Misplaced Pages

#784215

64-552: SBUV/2 looks down at the Earth's atmosphere and the reflected sunlight at wavelengths characteristic of ozone. The SBUV/2 wavelength "channels" range from 252 nanometer (nm) to 340 nm. Ozone is measured as a ratio of sunlight incident on the atmosphere to the amount of sunlight scattered back into space. From this information, the total ozone between the instrument and the ground can be calculated. The SBUV/2 measures solar irradiance and Earth radiance (backscattered solar energy) in

128-433: A trivial name is a non- systematic name for a chemical substance . That is, the name is not recognized according to the rules of any formal system of chemical nomenclature such as IUPAC inorganic or IUPAC organic nomenclature. A trivial name is not a formal name and is usually a common name . Generally, trivial names are not useful in describing the essential properties of the thing being named. Properties such as

192-524: A barrel), fenestrane (having a window-pane motif), ladderane (a ladder shape), olympiadane (having a shape with the same topology as the Olympic rings) and quadratic acid (also known as squaric acid ). The bohemic acid complex is a mixture of chemicals obtained through fermentation of a species of actinobacteria . In 1977 the components were isolated and have been found useful as antitumor agents and anthracycline antibiotics . The authors named

256-403: A compound found in wine , has a systematic name of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid. The pigment β-Carotene has an IUPAC name of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1 E ,3 E ,5 E ,7 E ,9 E ,11 E ,13 E ,15 E ,17 E )-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene. However, the trivial name can be potentially confusing. Based on its name, one might come to

320-499: A dark blue liquid . It is dangerous to allow this liquid to warm to its boiling point, because both concentrated gaseous ozone and liquid ozone can detonate. At temperatures below 80 K (−193.2 °C; −315.7 °F), it forms a violet-black solid . Most people can detect about 0.01 μmol/mol of ozone in air where it has a very specific sharp odour somewhat resembling chlorine bleach . Exposure of 0.1 to 1 μmol/mol produces headaches, burning eyes and causing irritation to

384-545: A description of scheelite , another mineral in which tungsten is found. Russian names for hydrogen, oxygen and carbon are vodorod , kislorod and uglerod (generating water, acid and coal respectively). The German names for hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are Wasserstoff (water substance), Sauerstoff (acid substance), and Stickstoff (smothering substance). The corresponding Chinese names are qīngqì (light gas), yǎngqì (nourishing gas), and dànqì (diluting gas). A method for translating chemical names into Chinese

448-734: A destructive action". Schönbein himself reported that chest pains, irritation of the mucous membranes and difficulty breathing occurred as a result of inhaling ozone, and small mammals died. In 1911, Leonard Hill and Martin Flack stated in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B that ozone's healthful effects "have, by mere iteration, become part and parcel of common belief; and yet exact physiological evidence in favour of its good effects has been hitherto almost entirely wanting ... The only thoroughly well-ascertained knowledge concerning

512-489: A distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O 2 , breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O 2 ( dioxygen ). Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet (UV) light and electrical discharges within the Earth's atmosphere . It is present in very low concentrations throughout the atmosphere, with its highest concentration high in

576-535: A pejorative sense, was intended to mean "commonplace". In addition to trivial names, chemists have constructed semi-trivial names by appending a standard symbol to a trivial stem. Some trivial and semi-trivial names are so widely used that they have been officially adopted by IUPAC; these are known as retained names . Traditional names of elements are trivial, some originating in alchemy . IUPAC has accepted these names, but has also defined systematic names of elements that have not yet been prepared. It has adopted

640-641: A person or place, its putative medical properties or method of preparation. Salt ( sodium chloride ) is soluble and is used to enhance the taste of food. Substances with similar properties came to be known as salts, in particular Epsom salt ( magnesium sulfate , found in a bitter saline spring in the English town of Epsom ). Ammonium (with the little-used systematic name azanium ) was first extracted from sal ammoniac , meaning "salt of Amun". Ancient Romans noticed crystals of it in Egyptian temples devoted to

