Misplaced Pages

#450549

29-515: Until 1988, RC-SIDPERS was not accessible at the unit level, and unit administrators would mail database correction documents up their chain of command to their respective general officer command in order to update and/or correct SIDPERS. A separate, unconnected database, Unit Level Application System (ULAS, pronounced "you-lass") was available for unit administrators to maintain local personnel information. A PC-based application, built in PC- FOCUS ,

58-418: A commanding officer and subordinate military units . The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature

87-413: A mission . A 1988 NATO definition is that command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated individual over assigned resources in the accomplishment of a common goal. An Australian Defence Force definition, similar to that of NATO, emphasises that C2 is the system empowering designated personnel to exercise lawful authority and direction over assigned forces for

116-506: A 2015 definition by military scientists Marius Vassiliou , David S. Alberts , and Jonathan R. Agre . The term often refers to a military system. Versions of the United States Army Field Manual 3-0 circulated circa 1999 define C2 in a military organization as the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of

145-493: A command hierarchy tend to be similar: However, people of such compatible views often have similar systemic biases because they are from the same culture. Such problems as groupthink or willingness to accept one standard of evidence internal to the group, but require drastically higher evidence from outside, are common. In part to address these problems, much modern management science has focused on reducing reliance on command hierarchy especially for information flow , since

174-486: A duty or order and appeals for relief directly to an officer above his immediate commander in the chain of command is likely to be disciplined for not respecting the chain of command. Similarly, an officer is usually expected to give orders only to his or her direct subordinate(s), even if only to pass an order down to another service member lower in the chain of command than said subordinate. The concept of chain of command also implies that higher rank alone does not entitle

203-495: A higher-ranking service member to give commands to anyone of lower rank. For example, an officer of unit "A" does not directly command lower-ranking members of unit "B", and is generally expected to approach an officer of unit "B" if he requires action by members of that unit. The chain of command means that individual members take orders from only one superior and only give orders to a defined group of people immediately below them. If an officer of unit "A" does give orders directly to

232-440: A lower-ranked member of unit "B", it would be considered highly unusual (i.e., a faux pas, or extraordinary circumstances, such as a lack of time or inability to confer with the officer in command of unit "B") as officer "A" would be seen as subverting the authority of the officer of unit "B". Depending on the situation or the standard procedure of the military organization, the lower-ranked member being ordered may choose to carry out

261-443: A paramilitary command or power structure. In sociology , command hierarchy is seen as the most visible element of a "power network." In this model, social capital is viewed as being mobilized in response to orders that move through the hierarchy leading to the phrase "command and control". Regardless of the degree of control or results achieved, and regardless of how the hierarchy is justified and rationalized, certain aspects of

290-512: A properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. Source: JP 1". The edition of the Dictionary "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in

319-476: A strict code of accuracy. Both MILPO and unit level SIDPERS clerks had to maintain accuracy percentages. Most installations required 95 percent Transaction accuracy percentages. With the advent of SIPERS-3, the Army moved to using SCO UNIX servers in place of both TACCS and mainframes. The underlying database was INFORMIX. The SIDPERS-3 project was hailed as both a success and a failure. Primary reasons for rating

SECTION 10

#1732791412451

348-419: Is a plethora of derivative terms that emphasize various aspects, uses, and sub-domains of C2. These terms are accompanied by numerous associated abbreviations. For example, in addition to C2, command and control is often abbreviated as C2 and sometimes as C&C "Command and control" have been coupled with: and others. Some of the more common variations include: and others. A command and control center

377-588: Is communicated to lower staffs and units. This term is also in common use within the computer security industry and in the context of cyberwarfare . Here the term refers to the influence an attacker has over a compromised computer system that they control. For example, a valid usage of the term is to say that attackers use "command and control infrastructure" to issue "command and control instructions" to their victims. Advanced analysis of command and control methodologies can be used to identify attackers, associate attacks, and disrupt ongoing malicious activity. There

