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43-423: Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database , launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science in 2004. An ensuing competition between the two databases has been characterized as "intense" and is considered to significantly benefit their users in terms of continuous improvent in coverage, search/analysis capabilities, but not in price. Free database The Lens completes

86-457: A former president of Shepard's Citations , suggested in 1920 that citation indexes could serve as a tool for tracking science and engineering literature. After learning that Eugene Garfield held a similar opinion, Adair corresponded with Garfield in 1953. The correspondence prompted Garfield to examine Shepard's Citations index as a model that could be extended to the sciences. Two years later Garfield published "Citation indexes for science" in

129-519: A gratis website, Scopus CiteScore, was introduced. It provides citation data for all 25,000+ active titles such as journals, conference proceedings and books in Scopus and provides an alternative to the impact factor , a journal-level indicator which may correlate negatively with reliability. Scopus IDs for individual authors can be integrated with the non-proprietary digital identifier ORCID . In 2018, Scopus started embedding partial information about

172-457: A number of countries. Scopus also allows patent searches from a dedicated patent database, Lexis-Nexis , albeit with limited functionality. Comparing ease of use and coverage of Scopus and the Web of Science (WOS), a 2006 study concluded that Scopus is "easy to navigate, even for the novice user. ... The ability to search both forward and backward from a particular citation would be very helpful to

215-596: A reflection of "deeper historical and structural power that had positioned former colonial masters as the centers of knowledge production, while relegating former colonies to peripheral roles" (Chan 2018 ). Many North American and European journals demonstrate conscious and unconscious bias against researchers from other parts of the world. Many of these journals call themselves "international" but represent interests, authors, and even references only in their own languages. Therefore, researchers in non-European or North American countries commonly get rejected because their research

258-401: Is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is produced by Elsevier , based on the citations recorded in the Scopus database. Absolute rankings and percentile ranks are also reported for each journal in a given subject area. An article published by "Scholarly Criticism" in 2024 alleges that Elsevier unethically indexed

301-454: Is a foreign language. 95% of WoS journals are English consider the use of English language a hegemonic and unreflective linguistic practice. The consequences include that non-native speakers spend part of their budget on translation and correction and invest a significant amount of time and effort on subsequent corrections, making publishing in English a burden. A far-reaching consequence of

344-464: Is an example of how the article "Claude E. Shannon. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal , 27:379–423, July 1948" would be expressed in the RIS file format: This is an example of how two citation records would be expressed in a single RIS file. Note the first record ends with ER - and the second record begins with TY - JOUR : The TY - tag must appear first and

387-606: Is larger and geographically broader than WoS, it still only covers a fraction of journal publishing outside North America and Europe. For example, it reports a coverage of over 2,000 journals in Asia ("230% more than the nearest competitor"), which may seem impressive until you consider that in Indonesia alone there are more than 7,000 journals listed on the government's Garuda portal (of which more than 1,300 are currently listed on DOAJ); whilst at least 2,500 Japanese journals listed on

430-511: Is said to be "not internationally significant" or only of "local interest" (the wrong "local"). This reflects the current concept of "international" as limited to a Euro/Anglophone-centric way of knowledge production. In other words, "the ongoing internationalisation has not meant academic interaction and exchange of knowledge, but the dominance of the leading Anglophone journals in which international debates occurs and gains recognition". Clarivate Analytics have made some positive steps to broaden

473-410: Is the preferred option for chemical searches is all cases. Scopus also offers author profiles which cover affiliations, number of publications and their bibliographic data, references , and details on the number of citations each published document has received. It has alerting features that allow registered users to track changes to a profile and a facility to calculate authors' h -index . In 2016,

