43-502: Sesame is a flowering plant used as a seed crop. Sesame or SESAME may also refer to: Sesame Sesame ( / ˈ s ɛ s ə m i / ; Sesamum indicum ) is a plant in the genus Sesamum , also called simsim , benne or gingelly . Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and
86-825: A Chinese dessert and breakfast dish. Sesame, or simsim as it is known in East Africa, is used in African cuisine. In Togo , the seeds are a main soup ingredient and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the north of Angola , wangila is a dish of ground sesame, often served with smoked fish or lobster. Sesame seeds and oil are used extensively in India. In most parts of the country, sesame seeds mixed with heated jaggery , sugar, or palm sugar are made into balls and bars similar to peanut brittle or nut clusters and eaten as snacks. In Manipur , black sesame
129-766: A capsule that bursts when the seeds are ripe. The time of this bursting, or "dehiscence", tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening until all the capsules have opened. The discovery of an indehiscent mutant (analogous to nonshattering domestic grains) by Langham in 1943 began the work towards the development of a high-yielding, dehiscence-resistant variety. Although researchers have made significant progress in sesame breeding, harvest losses due to early dehiscence continue to limit domestic US production. Agronomists in Israel are working on modern cultivars of sesame that can be harvested by mechanical means. Since sesame
172-399: A description of a particular plant practically loses its value. Use of these terms is not restricted to leaves, but may be applied to morphology of other parts of plants, e.g. bracts , bracteoles , stipules , sepals , petals , carpels or scales . Some of these terms are also used for similar-looking anatomical features on animals. Leaves of most plants include a flat structure called
215-441: A four-lobed mouth. The flowers may vary in colour, with some being white, blue, or purple. Sesame seeds occur in many colours depending on the cultivar. The most traded variety of sesame is off-white coloured. Other common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish, gray, and black. The colour is the same for the hull and the fruit. Sesame fruit is a capsule , normally pubescent, rectangular in section, and typically grooved with
258-509: A guaranteed minimum oil content (not less than 40%) packed according to international standards. Seeds that do not meet these quality standards are considered unfit for export and are consumed locally. In 2008, by volume, premium prices, and quality, the largest exporter was India, followed by Ethiopia and Myanmar. Dried whole sesame seeds are 5% water, 23% carbohydrates , 50% fat , and 18% protein . The byproduct that remains after oil extraction from sesame seeds, also called sesame oil meal,
301-700: A higher price. Immature or off-sized seeds are removed and used for sesame oil production . In 2022, world production of sesame seeds was 6.7 million tonnes , led by Sudan , India, and Myanmar , which together accounted for 41% of the total (table). The white and other lighter-colored sesame seeds are common in Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The black and darker-colored sesame seeds are mostly produced in China and Southeast Asia . In
344-715: A laxative as well as a treatment for dysentery and cholera. After arriving in North America, the plant was grown by slaves to serve as a subsistence staple as a nutritional supplement to their weekly rations. Since then, it has become a part of various American cuisines. In Caribbean cuisine , sugar and white sesame seeds are combined into a bar resembling peanut brittle and sold in stores and street corners, like Bahamian Benny cakes. In Asia, sesame seeds are sprinkled onto some sushi -style foods. In Japan, whole seeds are found in many salads and baked snacks, and tan and black sesame seed varieties are roasted and used to make
387-399: A leaf. may be coarsely dentate , having large teeth or glandular dentate , having teeth which bear glands Leaves may also be folded, sculpted or rolled in various ways. If the leaves are initially folded in the bud, but later unrolls it is called vernation , ptyxis is the folding of an individual leaf in a bud. The Latin word for 'leaf', folium , is neuter. In descriptions of
430-450: A short, triangular beak. The length of the fruit capsule varies from 2 to 8 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 8 in), its width varies between 0.5 and 2.0 centimetres ( 13 ⁄ 64 and 25 ⁄ 32 in), and the number of loculi varies from four to 12. The fruit naturally splits open ( dehisces ) to release the seeds by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on
473-467: A survivor crop. Sesame is a perennial plant growing 50 to 100 cm (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 3 in) tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm (2 to 6 in) long with an entire margin; they are broad lanceolate , to 5 cm (2 in) broad, at the base of the plant, narrowing to just 1 cm ( 13 ⁄ 32 in) broad on the flowering stem. The flowers are tubular, 3 to 5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 to 2 in) long, with
