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52-563: SBJ may refer to: Statistics Bureau of Japan Stourbridge Junction railway station Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title SBJ . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SBJ&oldid=964486809 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

104-768: A broader authority. The revision of the Statistics Act in 2018 further extended the Commission's authority to control the whole of the official statistics. It manages the Master Plan Concerning the Development of Official Statistics ( 公的統計の整備に関する基本的な計画 , Kōteki Tōkei no Seibi ni Kansuru Kihontekina Keikaku ) , reviews the plan and process of each of fundamental statistics, maintains statistical standards such as Japan Standard Industrial Classification  [ ja ] , and supervises

156-426: A budget, which could only be implemented with the approval of Parliament, etc. By gaining the right to tax and budget, the bourgeoisie finally entered the political arena. The institutional framework of public finance is the government budget or public budget. The budgetary system is a system of popular approval and oversight of the state's financial activities. The history of constitutional politics can be described as

208-424: A correct indicator of the impacts. A budget can be classified according to function or according to flexibility. Line-item budgeting: In line-item budgeting (also known as the traditional budgeting), the government budget is divided into a list of items which the government plans to spend its money on. The expenditures often exceed the budget, but the majority of the spendings follows the budget plan. This approach

260-523: A modern government budget. After the triumph of the bourgeois revolution in 1640 , England, as a parliamentary monarchy, had all of its financial powers controlled by Parliament. The Bill of Rights of 1689 reaffirmed that the royal government could not force anyone to pay taxes without the approval of Parliament for adoption, and also required that how taxes were to be spent and the items of budgetary expenditure be approved by Parliament, and that revenues and expenditures be allocated on an annual basis and that

312-592: A plan of revenues and expenditures be made in advance and submitted to Parliament for approval and monitoring. In other capitalist countries, government budgets were created later, such as in France in 1817 and the United States in 1921 . In short, the government budget system was historically established and developed as a way for the National Assembly to control and organize the financial activities of

364-625: A reference service on the use of statistics of Japan. The SBJ is in charge of the management of the library. The SBJ also runs the Statistical Museum ( 統計博物館 , Tōkei Hakubutsukan ) . This museum holds historical materials regarding Japan's official statistics. The SBJ compiles statistical yearbooks such as Japan Statistical Yearbook ( 日本統計年鑑 , Nihon Tōkei Nenkan ) , Statistical Handbook of Japan , and Statistical Observations of Prefectures ( 統計でみる都道府県のすがた , Tōkei de Miru Todōfuken no Sugata ) , as well as reports of

416-729: Is a process that allows citizens to participate directly in the allocation of a portion of the government budget. This practice is becoming more common at the local government level around the world. Budgets in Crisis Situations Emergency Budgets: Governments may enact special emergency budgets in response to crises such as natural disasters, economic recessions, or pandemics. These budgets are often developed rapidly and may involve significant shifts in spending priorities. Contingency Funds: Some governments establish contingency funds within their budgets to be utilized in unforeseen circumstances, detailing

468-470: Is an evolving practice. It involves setting specific targets and metrics for government programs and allocating funds based on the achievement of these targets. Long-Term Planning and Sustainability Fiscal Sustainability Reports: Some countries have begun producing long-term fiscal sustainability reports that assess the long-term balance of revenue and expenditures and the implications for future generations. Intergenerational Budget Reports: These reports focus on

520-465: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Statistics Bureau of Japan Brief history of the SBJ and related organizations Japan's official statistics system is so "decentralized" that various ministries and agencies have their own statistical departments. The SBJ is the oldest among them. The SBJ's chronological table starts from 1871, when

572-493: Is prepared by the Central government or other political entity. In most parliamentary systems, the budget is presented to the legislature and often requires approval of the legislature. The government implements economic policy through this budget and realizes its program priorities. Once the budget is approved, the use of funds from individual chapters is in the hands of government ministries and other institutions. Revenues of

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624-439: Is the financial resource necessary for the functionality of the government. The contents of government revenue have undergone multiple changes. Today, it mostly consists of the following: Government expenditures refer to how money raised by the government is allocated in order to support a wide range of causes, meet the needs of its citizens and ensure economic growth through various programs. The expenditures can be divided by

676-454: Is the forecast of the likely levels of revenues and expenses. Government budget can be of three types: Despite the straightforward definitions of the states into which the government budget can fall, there are some debates over the issues measurements – such as inflation correction, the inclusion of business cycles, etc. – and how much the public budget, or more specifically debt, should influence public and fiscal policy-making as well as being

728-683: The 2001 Central Government Reform , these inter-ministry conferences were the substantial opportunity for decisions on technical matters regarding the statistics system. The Statistical Research and Training Institute  [ ja ] is located in Kokubunji in the west of Tokyo Prefecture . It has its root in the Statistics Staff Training Institute ( 統計職員養成所 , Tōkei Shokuin Yōsei-jo ) established in 1921. It became an independent educational institute of