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516-686: Is updated 2 to 3 times per year. Each year Scopus receives around 3,500 submissions for new titles to be included and accepts approximately 25% of them. The re-evaluation policy is based on four criteria of Publication Concern, Under Performance, Outlier Performance and Continuous curation. Between 2004 and 2020, Scopus included 41,525 and excluded 688 titles Between 2016 and 2023, the CSAB has re-evaluated 990 titles published by 539 different publishers, leading to 536 titles discontinued for indexing. In 2024 Scopus covered around 28,000 active journals and nearly 300,000 books. Nevertheless, research continues to show

559-537: Is with discipline- and region-specific preprint repositories such as AfricArXiv and InarXiv . Open access advocates recommend to remain critical of those "global" research databases that have been built in Europe or Northern America and be wary of those who celebrate these products act as a representation of the global sum of human scholarly knowledge. Finally, let us also be aware of the geopolitical impact that such systematic discrimination has on knowledge production, and

602-575: The ER - tag must appear last. Most tags must appear at most once, but the author, keyword, and URL tags can be repeated. Each name must be formatted as a comma-separated list of last name, first name (including middle names, can be initials), and suffix, in that order, and must not be longer than 255 characters. Unless otherwise specified, each date must be formatted as a slash-separated list of 4-digit year, 2-digit month, 2-digit day, and other info (e.g. season); unused fields may be omitted if they are at

645-475: The ACM Portal , Scopemed , ScienceDirect , SpringerLink , Rayyan , The Lens , Accordance Bible Software, and online library catalogs can export citations in this format. Citation management applications can export and import citations in this format. The RIS file format —two letters, two spaces and a hyphen—is a tagged format for expressing bibliographic citations . According to the specifications,

688-427: The open access status of works, using Unpaywall data. However, Scopus' ris export files do not contain the information about Open Access status. Since Elsevier is the owner of Scopus and is also one of the main international publishers of scientific journals, an independent and international Scopus Content Selection and advisory board (CSAB) was established in 2009 to prevent a potential conflict of interest in

731-883: The ISI produced the first version of the Science Citation Index , published as a book in 1963. General-purpose, subscription-based academic citation indexes include: Each of these offer an index of citations between publications and a mechanism to establish which documents cite which other documents. They are not open-access and differ widely in cost: Web of Science and Scopus are available by subscription (generally to libraries). In addition, CiteSeer and Google Scholar are freely available online. Several open-access, subject-specific citation indexing services also exist, such as: Clarivate Analytics ' Web of Science (WoS) and Elsevier's Scopus databases are synonymous with data on international research, and considered as

774-644: The J-Stage platform. Similarly, Scopus claims to have about 700 journals listed from Latin America, in comparison with SciELO's 1,285 active journal count; but that is just the tip of the iceberg judging by the 1,300+ DOAJ-listed journals in Brazil alone. Furthermore, the editorial boards of the journals contained in Wos and Scopus databases are integrated by researchers from western Europe and North America. For example, in

817-422: The Scopus keywords are more focused on the specific article content, whereas WoS has more keywords related to the broad category of the article's subject. A larger number of narrow-targeted keywords allows Scopus users to find a larger number of relevant publications, while filtering out false positives. On the other hand, WoS exports (e.g. in the ris format) the doi numbers of cited articles, while Scopus exports

860-515: The THE rankings ). But while these databases are generally agreed to contain rigorously-assessed, high quality research, they do not represent the sum of current global research knowledge. It is often mentioned in popular science articles that the research output of countries in South America, Asia, and Africa are disappointingly low. Sub-Saharan Africa is cited as an example for having "13.5% of

903-411: The choice of journals to be included in the database and to maintain an open and transparent content coverage policy, regardless of publisher. The board consists of scientists and subject librarians. Nevertheless, critique over a perceived conflict of interest has continued. CSAB team is responsible for inclusion and exclusion of different titles on Scopus. The list of journals and books indexed in Scopus

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946-409: The dynamics of the emerging global science landscape", and that academia needs to develop more sophisticated data and impact measures to provide a richer understanding of the global scientific knowledge that is available to us. Academia has not yet built digital infrastructures which are equal, comprehensive, multi-lingual and allows fair participation in knowledge creation. One way to bridge this gap