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#1732802110293516-549: A variety of non-food sources may also trigger a reaction to sesame, including cosmetics and skin-care products. Prevalence of sesame allergy is on the order of 0.1–0.2%, but higher in countries in the Middle East and Asia where consumption is more common as part of traditional diets. In the United States, sesame allergy possibly affects 1.5 million individuals. Canada requires sesame labeling as an allergen. In
559-649: Is a small, flat seed, it is difficult to dry it after harvest because the small seed makes the movement of air around the seed difficult. Therefore, the seeds need to be harvested as dry as possible and stored at 6% moisture or less. If the seed is too moist, it can quickly heat up and become rancid. After harvesting, the seeds are usually cleaned and hulled. In some countries, once the seeds have been hulled, they are passed through an electronic color-sorting machine that rejects any discolored seeds to ensure perfect color, because sesame seeds with consistent appearance are perceived to be of better quality by consumers, and sell for
602-419: Is commonly used for plant identification. Similar terms are used for other plant parts, such as petals , tepals , and bracts . Leaf margins (edges) are frequently used in visual plant identification because they are usually consistent within a species or group of species, and are an easy characteristic to observe. Edge and margin are interchangeable in the sense that they both refer to the outside perimeter of
645-413: Is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2018 was 6 million tonnes (5,900,000 long tons; 6,600,000 short tons), with Sudan , Myanmar , and India as the largest producers. Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3,000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa . S. indicum,
688-471: Is from Latin sesamum and Greek σήσαμον: sēsamon ; which in turn are derived from ancient Semitic languages , e.g., Akkadian šamaššamu . From these roots, words with the generalized meaning "oil, liquid fat" were derived. The word "benne" was first recorded to be used in English in 1769 and comes from Gullah benne which itself derives from Malinke bĕne. Sesame seed is considered to be
731-636: Is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the Ebers Papyrus dated to be over 3600 years old. Excavations of King Tutankhamen uncovered baskets of sesame among other grave goods, suggesting that sesame was present in Egypt by 1350 BC. Archeological reports indicate that sesame was grown and pressed to extract oil at least 2750 years ago in the empire of Urartu . Others believe it may have originated in Ethiopia . Historically, sesame
774-516: Is not always clear whether because of ignorance, or personal preference, or because usages change with time or context, or because of variation between specimens, even specimens from the same plant. For example, whether to call leaves on the same tree "acuminate", "lanceolate", or "linear" could depend on individual judgement, or which part of the tree one collected them from. The same cautions might apply to "caudate", "cuspidate", and "mucronate", or to "crenate", "dentate", and "serrate". Another problem
817-416: Is often also used to sprinkle over artisan breads and baked in traditional form to coat the smooth dough, especially on whole-wheat flatbreads or artisan nutrition bars, such as alegrías . Sesame oil is sometimes used as a cooking oil in different parts of the world, though different forms have different characteristics for high-temperature frying . The "toasted" form of the oil (as distinguished from
860-424: Is rich in protein (35–50%) and is used as feed for poultry and livestock . As many seeds do, whole sesame seeds contain a significant amount of phytic acid , which is considered an antinutrient in that it binds to certain nutritional elements consumed at the same time, especially minerals, and prevents their absorption by carrying them along as they pass through the small intestine. Heating and cooking reduce
903-535: Is to establish definitions that meet all cases or satisfy all authorities and readers. For example, it seems altogether reasonable to define a mucro as "a small sharp point as a continuation of the midrib", but it may not be clear how small is small enough, how sharp is sharp enough, how hard the point must be, and what to call the point when one cannot tell whether the leaf has a midrib at all. Various authors or field workers might come to incompatible conclusions, or might try to compromise by qualifying terms so vaguely that
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#1732802110293946-567: Is used in the preparation of chikki and cold-pressed oil. Sesame is a common ingredient in many Middle Eastern cuisines. Sesame seeds are made into a paste called tahini (used in various ways, including hummus bi tahini ) and the Middle Eastern confection halvah . Ground and processed, the seed is also used in sweet confections. Sesame is also a common component of the Levantine spice mixture za'atar , popular throughout