704-603: A procedure by which the scientists who are credited with preparing an element can propose a new name. Once the IUPAC has accepted such a (trivial) name, it replaces the systematic name. Nine elements were known by the Middle Ages : gold , silver , tin , mercury , copper , lead , iron , sulfur , and carbon . Mercury was named after the planet, but its symbol was derived from the Latin hydrargyrum , which itself comes from

SECTION 10

#1732782594785

768-404: A process called ozonolysis , giving alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, depending on the second step of the workup. Ozone can also cleave alkynes to form an acid anhydride or diketone product. If the reaction is performed in the presence of water, the anhydride hydrolyzes to give two carboxylic acids . Usually ozonolysis is carried out in a solution of dichloromethane , at

832-489: A son of Zeus, and niobium for Niobe , a daughter of Tantalus); and Norse deities ( vanadium for the goddess Vanadis and thorium for the god Thor ). Some elements were named for aspects of the history of their discovery. In particular, technetium and promethium were so named because the first samples detected were artificially synthesised ; neither of the two has any isotope sufficiently stable to occur in nature on Earth in significant quantities. The connection to

896-481: A spark and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10 wt% or higher. Ozone can also be produced from oxygen at the anode of an electrochemical cell. This reaction can create smaller quantities of ozone for research purposes. This can be observed as an unwanted reaction in a Hoffman gas apparatus during the electrolysis of water when the voltage is set above the necessary voltage. Ozone will oxidize most metals (except gold , platinum , and iridium ) to oxides of

960-853: A temperature of −78 °C. After a sequence of cleavage and rearrangement, an organic ozonide is formed. With reductive workup (e.g. zinc in acetic acid or dimethyl sulfide ), ketones and aldehydes will be formed, with oxidative workup (e.g. aqueous or alcoholic hydrogen peroxide ), carboxylic acids will be formed. All three atoms of ozone may also react, as in the reaction of tin(II) chloride with hydrochloric acid and ozone: Iodine perchlorate can be made by treating iodine dissolved in cold anhydrous perchloric acid with ozone: Ozone could also react with potassium iodide to give oxygen and iodine gas that can be titrated for quantitative determination: Ozone can be used for combustion reactions and combustible gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than burning in dioxygen ( O 2 ). The following

1024-559: Is 116.78°. The central atom is sp ² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 0.53  D . The molecule can be represented as a resonance hybrid with two contributing structures, each with a single bond on one side and double bond on the other. The arrangement possesses an overall bond order of 1.5 for both sides. It is isoelectronic with the nitrite anion . Naturally occurring ozone can be composed of substituted isotopes ( O, O, O). A cyclic form has been predicted but not observed. Ozone

1088-399: Is a general name for materials combining calcium with carbonates, oxides or hydroxides; the name comes from a root "sticking or adhering"; its earliest use was as mortar for construction. Water has several systematic names, including oxidane (the IUPAC name), hydrogen oxide , and dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO). The latter was the basis of the dihydrogen monoxide hoax , a document that

1152-407: Is a pale blue gas that condenses at cryogenic temperatures to a dark blue liquid and finally a violet-black solid . Ozone's instability with regard to more common dioxygen is such that both concentrated gas and liquid ozone may decompose explosively at elevated temperatures, physical shock, or fast warming to the boiling point. It is therefore used commercially only in low concentrations. Ozone

1216-420: Is a powerful oxidant (far more so than dioxygen) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation. This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm . While this makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level , a higher concentration in

1280-486: Is a reaction for the combustion of carbon subnitride which can also cause higher temperatures: Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K (−196.2 °C; −321.1 °F), atomic hydrogen reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen superoxide radical , which dimerizes : Ozone is a toxic substance, commonly found or generated in human environments (aircraft cabins, offices with photocopiers, laser printers, sterilizers...) and its catalytic decomposition

1344-551: Is among the most powerful oxidizing agents known, far stronger than O 2 . It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying into ordinary diatomic oxygen. Its half-life varies with atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air movement. Under laboratory conditions, the half-life will average ~1500 minutes (25 hours) in still air at room temperature (24 °C), zero humidity with zero air changes per hour. This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature. Deflagration of ozone can be triggered by