780-676: The Statistics Act  [ ja ] (2007 Act No. 53), the SBJ makes 13 through statistical surveys, for example, Population Census, Labour Force Survey ( 労働力調査 , Rōdōryoku Chōsa ) , and Family Income and Expenditure Survey ( 家計調査 , Kakei Chōsa ) . Derived statistics produced from a mixture of existing statistics such as Population Estimates ( 人口推計 , Jinkō Suikei ) and Consumer Price Index as well as register-based statistics of companies and establishments – Statistical Business Register ( 事業所母集団データベース , Jigyōsho Boshūdan Dētabēsu ) – are also within

832-696: The Administrative Management Agency included the Statistical Standards Department. The Department inherited the function of the Statistics Commission. As a result of the restructuring of governmental organizations in 1984, the Statistical Standards Department was merged into the SBJ. The Department had thus subordinated to the SBJ from 1984 to 2005. During this period, the government organizations were restructured again in 2001, by which

884-629: The Article 2 of the Cabinet Order, the SBJ has the Statistical Survey Department ( 統計調査部 , Tōkei Chōsabu ) to conduct the census and surveys. The following divisions have been established under this Department (Articles 110, 115–118). The Articles 110–114 of the Cabinet Order also have provisions about the following divisions under the SBJ. The SBJ cooperates with other entities in the central government, such as

936-470: The Classification of Functions of Government ( COFOG ): Government budgets have economic, political and technical basis. Unlike a pure economic budget, they are not entirely designed to allocate scarce resources for the best economic use. Government budgets also have a political basis wherein different interests push and pull in an attempt to obtain benefits and avoid burdens. The technical element

988-655: The MIC in 2003 and included the function of research that had been performed by the SBJ in 2017. The institute has thus conducted research of statistical technologies as well as training of statisticians. The SBJ is in charge of affairs related to the Institute. The Statistical Library is officially a branch of the National Diet Library . It holds collections related to statistics as well as unpublished tables on microfilm . The Statistical Library also offers

1040-472: The MIC is also in charge of international communication with statistics offices of other countries, in collaboration with the SBJ. The new Statistics Commission was established by the full amendment of the Statistics Act in 2007. It is a council handling the official statistics system, made up from 13 or fewer academic experts. It was a substitute for the Statistics Council, but was provided

1092-768: The NSTAC, the Director-General for Policy Planning of the MIC, the Statistics Commission , and the Statistical Research and Training Institute, as well as the statistical departments from various ministries. The National Statistics Center (NSTAC) was historically a segment of the SBJ specializing in tabulation . In 1984, this segment was separated from the SBJ to establish the NSTAC. In 2003, it became an Incorporated Administrative Agency . It processes data for various ministries including

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1144-490: The Netherlands in 1572, England in 1689, France in 1830, Denmark, Piedmont, and Prussia in 1848, Portugal in 1851, Sweden in 1866, Austria in 1867, and Spain in 1876. Credible budgets had two main effects: 1. They made parliament more likely to approve new taxation, and 2. They enhanced wartime military spending and increased the chance of victory in war. The practice of presenting budgets and fiscal policy to parliament

1196-531: The SBJ moved to the MIC. In 2005, the MIC disestablished the Statistical Standards Department and transferred its functions to one of the Director-Generals for Policy Planning ( 政策統括官 , Seisaku Tōkatsukan ) of the ministry. This position was initially referred to as in charge of "Statistical Standards" ( 統計基準 , Tōkei Kijun ) , but since 2021 it has been in charge of "Statistical Policy" ( 統計制度 , Tōkei Seido ) . This Director-General of

1248-433: The SBJ's coverage. The SBJ thus conducts a number of nation-wide cyclic surveys. However, the SBJ is located in the capital city and has no local branch. For nation-wide surveys, each local government 's statistical division, called Tōkei Shukan ( 統計主管 ) , conducts survey work in behalf of the SBJ. This system was started for the first Population Census in 1920 and legally established in 1947 with fiscal backup from

1300-651: The SBJ. The NSTAC and the SBJ also collaborate to develop the Inter-Ministry Information System for Official Statistics, the public online system for statistical surveys and data use. It includes subsystems as follows: The Statistical Data Utilization Center ( 統計データ利活用センター , Tōkei Dēta Rikatsuyō Sentā ) is a new institution run by the SBJ and the NSTAC. It was established in 2018 in Wakayama to offer services of on-site use of microdata, training of statisticians, and consulting about

