set standards , namely JIS X 0208 , JIS X 0212 , and JIS X 0201 . Other names for this encoding include Unixized JIS (or UJIS ) and AT&T JIS . 0.1% of all web pages use EUC-JP since September 2022, while 2.6% of websites written with Japanese use this second-most popular (for Japanese) encoding (which

459-454: Is a variable-length encoding which may use up to four bytes per character, due to an even larger encoding space being required. Being an extension of GBK, it is a superset of EUC-CN but is not itself a true EUC code. Being a Unicode encoding, its repertoire is identical to that of other Unicode transformation formats such as UTF-8 . Other EUC-CN variants deviating from the EUC mechanism include

510-457: Is a character encoding in which characters (including control characters) are encoded in three bytes. EUC-KR Extended Unix Code ( EUC ) is a multibyte character encoding system used primarily for Japanese , Korean , and simplified Chinese (characters) . The most commonly used EUC codes are variable-length encodings with a character belonging to an ISO/IEC 646 compliant coded character set (such as ASCII ) taking one byte, and

561-567: Is a different, unrelated, EUC-KR extension. Unified Hangul Code extends EUC-KR by using codes that do not conform to the EUC structure to incorporate additional syllable blocks, completing the coverage of the composed syllable blocks available in Johab and Unicode. The W3C / WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 incorporates the Unified Hangul Code extensions into its definition of EUC-KR. Other encodings incorporating EUC-KR as

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612-516: Is a family of 8-bit profiles of ISO/IEC 2022 , as opposed to 7-bit profiles such as ISO-2022-JP . As such, only ISO 2022 compliant character sets can have EUC forms. Up to four coded character sets (referred to as G0, G1, G2, and G3 or as code sets 0, 1, 2, and 3) can be represented with the EUC scheme. The G0 set is set to an ISO/IEC 646 compliant coded character set such as ASCII , ISO 646:KR ( KS X 1003 ) or ISO 646:JP (the lower half of JIS X 0201 ) and invoked over GL (i.e. 0x21–0x7E, with

663-491: Is a variant of Shift JIS . HP-16 encodes JIS X 0208 using the same bytes as in EUC-JP, but does not use the single shift codes (thus omitting code sets 2 and 3), and adds three user-defined regions which do not follow the packed-format EUC structure: The IKIS (Interactive Kanji Information System) encoding used by Data General resembles EUC-JP without single shifts, i.e. with only code sets 0 and 1. Half-width katakana are instead included in row 8 of JIS X 0208 (colliding with

714-488: Is available. This allows for sets of 94 graphical characters, or 8836 (94 ) characters, or 830584 (94 ) characters. Although initially 0x20 and 0x7F were always the space and delete character and 0xA0 and 0xFF were unused, later editions of ISO/IEC 2022 allowed the use of the bytes 0xA0 and 0xFF (or 0x20 and 0x7F) within sets under certain circumstances, allowing the inclusion of 96-character sets. The ranges 0x00–1F and 0x80–9F are used for C0 and C1 control codes . EUC

765-432: Is extended back to 0x59, out of which the lead bytes 0x81–A0 are designated for user-defined characters, and the remainder are used for corporate-defined characters, including both kanji and non-kanji. JEF (Japanese-processing Extended Feature) is an EBCDIC encoding used on Fujitsu FACOM mainframes, contrasting with FMR (a variant of Shift JIS) used on Fujitsu PCs. Like KEIS, JEF is a stateful encoding, switching to