SECTION 20

#1732782594785

1408-504: Is generally credited with the discovery of ozone. He also noted the similarity of ozone smell to the smell of phosphorus, and in 1844 proved that the product of reaction of white phosphorus with air is identical. A subsequent effort to call ozone "electrified oxygen" he ridiculed by proposing to call the ozone from white phosphorus "phosphorized oxygen". The formula for ozone, O 3 , was not determined until 1865 by Jacques-Louis Soret and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867. For much of

1472-420: Is oxidized to lead(II) sulfate : Sulfuric acid can be produced from ozone, water and either elemental sulfur or sulfur dioxide : In the gas phase , ozone reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfur dioxide: In an aqueous solution, however, two competing simultaneous reactions occur, one to produce elemental sulfur, and one to produce sulfuric acid : Alkenes can be oxidatively cleaved by ozone, in

1536-796: Is quite a different atmosphere [at higher elevation] with enough ozone to sustain the necessary energy [to work]", wrote naturalist Henry Henshaw , working in Hawaii. Seaside air was considered to be healthy because of its believed ozone content. The smell giving rise to this belief is in fact that of halogenated seaweed metabolites and dimethyl sulfide . Much of ozone's appeal seems to have resulted from its "fresh" smell, which evoked associations with purifying properties. Scientists noted its harmful effects. In 1873 James Dewar and John Gray McKendrick documented that frogs grew sluggish, birds gasped for breath, and rabbits' blood showed decreased levels of oxygen after exposure to "ozonized air", which "exercised

1600-753: Is used for metals, was chosen). The other noble gases are neon ("new"), argon ("slow, lazy"), krypton ("hidden"), xenon ("stranger"), and radon ("from radium"). Many more elements have been given names that have little or nothing to do with their properties. Elements have been named for celestial bodies ( helium , selenium , tellurium , for the Sun, Moon, and Earth; cerium and palladium for Ceres and Pallas , two asteroids ). They have been named for mythological figures, including Titans in general ( titanium ) and Prometheus in particular ( promethium ); Roman and Greek gods ( uranium , neptunium , and plutonium ) and their descendants ( tantalum for Tantalus ,

1664-407: Is very important to reduce pollution. This type of decomposition is the most widely used, especially with solid catalysts, and it has many advantages such as a higher conversion with a lower temperature. Furthermore, the product and the catalyst can be instantaneously separated, and this way the catalyst can be easily recovered without using any separation operation. Moreover, the most used materials in

1728-474: The Greek neuter present participle for smell, referring to ozone's distinctive smell. In appropriate contexts, ozone can be viewed as trioxidane with two hydrogen atoms removed, and as such, trioxidanylidene may be used as a systematic name, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, these names pay no regard to the radicality of the ozone molecule. In an even more specific context, this can also name

1792-778: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), was established in 1950. Other systems have been developed by the American Chemical Society , the International Organization for Standardization , and the World Health Organization . However, chemists still use many names that are not systematic because they are traditional or because they are more convenient than the systematic names. These are called trivial names . The word "trivial", often used in

1856-535: The NOAA-19 spacecraft. The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite on Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 is the follow-on to SBUV/2. This article about one or more spacecraft of the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ozone Ozone ( / ˈ oʊ z oʊ n / ) (or trioxygen ) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O 3 . It is a pale blue gas with

1920-544: The ozone hole over Antarctica in 1987, and continues to monitor this phenomenon. Atmospheric ozone absorbs the sun's ultraviolet rays, which are believed to cause gene mutations, skin cancer , and cataracts in humans. Ultraviolet rays may also damage crops and aquatic ecosystems. The first SBUV/2 instrument was launched on NOAA-9 in December 1984 and the last instrument in this series was launched in February 2009 aboard

1984-452: The ozone layer of the stratosphere , which absorbs most of the Sun 's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone's odor is reminiscent of chlorine , and detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as 0.1  ppm in air. Ozone's O 3 structure was determined in 1865. The molecule was later proven to have a bent structure and to be weakly diamagnetic . In standard conditions , ozone