1352-401: The anonymization of micro data for secondary use of statistics. The statistical departments from various ministries, including the SBJ, hold conferences ( 各府省統計主管部局長等会議 , Kaku-fu-shō Tōkei Shukan Bukyoku-chō-tō Kaigi ) to discuss issues on official statistics. During 2001–2007, when the Statistics Council lost the authority to actively offer its opinion to the government as a result of

1404-458: The bourgeoisie united with the workers in a long struggle against the feudal aristocracy, which was finally compromised. In 1689, a constitutional monarchy was established in England , with a bourgeoisie-dominated House of Commons , which confirmed the status of the principle of participation: firstly, no taxes could be levied without the consent of Parliament; secondly, the government established

1456-411: The budget and the government completes it. This approach originated in the 1990s as an attempt to control the increasing fiscal deficits. A simple examination of expenditures does not do justice to the complex relationships between the federal government and the states and localities. In some cases, the federal government pays for a program and gives broad discretion to the states as to how to carry out

1508-676: The censuses and surveys the SBJ conducted. It has also edited books on the SBJ's history and historical documents related to official statistics. Government budget A government budget is a projection of the government's revenues and expenditure for a particular period, often referred to as a financial or fiscal year , which may or may not correspond with the calendar year . Government revenues mostly include taxes (e.g. inheritance tax , income tax , corporation tax , import taxes ) while expenditures consist of government spending (e.g. healthcare , education , defense , infrastructure , social benefits ). A government budget

1560-434: The complete separation of the state from the home and the control of government revenues and expenditures through parliament. To this end, the bourgeois theorists put forward the famous "principle of participation," which states that the people have the right not to recognize taxes and expenditures that have not been discussed yet and adopted by the representatives of the people and to refuse to pay them. Based on this principle,

1612-540: The first Population Census ( 国勢調査 , Kokusei Chōsa ) , but in 1922 it was re-reorganized to the Statistics Bureau as an agency of the Cabinet. Since then, it has used the name of Statistics Bureau ( Tōkeikyoku ) . Despite some changes in its affiliation, it has kept the identity at least since the 1880s. Among the 54 fundamental statistics  [ ja ] designated by the government under

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1664-439: The governance structure around these funds can be unique to each country. Innovative Budget Practices Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB): Though not entirely new, the application of ZBB in the public sector is not extensively documented. ZBB involves building the budget from the ground up each fiscal year, starting from a "zero base," and justifying every expense. Performance-Based Budgeting: Linking budget allocations to performance outcomes

1716-478: The government (the executive), with the aim of effective control of the executive by the legislature. The government budget is both a product of government administration and political democratization. The emergence of the capitalist mode of production and the high level of development of the commodity economy led to an expansion of the state's financial resources and a massive increase in both revenue and expenditure. The expansion of fiscal revenues and expenditures and

1768-404: The government intentionally designs budgetary policies to reduce income and wealth inequality. Gender-responsive Budgeting: The practice of preparing budgets with an explicit consideration of the impacts on gender equality, ensuring that gender commitments are reflected in budgetary allocations. Government revenue is the income of the government earned by redistribution of the social products. It

1820-414: The history of the establishment of the modern budgetary system. The budget is, in economic and technical terms, a schedule for comparing government revenues and expenditures, a mechanism for allocating resources in modern economic society. The budget determined through the political process, determines, first of all, the proportion and structure of the allocation of the resources of society as a whole between

1872-811: The impact of current budget policies on future generations, taking into account demographic changes and long-term liabilities such as pension commitments and climate change-related expenses. International Budget Partnerships Cross-Country Collaborations: There are instances of countries collaborating on joint budgetary initiatives, particularly within the European Union or other international bodies, that aim to synchronize fiscal policies or address transnational challenges. International Budget Standards: Efforts to standardize certain aspects of budget reporting across countries to improve comparability and foster international best practices. Unconventional Revenue Streams Sovereign Wealth Funds: Discussion on how governments budget

1924-475: The increase in government departments and personnel required the government to plan its funds, which gave rise to the concept of the government budget. The government budget is also a product of the democratization of modern politics. From the West, the emergence of the capitalist mode of production and the gradual economic power of the bourgeoisie led to increasing demands for political rights. The bourgeoisie demanded

1976-404: The monarchy, it finally gave the legislature control over taxation. After obtaining the taxation, the power to amend tax laws, and approve tax proposals, the legislature turned its attention to controlling expenditure. As a result, the legislature required an annual budget report, including a statement of expenditure and a statement of revenue. England was the first country in the world to establish

2028-484: The national budget . Other ministries also use this system to conduct nation-wide surveys, unless they use their own local branch offices. The organization of the MIC follows the Cabinet Order  [ ja ] (2000 No. 246). The following explanations are based on the articles of the Cabinet Order as on April 25, 2024, but English translations are from the information dated September 2021. Based on