816-1126: Is more than for Shift JIS both are much less used that UTF-8 ). It is called Code page 954 by IBM. Microsoft has two code page numbers for this encoding (51932 and 20932). This encoding scheme allows the easy mixing of 7-bit ASCII and 8-bit Japanese without the need for the escape characters employed by ISO-2022-JP , which is based on the same character set standards, and without ASCII bytes appearing as trail bytes (unlike Shift JIS ). A related and partially compatible encoding, called EUC-JISx0213 or EUC-JIS-2004 , encodes JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0213 (similarly to Shift_JISx0213 , its Shift_JIS-based counterpart). Compared to EUC-CN or EUC-KR, EUC-JP did not become as widely adopted on PC and Macintosh systems in Japan, which used Shift JIS or its extensions ( Windows code page 932 on Microsoft Windows , and MacJapanese on classic Mac OS ), although it became heavily used by Unix or Unix-like operating systems (except for HP-UX ). Therefore, whether Japanese websites use EUC-JP or Shift_JIS often depends on what OS

867-524: Is not ISO 2022 –compliant and therefore not a true EUC code. (It uses an 8-bit lead byte but distinguishes between a second byte with its most significant bit set and one with its most significant bit cleared, and is, therefore, more similar in structure to Big5 and other non–ISO 2022–compliant DBCS encoding systems.) The non-GB2312 portion of the 748 code contains traditional and Hong Kong characters and other glyphs used in newspaper typesetting. IBM code page 1381 ( CCSID 1381) comprises

918-603: Is not normally used in a 7-bit ISO 2022 code version, although a variant form called HZ (which delimits GB 2312 text with ASCII sequences) was sometimes used on USENET . An ASCII character is represented in its usual encoding. A character from GB 2312 is represented by two bytes, both from the range 0xA1–0xFE. An encoding related to EUC-CN is the "748" code used in the WITS typesetting system developed by Beijing's Founder Technology (now obsoleted by its newer FITS typesetting system). The 748 code contains all of GB 2312 , but

969-430: Is not required to be left-padded with null bytes (similarly to the packed format). JIS X 0208 is, as usual, used for code set 1; code set 2 (half-width katakana) is absent; code set 3 is encoded like the two-byte fixed width format (i.e. without a shift byte and with only the first high bit set), but used for two-byte user defined characters rather than being specified for JIS X 0212. In the basic "DEC Kanji" encoding, only

1020-482: Is now preferred for new use, solving problems with consistency between platforms and vendors. A common extension of EUC-KR is the Unified Hangul Code ( 통합형 한글 코드 ; Tonghabhyeong Hangeul Kodeu , or 통합 완성형 ; Tonghab Wansunghyung ), which is the default Korean codepage on Microsoft Windows. It is given the code page number 949 by Microsoft, and 1261 or 1363 by IBM. IBM's code page 949

1071-585: Is registered with the IANA in both formats, the packed format as "EUC-JP" or "csEUCPkdFmtJapanese" and the fixed width format as "csEUCFixWidJapanese". Only the packed format is included in the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 . EUC-CN is the usual encoded form of the GB 2312 standard for simplified Chinese characters . Unlike the case of Japanese JIS X 0208 and ISO-2022-JP , GB 2312

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1122-454: Is set (equivalent to adding 128 to each 7-bit coding byte, or adding 160 to each number in the kuten code); this allows the software to easily distinguish whether a particular byte in a character string belongs to the ISO 646 code or the extended code. Characters in code sets 2 and 3 are prefixed with the control codes SS2 (0x8E) and SS3 (0x8F) respectively, and invoked over GR. Besides

1173-573: Is sometimes referred to as the EUC packed format , which is the encoding format usually labeled as EUC. However, internal processing of EUC data may make use of a fixed-length transformation format called the EUC complete two-byte format . This represents: Initial bytes of 0x00 and 0x80 are used in cases where the code set uses only one byte. There is also a four-byte fixed-length format. These fixed-length encoding formats are suited to internal processing and are not usually encountered in interchange. EUC-JP

1224-424: Is the inclusion of two extensions to the basic GB 2312-80 set in rows 6 and 8. These are considered "standard extensions to GB 2312", neither of which is proprietary to Apple: the row 8 extension was taken from GB 6345.1 , both extensions are included by GB/T 12345 (the traditional Chinese variant of GB 2312), and both extensions are included by GB 18030 (the successor to GB 2312). EUC-JP