989-502: The end. Many strings have limits on what characters they can contain (e.g. any ASCII character, just alphanumerics, or just digits) or their length (often limited to 255 characters). These are only sometimes noted in the table below; see the linked sources to double-check, particularly and the pages in RIS Format Specifications. There are two major versions of the RIS specification, one from 2001, and one from

1032-637: The even more selective WoS database. Research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer-reviewed journals that are indexed either in Scopus or WoS. Both WoS and Scopus are considered highly selective. Both are commercial enterprises, whose standards and assessment criteria are mostly controlled by panels in North America and Western Europe. The same is true for more comprehensive databases such as Ulrich's Web which lists as many as 70,000 journals, while Scopus has fewer than 50% of these, and WoS has fewer than 25%. While Scopus

1075-754: The geographical and topic bias – for example Ciarli found that by comparing the coverage of rice research in CAB Abstracts (an agriculture and global health database) with WoS and Scopus, the latter "may strongly under-represent the scientific production by developing countries, and over-represent that by industrialised countries", and this is likely to apply to other fields of agriculture. This under-representation of applied research in Africa, Asia, and South America may have an additional negative effect on framing research strategies and policy development in these countries. The overpromotion of these databases diminishes

1118-406: The global population but less than 1% of global research output". This fact is based on data from a World Bank/Elsevier report from 2012 which relies on data from Scopus. Research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer-reviewed journals that are indexed in Scopus. Similarly, many others have analysed putatively global or international collaborations and mobility using

1161-455: The important role of "local" and "regional" journals for researchers who want to publish and read locally-relevant content. Some researchers deliberately bypass "high impact" journals when they want to publish locally useful or important research in favour of outlets that will reach their key audience quicker, and in other cases to be able to publish in their native language. Furthermore, the odds are stacked against researchers for whom English

1204-444: The inclusion and representation of marginalised research demographics within the global research landscape. RIS (file format) RIS is a standardized tag format developed by Research Information Systems, Incorporated (the format name refers to the company) to enable citation programs to exchange data. It is supported by a number of reference managers . Many digital libraries , like Web of Science , IEEE Xplore , Scopus ,

1247-412: The inclusion of predatory journals . While marketed as a global point of reference, Scopus and WoS have been characterised as "structurally biased against research produced in non-Western countries, non-English language research, and research from the arts, humanities, and social sciences". or Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators CiteScore (CS) of an academic journal

1290-554: The journal Science . In 1959, Garfield started a consulting business, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), in Philadelphia and began a correspondence with Joshua Lederberg about the idea. In 1961 Garfield received a grant from the U.S. National Institutes of Health to compile a citation index for Genetics. To do so, Garfield's team gathered 1.4 million citations from 613 journals. From this work, Garfield and

1333-709: The journal Heliyon , which is published by Elsevier's subsiduary, in Scopus within a few months of its launch. This indexing occurred with one citation and four published issues in 2015, which the article suggests does not align with the rules prescribed for other journals. The article further alleges that Elsevier was motivated to engage in this practice, which the article calls a "conflict of interest," in order to attract authors to publish in Heliyon, which charges an article processing charge of USD 2,100 per publication. In 2024 French National Centre for Scientific Research CNRS ended its subscription to Scopus, while maintaining for

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1376-644: The journal Human Geography , 41% of editorial board members are from the United States, and 37.8% from the UK. Similarly, ) studied ten leading marketing journals in WoS and Scopus databases, and concluded that 85.3% of their editorial board members are based in the United States. It comes as no surprise that the research that gets published in these journals is the one that fits the editorial boards' world view. Comparison with subject-specific indexes has further revealed

1419-486: The lines must end with the ASCII carriage return and line feed characters. Note that this is the convention on Microsoft Windows , while in other contemporary operating systems, particularly Unix , the end of line is typically marked by line feed only. Multiple citation records can be present in a single RIS file. A record ends with an "end record" tag ER - with no additional blank lines between records. This