2080-572: The official statistics system derived from the former Statistics Commission ( 統計委員会 , Tōkei Iinkai ) (1946–1952). Since the abortion of the Commission in 1952, its responsibilities had been taken by the Commissioner of the Administrative Management Agency  [ ja ] consulting theStatistics Council ( 統計審議会 , Tōkei Shingikai ) , the advisory board with expert statisticians. For this purpose,

2132-856: The operation of public finances, and is the basis of representative politics, the core of whose values is democratic finance. Budgets are of the following types: The two basic elements of any budget are the revenues and expenses . In the case of the government, revenues are derived primarily from tax . Government expenses include spending on current goods and services, which economists call government consumption ; government investment expenditures such as infrastructure investment or research expenditure; and transfer payments like unemployment or retirement benefits. Budgetary Transparency and Citizen Participation Citizen Budgets: Some governments have started creating simplified versions of their budgets, known as "citizen budgets," to increase transparency and encourage citizen engagement. Participatory Budgeting: This

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2184-651: The pre-constitutional Meiji government founded the Statistics Division ( 政表課 , Seihyōka ) under the Dajōkan system, appointing Sugi Kōji  [ ja ] to its director. After frequent changes in the government organization, the Cabinet Statistics Bureau ( 内閣統計局 , Naikaku Tōkeikyoku ) was established in 1885 with the Cabinet system starting . In 1920 it was reorganized as Census Office ( 国勢院 , Kokuseiin ) to conduct

2236-405: The revenue and expenditures of sovereign wealth funds, which are state-owned investment vehicles, could offer a fresh perspective. Cryptocurrency and Blockchain : The potential and actual use of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in government budgeting and finance is a developing field. Budgets and Inequality Redistributive Budgeting : Exploring the concept of redistributive budgeting where

2288-466: The right to independent assets, are responsible for the financial provision of the State, which necessarily requires control of the State's finances and a legal procedure to ensure that government revenues and expenditures do not deviate from the interests of the taxpayers. In conclusion, the government budget, as a rule of the allocation of resources by public power, is a system of control and organisation of

2340-589: The state budget consist mainly of taxes, customs duties, fees, and other revenues. State budget expenditures cover the activities of the state, which are either given by law or the constitution. The budget in itself does not appropriate funds for government programs, hence the need for additional legislative measures. The word budget comes from the Old French brunette ("little bag"). Credible budgets, which are defined as statutory fixed term (generally one year) budgets auditable by parliament, were first introduced in

2392-449: The taxation burden on the landed gentry. This provoked a wave of public outrage, including fierce denunciations from the Whig peer William Pulteney , who wrote a pamphlet entitled The budget opened, Or an answer to a pamphlet. Concerning the duties on wine and tobacco - the first time the word 'budget' was used in connection with the government's fiscal policies. The proposed Excise Bill

2444-517: The use of statistics. The Statistics Act provides that the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications has the authority of planning and supervising the whole of the official statistics system, following the advice of the Statistics Commission. The minister delegates these tasks to the Director-General for Policy Planning (not to the SBJ) since 2005. The authority of supervision and planning of

2496-434: The various sectors, and therefore the scale and direction of the financial allocation of resources. In essence, the budget is a mechanism by which the taxpayers and their representative bodies control the financial activities of the government, a distribution of public power between different subjects as a means of allocating resources, a structure of checks and balances and a democratic political process. The taxpayers, who have

2548-455: Was developed in the 1920s in order to prevent corruption. Incrementalism : This approach focuses on making small changes from year to year. The government forms a budget for the new fiscal year by taking the budget from the previous fiscal year as a base and makes only small changes to it. Top-down approach: The central financial authority (e.g. the Ministry of finance ) sets boundaries to

2600-524: Was eventually rescinded. The institution of the annual account of the budget evolved into practice during the first half of the 18th century and had become well established by the 1760s; George Grenville introduced the Stamp Act in his 1764 budget speech to the House of Commons of Great Britain . The true government budget, the modern government budget, arose during the period of capitalist society and

2652-402: Was gradually established during the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the feudal ruling class. As the productive forces of capitalism developed, the economic power of the bourgeoisie gradually grew, and the political demands for democracy became more and more vocal. In the early stages of its development, the budget aimed to establish the duties of the legislature, and after a long struggle with

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2704-527: Was initiated by Sir Robert Walpole in his position as Chancellor of the Exchequer in an attempt to restore the confidence of the public after the chaos unleashed by the collapse of the South Sea Bubble in 1720. Thirteen years later, Walpole announced his fiscal plans to bring in an excise tax on the consumption of a variety of goods and services , such as wine and tobacco , and to lessen

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