SBUV/2 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-452: The transuranium elements , this restriction was relaxed; there followed curium (after the Curies), einsteinium ( Albert Einstein ), fermium ( Enrico Fermi ), mendelevium ( Dmitri Mendeleev ), nobelium ( Alfred Nobel ) and lawrencium ( Ernest Lawrence ). IUPAC has established international standards for naming elements. The first scientist or laboratory to isolate an element has

2112-421: The 1920s, it was not certain whether small amounts of oxozone , O 4 , were also present in ozone samples due to the difficulty of applying analytical chemistry techniques to the explosive concentrated chemical. In 1923, Georg-Maria Schwab (working for his doctoral thesis under Ernst Hermann Riesenfeld ) was the first to successfully solidify ozone and perform accurate analysis which conclusively refuted

2176-626: The Greek υδράργυρος , meaning liquid silver; mercury is also known as quicksilver in English. The symbols for the other eight are derived from their Latin names. Systematic nomenclature began after Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau stated the need for "a constant method of denomination, which helps the intelligence and relieves the memory". The resulting system was popularized by Antoine Lavoisier 's publication of Méthode de nomenclature chimique (Method of Chemical Nomenclature) in 1787. Lavoisier proposed that elements be named after their properties. For

2240-533: The Swedish village Ytterby , where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia ), strontium , scandium , europium , thulium (after an old Roman name for an unidentified northern region), holmium , copper (derived from Cyprus , where it was mined in the Roman era), hafnium , rhenium , americium , berkelium , californium , and darmstadtium . For

2304-559: The Titan Prometheus was that he had been fabled to have stolen fire from the gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland ; ruthenium , gallium , germanium , and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements — terbium , erbium , ytterbium , and yttrium — were named after

2368-436: The catalytic decomposition of ozone in the gas phase are noble metals like Pt, Rh or Pd and transition metals such as Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni or Ag. There are two other possibilities for the ozone decomposition in gas phase: The first one is a thermal decomposition where the ozone can be decomposed using only the action of heat. The problem is that this type of decomposition is very slow with temperatures below 250 °C. However,

2432-409: The colors of particular lines in their emission spectra . Iridium , which forms compounds of many different colors, takes its name from iris , the Latin for "rainbow". The noble gases have all been named for their origin or properties. Helium comes from the Greek helios , meaning "Sun" because it was first detected as a line in the spectrum of the Sun (it is not known why the suffix -ium , which

2496-421: The complex (and one of its components, bohemamine) after the opera La bohème by Puccini , and the remaining components were named after characters in the opera: alcindoromycin (Alcindoro), collinemycin (Colline), marcellomycin (Marcello), mimimycin (Mimi), musettamycin (Musetta), rudolphomycin (Rodolfo) and schaunardimycin (Schaunard). However, the relationships between the characters do not correctly reflect

2560-399: The conclusion that the molecule theobromine contains one or more bromine atoms. In reality it is an alkaloid similar in structure to caffeine. Several organic molecules have semitrivial names where the suffixes -ane (for an alkane ) or -ene (for an alkene ) are added to a name based on the shape of the molecule. Some are pictured below. Other examples include barrelene (shaped like

2624-436: The decomposition rate can be increased working with higher temperatures but this would involve a high energy cost. The second one is a photochemical decomposition, which consists of radiating ozone with ultraviolet radiation (UV) and it gives rise to oxygen and radical peroxide. The process of ozone decomposition is a complex reaction involving two elementary reactions that finally lead to molecular oxygen, and this means that

SBUV/2 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-463: The digits of the atomic number , followed by "-ium". For example, "unununium" is element 111 ("un" being the syllable for 1). However, once the element has been found, the systematic name is replaced by a trivial one, in this case roentgenium . The IUPAC names for elements are intended for use in the official languages. At the time of the first edition of the IUPAC Red Book (which contains

2752-409: The electrical reactions, failing to realize that he had in fact created ozone. A half century later, Christian Friedrich Schönbein noticed the same pungent odour and recognized it as the smell often following a bolt of lightning . In 1839, he succeeded in isolating the gaseous chemical and named it "ozone", from the Greek word ozein ( ὄζειν ) meaning "to smell". For this reason, Schönbein