1462-728: The order of the canonical text. These citation indices were used both for general and for legal study. The Talmudic citation index En Mishpat (1714) even included a symbol to indicate whether a Talmudic decision had been overridden, just as in the 19th-century Shepard's Citations . Unlike modern scholarly citation indexes, only references to one work, the Bible, were indexed. In English legal literature, volumes of judicial reports included lists of cases cited in that volume starting with Raymond's Reports (1743) and followed by Douglas's Reports (1783). Simon Greenleaf (1821) published an alphabetical list of cases with notes on later decisions affecting

1505-400: The period between 1990 and 2020. In terms of the structured query language search capabilities Scopus is somewhat more advanced than Web of Science : for example, WoS can perform only NEAR/n queries, Scopus can also do PRE/n queries. Also, when the same article was covered in Scopus and in the Web of Science (WoS), its Scopus entry had a keyword ratio 3-5 of than its WoS counterpart, and

1548-411: The precedential authority of the original decision. These early tables of legal citations ("citators") were followed by a more complete, book length index, Labatt's Table of Cases...California... (1860) and in 1872 by Wait's Table of Cases...New York... . The most important and best-known citation index for legal cases was released in 1873 with the publication of Shepard's Citations . William Adair,

1591-426: The researcher. The multidisciplinary aspect allows the researcher to easily search outside of his discipline" and "One advantage of WOS over Scopus is the depth of coverage, with the full WOS database going back to 1945 and Scopus going back to 1966. However, Scopus and WOS complement each other as neither resource is all-inclusive." A small number of studies found ca. 80-90% overlap in coverage between WoS and Scopus for

1634-607: The scope of WoS, integrating the SciELO citation index – a move not without criticism – and through the creation of the Emerging Sources Index (ESI), which has allowed database access to many more international titles. However, there is still a lot of work to be done to recognise and amplify the growing body of research literature generated by those outside North America and Europe. The Royal Society have previously identified that "traditional metrics do not fully capture

1677-522: The that year its subscription to Web of Science . This decision was allegedly motivated by a greater use of Web of Science by CNRS's employees. Abstract and citation database The earliest known citation index is an index of biblical citations in rabbinic literature , the Mafteah ha-Derashot , attributed to Maimonides and probably dating to the 12th century. It is organized alphabetically by biblical phrase. Later biblical citation indexes are in

1720-437: The titles of cited articles. Also, Scopus allows exporting 20,000 references (e.g. as a ris file) at once, while WoS export is limited to 5,000 references at once. Scopus provides chemical search by CAS number and by chemical name, while WoS does not have these features. On the other hand, WoS has chemical structure search, but only a small number of publications are actually indexed for chemical structure searches. SciFinder

1763-493: The triad of main universal academic research databases. Journals in Scopus are reviewed for sufficient quality each year according to four numerical measures: h -Index , CiteScore , SJR ( SCImago Journal Rank ) and SNIP ( source normalized impact per paper ). For this reason, the journals listed in Scopus are considered to meet the requirement for peer review quality established by several research grant agencies for their grant recipients and by degree -accreditation boards in

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1806-525: The two most trusted or authoritative sources of bibliometric data for peer-reviewed global research knowledge across disciplines. They are both also used widely for the purposes of researcher evaluation and promotion, institutional impact (for example the role of WoS in the UK Research Excellence Framework 2021 ), and international league tables (Bibliographic data from Scopus represents more than 36% of assessment criteria in

1849-557: The use of English as the lingua franca of science is in knowledge production, because its use benefits "worldviews, social, cultural, and political interests of the English-speaking center" ( p. 123). The small proportion of research from South East Asia, Africa, and Latin America which makes it into WoS and Scopus journals is not attributable to a lack of effort or quality of research; but due to hidden and invisible epistemic and structural barriers (Chan 2019 ). These are

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