1275-404: Is unused. Rows 101 through 148 are used for extended kanji, while rows 149 through 163 are used for extended non-kanji. EUC-KR is a variable-length encoding to represent Korean text using two coded character sets, KS X 1001 (formerly KS C 5601) and either ISO 646 :KR ( KS X 1003 , formerly KS C 5636 ) or ASCII , depending on variant. KS X 2901 (formerly KS C 5861 ) stipulates

1326-558: The ISO/IEC 8859 series technically conform to the EUC structure, they are rarely labeled as EUC. However, eucTH is used on Solaris as a label for TIS-620 . EUC-TW is a variable-length encoding that supports ASCII and 16 planes of CNS 11643 , each of which is 94×94. It is a rarely used encoding for traditional Chinese characters as used in Taiwan . Variants of Big5 are much more common than EUC-TW, although Big5 only encodes

1377-480: The Mac OS Chinese Simplified script (known as Code page 10008 or x-mac-chinesesimp ). It uses the bytes 0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0xA0, 0xFD, 0xFE, and 0xFF for the U with umlaut (ü), two special font metric characters, the non-breaking space , the copyright sign (©), the trademark sign (™) and the ellipsis (...) respectively. This differs in what is regarded as a single-byte character versus

1428-591: The UTF-16 and UTF-8 encodings, while other people use the term DBCS to mean older (pre- Unicode ) character encodings that use more than one byte per character. Shift JIS , GB 2312 and Big5 are a few character encodings that can contain more than one byte per character, but even using the term DBCS for these character encodings is incorrect terminology because these character encodings are really variable-width encodings (as are both UTF-16 and UTF-8). Some IBM mainframes do have true DBCS code pages, which contain only

1479-573: The EUC-KR GR plane (trail bytes 0xA1–0xFE), and using non-EUC codes outside of it (trail bytes 0x41–0xA0). Some of these characters are font-style-independent stylized dingbats . Many of these characters do not have exact Unicode mappings, and Apple software maps these cases variously to combining sequences , to approximate mappings with an appended private-use character as a modifier for round-trip purposes, or to private-use characters. Apple also uses certain single-byte codes outside of

1530-453: The EUC-KR plane for additional characters: 0x80 for a required space , 0x81 for a won sign (₩), 0x82 for an en dash (–), 0x83 for a copyright sign (©), 0x84 for a wide underscore (＿) and 0xFF for an ellipsis (...). Although none of these additional single-byte codes are within the lead byte range of plain EUC-KR (unlike Apple's extensions to EUC-CN, see above ), some are within

1581-599: The IBM-selected and user-defined characters. GBK is an extension to GB 2312 . It defines an extended form of the EUC-CN encoding capable of representing a larger array of CJK characters sourced largely from Unicode 1.1 , including traditional Chinese characters and characters used only in Japanese . It is not, however, a true EUC code, because ASCII bytes may appear as trail bytes (and C1 bytes , not limited to

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1632-677: The SBCS and DBCS. Sometimes, the use of the term "DBCS" can imply an underlying structure that does not comply with ISO 2022 . For example, "DBCS" can sometimes mean a double-byte encoding that is specifically not Extended Unix Code (EUC). This original meaning of DBCS is different from what some consider correct usage today. Some insist that these character encodings be properly called multi-byte character sets (MBCS) or variable-width encodings , because character encodings such as EUC-JP , EUC-KR , EUC-TW , GB 18030 , and UTF-8 use more than two bytes for some characters, and they support one byte for other characters. Some people use DBCS to mean

1683-428: The acronym CJK . In these computing systems, SBCSs are traditionally associated with half-width characters, so-called because such SBCS characters would traditionally occupy half the width of a DBCS character on a fixed-width computer terminal or text screen . Though single-byte character sets have largely been supplanted by UTF-8 and its variants on modern systems, they have found a niche in code golfing , where