989-619: Is used whole in cooking for its rich, nutty flavour. Sesame seeds are sometimes added to bread, including bagels and the tops of hamburger buns. They may be baked into crackers , often in the form of sticks. In Sicily and France, the seeds are eaten on bread ( ficelle sésame , sesame thread). In Greece, the seeds are also used in cakes. Sesame seed cookies called Benne wafers, both sweet and savory, are popular in places such as Charleston, South Carolina . Sesame seeds, also called benne , are believed to have been brought into 17th-century colonial America by enslaved West Africans. The entirety of
1032-551: The European Union , identifying the presence of sesame, along with 13 other foods, either as an ingredient or an unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory. In the United States, the "FASTER Act" was passed in April 2021, stipulating that labeling be mandatory, to be in effect January 1, 2023, making it the ninth required food ingredient for which labeling is mandated within the United States. Sesame seeds contain
1075-429: The European Union , totaling some 50 countries. Products with an organic certification were also affected by the contamination. Regular governmental food inspection for sesame contamination, as for Salmonella and E. coli in tahini , hummus or seeds, has found that poor hygiene practices during processing are common sources and routes of contamination. Sesame seed is a common ingredient in various cuisines. It
1118-564: The lignans sesamolin , sesamin , pinoresinol , and lariciresinol . Contamination by Salmonella , E.coli , pesticides , or other pathogens may occur in large batches of sesame seeds, such as in September 2020 when high levels of a common industrial compound, ethylene oxide , was found in a 250- tonne shipment of sesame seeds from India. After detection in Belgium, recalls for dozens of products and stores were issued across
1161-575: The "cold-pressed" form) has a distinctive pleasant aroma and taste, and is used as a table condiment in some regions. In myths, the opening of the capsule releases the treasure of sesame seeds, as applied in the story of " Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves " when the phrase " Open sesame " magically opens a sealed cave. Upon ripening, sesame pods split, releasing a pop and possibly indicating the origin of this phrase. Lanceolate The following terms are used to describe leaf morphology in
1204-724: The Indian subcontinent occurred by 2000 BC. It is possible that the Indus Valley civilization exported sesame oil to Mesopotamia , where it was known as ilu in Sumerian and ellu in Akkadian , compare Southern Dravidian Kannada and Malayalam eḷḷu , Tamil eḷ . Some reports claim sesame was cultivated in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period , while others suggest the New Kingdom . Egyptians called it sesemt , and it
1247-419: The Middle East. In Indian , Middle Eastern , and East Asian cuisines, popular confectionery is made from sesame mixed with honey or syrup and roasted into a sesame candy . In Japanese cuisine , goma-dofu is made from sesame paste and starch . Mexican cuisine and Salvadoran cuisine refer to sesame seeds as ajonjolí . It is mainly used as a sauce additive, such as mole or adobo . It
1290-485: The United States most sesame is raised by farmers under contract to Sesaco, which also supplies proprietary seed. Japan is the world's largest sesame importer. Sesame oil, particularly from roasted seed, is an important component of Japanese cooking and traditionally the principal use of the seed. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to Southeast Asia . Other major importers are
1333-605: The United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Turkey, and France. Sesame seed is a high-value cash crop . Prices have ranged between US$ 800 and 1,700 per tonne (810 and 1,730/long ton) between 2008 and 2010. Sesame exports sell across a wide price range. Quality perception, particularly how the seed looks, is a major pricing factor. Most importers who supply ingredient distributors and oil processors only want to purchase scientifically treated, properly cleaned, washed, dried, colour-sorted, size-graded, and impurity-free seeds with
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1376-879: The amount of the acid in the seeds. A meta-analysis showed that sesame consumption produced small reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure ; another demonstrated improvement in fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c . Sesame oil studies reported a reduction of oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxidation . Sesame can trigger the same allergic reactions , including anaphylaxis , as seen with other food allergens . A cross-reactivity exists between sesame and peanuts, hazelnuts and almonds. In addition to food products derived from sesame seeds, such as tahini and sesame oil, persons with sesame allergies are encouraged to be aware of foods that may contain sesame, such as baked goods. In addition to food sources, individuals allergic to sesame have been warned that