2816-464: The elements up to 92 (uranium), naming elements after people was discouraged. The two exceptions are indirect, the elements being named after minerals that were themselves named after people. These were gadolinium (found in gadolinite , named after the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin ) and samarium (the mineral samarskite was named after a Russian mining engineer, Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets ). Among

2880-582: The god Amun ; the crystals had condensed from the smoke of burning camel dung. Lead acetate was called sugar of lead . However, other names like sugar of lead ( lead(II) acetate ), butter of antimony ( antimony trichloride ), oil of vitriol ( sulfuric acid ), and cream of tartar ( potassium bitartrate ) borrowed their language from the kitchen. Many more names were based on color; for example, hematite , orpiment , and verdigris come from words meaning "blood-like stone", "gold pigment", and "green of Greece". Some names are based on their use. Lime

2944-683: The metals in their highest oxidation state . For example: Ozone also oxidizes nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide : This reaction is accompanied by chemiluminescence . The NO 2 can be further oxidized to nitrate radical : The NO 3 formed can react with NO 2 to form dinitrogen pentoxide ( N 2 O 5 ). Solid nitronium perchlorate can be made from NO 2 , ClO 2 , and O 3 gases: Ozone does not react with ammonium salts , but it oxidizes ammonia to ammonium nitrate : Ozone reacts with carbon to form carbon dioxide , even at room temperature: Ozone oxidizes sulfides to sulfates . For example, lead(II) sulfide

3008-412: The molecular structure of a chemical compound are not indicated. And, in some cases, trivial names can be ambiguous or will carry different meanings in different industries or in different geographic regions (for example, a trivial name such as white metal can mean various things). Trivial names are simpler. As a result, a limited number of trivial chemical names are retained names , an accepted part of

3072-408: The name of a scientist; a mythological figure; an astronomical body; the shape of the molecule; and even fictional figures. All elements that have been isolated have trivial names. In scientific documents, international treaties, patents and legal definitions, names for chemicals are needed that identify them unambiguously. This need is satisfied by systematic names . One such system, established by

3136-463: The near ultraviolet spectrum (160 to 400 nm). The SBUV is capable of determining the global ozone concentration in the stratosphere to an absolute accuracy of 1 percent; the vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone to an absolute accuracy of 5 percent; the long-term solar spectral irradiance from 160 to 400 nm Photochemical process and the influence of “trace” constituents on the ozone layer. The Ball Aerospace -built SBUV/2 helped to discover

3200-444: The next 125 years, most chemists followed this suggestion, using Greek and Latin roots to compose the names; for example, hydrogen ("water-producing"), oxygen ("acid-producing"), nitrogen ("soda-producing"), bromine ("stink"), and argon were based on Greek roots, while the names of iodine and chlorine were derived from the Greek words for their characteristic colors. Indium , rubidium , and thallium were similarly named for

3264-401: The nomenclature. Trivial names often arise in the common language; they may come from historic usages in, for example, alchemy . Many trivial names pre-date the institution of formal naming conventions. Names can be based on a property of the chemical, including appearance (color, taste or smell), consistency, and crystal structure; a place where it was found or where the discoverer comes from;

SECTION 50

#1732782594785

3328-489: The non-radical singlet ground state, whereas the diradical state is named trioxidanediyl . Trioxidanediyl (or ozonide ) is used, non-systematically, to refer to the substituent group (-OOO-). Care should be taken to avoid confusing the name of the group for the context-specific name for the ozone given above. In 1785, Dutch chemist Martinus van Marum was conducting experiments involving electrical sparking above water when he noticed an unusual smell, which he attributed to

3392-481: The oxozone hypothesis. Further hitherto unmeasured physical properties of pure concentrated ozone were determined by the Riesenfeld group in the 1920s. Ozone is a colourless or pale blue gas, slightly soluble in water and much more soluble in inert non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or fluorocarbons, in which it forms a blue solution. At 161 K (−112 °C; −170 °F), it condenses to form