1734-510: The author uses. Characters are encoded as follows: Vendor extensions to EUC-JP (from, for example, the Open Software Foundation , IBM or NEC ) were often allocated within the individual code sets, as opposed to using invalid EUC sequences (as in popular extensions of EUC-CN and EUC-KR). However, some vendor-specific encodings are partially compatible with EUC-JP, due to encoding JIS X 0208 over GR, but do not follow

1785-418: The box-drawing characters added to the standard in 1983). JIS X 0208 rows 9 through 12 are used for user-defined characters. KEIS (Kanji-processing Extended Information System) is an EBCDIC encoding used by Hitachi , with double-byte characters (a DBCS-Host encoding) included using shifting sequences, making it a stateful encoding. Specifically, the sequence 0x0A 0x41 switches to single-byte mode and

1836-563: The double byte portion of a multi-byte code page. If a person uses the term "DBCS enablement" for software internationalization , they are using ambiguous terminology. They either mean they want to write software for East Asian markets using older technology with code pages, or they are planning on using Unicode. Sometimes this term also implies translation into an East Asian language. Usually "Unicode enablement" means internationalizing software by using Unicode, and "DBCS enablement" means using incompatible character encodings that exist between

1887-695: The double-byte component as Code page 971 , and to EUC-KR with ASCII as Code page 970 . It is implemented as Code page 20949 ("Korean Wansung") and Code page 51949 ("EUC Korean") by Microsoft. As of April 2024 , less than 0.08% of all web pages globally use EUC-KR, but 4.6% of South Korean web pages use EUC-KR, Including extensions, it is the most widely used legacy character encoding in Korea on all three major platforms ( macOS , other Unix-like OSes, and Windows), but its use has been very slowly shifting to UTF-8 as it gains popularity, especially on Linux and macOS. As with most other encodings, UTF-8

1938-568: The encoding and RFC   1557 dubbed it as EUC-KR. A character drawn from KS X 1001 (G1, code set 1) is encoded as two bytes in GR (0xA1–0xFE) and a character from KS X 1003 or ASCII (G0, code set 0) takes one byte in GL (0x21–0x7E). It is usually referred to as Wansung ( Korean :  완성 ; RR :  Wanseong ; lit.  precomposed ) in the Republic of Korea . IBM refers to

1989-651: The first 31 rows of code set 3 are used for user-defined characters: rows 32 through 94 are reserved, similarly to the unused rows in code set 1. The "Super DEC Kanji" encoding accepts codes both from the "DEC Kanji" encoding and from packed-format EUC, for a total of five code-sets. It also allows the entire user defined code set, and the unused rows at the ends of the JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 code sets (rows 85–94 and 78–94 respectively), to be used for user-defined characters. Hewlett-Packard defines an encoding referred to as "HP-16". This accompanies their "HP-15" encoding, which

2040-402: The first byte of a two-byte character from both EUC (where, of those, 0xFD and 0xFE are defined as lead bytes) and GBK (where, of those, 0x81, 0x82, 0xFD and 0xFE are defined as lead bytes). This use of 0xA0, 0xFD, 0xFE and 0xFF matches Apple's Shift_JIS variant . Besides these changes to the lead byte range, the other distinctive feature of the double-byte portion of Mac OS Chinese Simplified

2091-469: The glyphs of the EUC codes, and more, and is generally more portable with fewer vendor deviations and errors. EUC is however still very popular, especially EUC-KR for South Korea. The structure of EUC is based on the ISO/IEC 2022 standard, which specifies a system of graphical character sets that can be represented with a sequence of the 94 7-bit bytes 0x 21–7E, or alternatively 0xA1–FE if an eighth bit