1419-464: The best yields come from properly fertilized farms. Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photoperiod and sesame variety. The photoperiod also affects the oil content in sesame seed; increased photoperiod increases oil content. The oil content of the seed is inversely proportional to its protein content. Sesame is drought-tolerant, in part due to its extensive root system. However, it requires adequate moisture for germination and early growth. While
1462-429: The blade or lamina, but not all leaves are flat, some are cylindrical. Leaves may be simple, with a single leaf blade, or compound, with several leaflets . In flowering plants , as well as the blade of the leaf, there may be a petiole and stipules ; compound leaves may have a rachis supporting the leaflets. Leaf structure is described by several terms that include: Being one of the more visible features, leaf shape
1505-458: The crop survives drought and the presence of excess water, the yields are significantly lower in either condition. Moisture levels before planting and flowering affect yield the most. Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of water-logging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth and increases loss to dehiscence, when the seedpod shatters, scattering the seed. Wind can also cause shattering at harvest. Sesame seeds are protected by
1548-499: The cultivated type, originated in India. It tolerates drought conditions well, growing where other crops fail. Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines around the world. Like other foods, it can trigger allergic reactions in some people and is one of the nine most common allergens outlined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The word "sesame"
1591-685: The description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (that is, the leaf blade or 'lamina' is undivided) or compound (that is, the leaf blade is divided into two or more leaflets ). The edge of the leaf may be regular or irregular, and may be smooth or have hair, bristles, or spines. For more terms describing other aspects of leaves besides their overall morphology see the leaf article. The terms listed here all are supported by technical and professional usage, but they cannot be represented as mandatory or undebatable; readers must use their judgement. Authors often use terms arbitrarily, or coin them to taste, possibly in ignorance of established terms, and it
1634-552: The eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. The mass of 100 seeds is 0.203 g. The seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed. Sesame varieties have adapted to many soil types. The high-yielding crops thrive best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH. However, these have a low tolerance for soils with high salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost-free days. Warm conditions above 23 °C (73 °F) favor growth and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor soils,
1677-549: The flavouring gomashio . East Asian cuisines, such as Chinese cuisine , use sesame seeds and oil in some dishes, such as dim sum , sesame seed balls (Cantonese: jin deui ), and the Vietnamese bánh rán . Sesame flavour (through oil and roasted or raw seeds) is also used to marinate meat and vegetables. Chefs in tempura restaurants blend sesame and cottonseed oil for deep-frying. Ground black sesame and rice form an edible paste when mixed with water, called zhimahu ,
1720-511: The oldest oilseed crop known to humanity. The genus has many species, and most are wild. Most wild species of the genus Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa. S. indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India. Archaeological remnants of charred sesame dating to about 3500-3050 BCE suggest sesame was domesticated in the Indian subcontinent at least 5500 years ago. It has been claimed that trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and
1763-466: The sesame plant was used extensively in West African cuisine. The seeds were commonly used as a thickener in soups and puddings, or could be roasted and infused in water to produce a coffee-like drink. Sesame oil made from the seeds could be used as a substitute for butter, finding use as a shortening for making cakes. Moreover, the leaves on mature plants, which are rich in mucilage, can be used as
Sesame (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1806-478: The varietal cultivar. The degree of dehiscence is of importance in breeding for mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of the first capsule. Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary with the thousands of varieties known. Typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick ( 15 ⁄ 128 to 5 ⁄ 32 × 5 ⁄ 64 × 5 ⁄ 128 ). The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at
1849-435: Was favored for its ability to grow in areas that do not support the growth of other crops. It is also a robust crop that needs little farming support—it grows in drought conditions, in high heat, with residual moisture in soil after monsoons are gone or even when rains fail or when rains are excessive. It was a crop that could be grown by subsistence farmers at the edge of deserts, where no other crops grow. Sesame has been called
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