3456-701: The oxygen from the first step is an intermediate because it participates as a reactant in the second step, which is a bimolecular reaction because there are two different reactants (ozone and oxygen) that give rise to one product, that corresponds to molecular oxygen in the gas phase. Step 1: Unimolecular reaction     O 3 ⟶ O 2 + O {\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2 + O}}} Step 2: Bimolecular reaction     O 3 + O ⟶ 2 O 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}} Trivial name In chemistry ,

3520-444: The ozone decomposition follows a first order kinetics, and from the rate law above it can be determined that the partial order respect to molecular oxygen is -1 and respect to ozone is 2, therefore the global reaction order is 1. The ozone decomposition consists of two elementary steps: The first one corresponds to a unimolecular reaction because one only molecule of ozone decomposes into two products (molecular oxygen and oxygen). Then,

3584-425: The ozone layer (from two to eight ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging UV light from reaching the Earth's surface. The trivial name ozone is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name . The systematic names 2λ -trioxidiene and catena-trioxygen , valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures , respectively. The name ozone derives from ozein (ὄζειν),

3648-594: The physiological effect of ozone, so far attained, is that it causes irritation and œdema of the lungs, and death if inhaled in relatively strong concentration for any time." During World War I , ozone was tested at Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in London as a possible disinfectant for wounds. The gas was applied directly to wounds for as long as 15 minutes. This resulted in damage to both bacterial cells and human tissue. Other sanitizing techniques, such as irrigation with antiseptics , were found preferable. Until

3712-540: The reaction order and the rate law cannot be determined by the stoichiometry of the fitted equation. Overall reaction: 2 O 3 ⟶ 3 O 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}} Rate law (observed): V = K ⋅ [ O 3 ] 2 [ O 2 ] {\displaystyle V={\frac {K\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]^{2}}{[{\ce {O2}}]}}} It has been determined that

3776-420: The respiratory passages. Even low concentrations of ozone in air are very destructive to organic materials such as latex, plastics and animal lung tissue. The ozone molecule is diamagnetic. According to experimental evidence from microwave spectroscopy , ozone is a bent molecule, with C 2v symmetry (similar to the water molecule). The O–O distances are 127.2  pm (1.272  Å ). The O–O–O angle

3840-469: The right to propose a name; after a review process, a final decision is made by the IUPAC Council. In keeping with tradition, names can be based on a mythological concept or character, astronomical object, mineral, place, property of the element or scientist. For those elements that have not yet been discovered, IUPAC has established a systematic name system. The names combine syllables that represent

3904-480: The rules for inorganic compounds), those languages were English and French; now English is the sole official language. However, other languages still have their own names for elements. The chemical symbol for tungsten , W, is based on the German name Wolfram , which is found in wolframite and comes from the German for "wolf's foam", how the mineral was known to Saxon miners. The name tungsten means "heavy stone",

SECTION 60

#1732782594785

3968-413: The second half of the 19th century and well into the 20th, ozone was considered a healthy component of the environment by naturalists and health-seekers. Beaumont, California , had as its official slogan "Beaumont: Zone of Ozone", as evidenced on postcards and Chamber of Commerce letterhead. Naturalists working outdoors often considered the higher elevations beneficial because of their ozone content. "There

4032-539: Was circulated warning readers of the dangers of the chemical (for example, it is fatal if inhaled ). In organic chemistry, some trivial names derive from a notable property of the thing being named. For instance, lecithin , the common name for phosphatidylcholine , was originally isolated from egg yolk . The word is coined from the Greek λέκιθος (lékithos) for yolk . Many trivial names continue to be used because their sanctioned equivalents are considered too cumbersome for everyday use. For example, " tartaric acid ",

4096-411: Was developed by John Fryer and Xu Shou in 1871. Where traditional names were well established, they kept them; otherwise, a single character was created. Early terminology for compound chemicals followed similar rules to the naming of elements. The names could be based on the appearance of the substance, including all five senses. In addition, chemicals were named after the consistency, crystalline form,

#784215