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2142-465: The initial shift code, any byte outside of the range 0xA0–0xFF appearing in a character from code sets 1 through 3 is not a valid EUC code. The EUC code itself does not make use of the announcement and designation sequences from ISO 2022 . However, the code specification is equivalent to the following sequence of four ISO 2022 announcement sequences, with meanings breaking down as follows. The ISO-2022-based variable-length encoding described above

2193-512: The lead byte range of Unified Hangul Code (specifically, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83 and 0x84). Similarly to KS X 1001, the North Korean KPS 9566 standard is typically used in EUC form; in these contexts, it is sometimes referred to as EUC-KP. More recent editions of the standard extend the EUC representation with characters using non-EUC two-byte codes, in a similar manner to Unified Hangul Code. Although certain single-byte encodings such as

2244-490: The most significant bit cleared). If ASCII is used, this makes the code an extended ASCII encoding; the most common deviation from ASCII is that 0x5C ( backslash in ASCII) is often used to represent a yen sign in EUC-JP (see below) and a won sign in EUC-KR. The other code sets are invoked over GR (i.e. with the most significant bit set). Hence, to get the EUC form of a character, the most significant bit of each coding byte

2295-486: The packed EUC structure. Often, these do not include use of the single shifts from EUC-JP, and are thus not straight extensions of EUC-JP, with the exception of Super DEC Kanji. Digital Equipment Corporation defines two variants of EUC-JP only partly conforming to the EUC packed format, but also bearing some resemblance to the complete two-byte format. The overall format of the "DEC Kanji" encoding mostly corresponds to fixed-length (complete two-byte) EUC; however, code set 0

2346-504: The sequence 0x0A 0x42 switches to double-byte mode. However, JIS X 0208 characters are encoded using the same byte sequences used to encode them in EUC-JP. This results in duplicate encodings for the ideographic space —0x4040 per the DBCS-Host code structure, and 0xA1A1 as in EUC-JP. This differs from IBM's DBCS-Host encoding for Japanese, the layout of which builds on versions which predate JIS X 0208 altogether. The lead byte range

2397-485: The single shifts, may appear as lead or trail bytes), due to a larger encoding space being required. Variants of GBK are implemented by Windows code page 936 (the Microsoft Windows code page for simplified Chinese), and by IBM's code page 1386. The Unicode-based GB 18030 character encoding defines an extension of GBK capable of encoding the entirety of Unicode . However, Unicode encoded as GB 18030

2448-433: The single-byte code page 1115 (CPGID 1115 as CCSID 1115) and the double-byte code page 1380 (CPGID 1380 as CCSID 1380), which encodes GB 2312 the same way as EUC-CN, but deviates from the EUC structure by extending the lead byte range back to 0x8C, adding 31 IBM-selected characters in 0x8CE0 through 0x8CFE and adding 1880 user-defined characters with lead bytes 0x8D through 0xA0. IBM code page 1383 (CCSID 1383) comprises

2499-463: The single-byte code page 367 and the double-byte code page 1382 (CPGID 1382 as CCSID 1382), which differs by conforming to the EUC structure, adding the 31 IBM-selected characters in 0xFEE0 through 0xFEFE instead, and including only 1360 user-defined characters, interspersed in the positions not used by GB 2312. The alternative CCSID 5479 is used for the pure EUC-CN code page: it uses CCSID 9574 as its double-byte set, which uses CPGID 1382 but excludes

2550-441: The smaller byte size of characters allows participants to gain an edge if they use SBCSs with specially-designed programming languages such as Vyxal and GolfScript . This character encoding article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This writing system –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Double-byte character set A double-byte character set ( DBCS )

2601-464: The various countries in East Asia for internationalizing software. Since Unicode, unlike many other character encodings, supports all the major languages in East Asia, it is generally easier to enable and maintain software that uses Unicode. DBCS (non-Unicode) enablement is usually only desired when much older operating systems or applications do not support Unicode. A triple-byte character set (TBCS)

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