406-622: Is typically a secure room or building in a government, military or prison facility that operates as the agency's dispatch center, surveillance monitoring center, coordination office and alarm monitoring center all in one. Command and control centers are operated by a government or municipal agency. Various branches of the US military such as the US Coast Guard and Navy have command and control centers. They are also common in many large correctional facilities. A command and control center that

435-469: Is used by a military unit in a deployed location is usually called a "command post". A warship has a combat information center for tactical control of the ship's resources, but commanding a fleet or joint operation requires additional space for commanders and staff plus C4I facilities provided on a flagship (e.g., aircraft carriers), sometimes a command ship or upgraded logistics ship such as USS Coronado . Command and control warfare encompasses all

464-552: The Defense Integrated Military Human Resources System (DIMHRS, pronounced "dime-hurz"), beginning in 2009. RLAS has been updated to RLAS8 due to DIMHRS being shelved. Various functions of it have been removed however, such as recording APFT and HT/WT Data. In 2022-2023, RLAS was largely replaced by IPPS-A Command hierarchy A command hierarchy is a group of people who carry out orders based on others' authority within

493-542: The accomplishment of missions and tasks. The Australian doctrine goes on to state: "The use of agreed terminology and definitions is fundamental to any C2 system and the development of joint doctrine and procedures . The definitions in the following paragraphs have some agreement internationally, although not every potential ally will use the terms with exactly the same meaning." The US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms defines command and control as: "The exercise of authority and direction by

522-408: The accomplishment of the mission." However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014." Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized staff officers and enlisted personnel. These military staff are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between

551-658: The chain of command, but staff officers in specialist fields (such as medical, dental, legal, supply, and chaplain ) are not, except within their own specialty. For example, a medical officer in an infantry battalion would be responsible for the combat medics in that unit but would not be eligible to command the battalion or any of its subordinate units. The term is also used in a civilian management context describing comparable hierarchical structures of authority. Such structures are included in Fire Departments, Police Departments, and other organizations that have

580-493: The cost of communications is now low, and the cost of management mistakes is higher. It is also easier to replace managers , so they have a personal interest in more distributed responsibility and perhaps more consensus decision making . Ubiquitous command and control posits for military organizations, a generalisation from hierarchies to networks that allows for the use of hierarchies when they are appropriate, and non-hierarchical networks when they are inappropriate. This includes

609-471: The group. In a military context, the chain of command is the line of authority and responsibility along which orders are passed within a military unit and between different units. In simpler terms, the chain of command is the succession of leaders through which command is exercised and executed. Orders are transmitted down the chain of command, from a responsible superior, such as a commissioned officer , to lower-ranked subordinate(s) who either execute

SECTION 20

#1732791412451

638-515: The mid 1980s and through most of the 1990s. The first was a standalone TACCS (Tactical Army Combat Computer System) and the second was a sort of mainframe/dumb terminal flavor. Generally, TDA units received the "dumb terminal" version, since they did not generally deploy) and TO&E units received the deployable "TACCS boxes" as they were referred to. As late as 1993, the Army commands at some TDA locations were still using punch cards to run their daily reports. Installation MILPO's held local commands to

667-426: The military tactics that use communications technology. It can be abbreviated as C W. An older name for these tactics is "signals warfare", derived from the name given to communications by the military. Newer names include information operations and information warfare . The following techniques are combined: with the physical destruction of enemy communications facilities. The objective is to deny information to

696-402: The notion of mission agreement , to support "edge in" as well as "top-down" flow of intent. Command and control Command and control (abbr. C2 ) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or enterprise, according to

725-456: The order anyway, or advise that it has to be cleared with his or her own chain of command first, which in this example would be with officer "B". Refusal to carry out an order is almost always considered insubordination ; the only exception usually allowed is if the order itself is illegal (i.e., the person carrying out the order would be committing an illegal act). (See superior orders .) In addition, within combat units, line officers are in

754-548: The order personally or transmit it down the chain as appropriate, until it is received by those expected to execute it. "Command is exercised by virtue of office and the special assignment of members of the Armed Forces holding military rank who are eligible to exercise command." In general, military personnel give orders only to those directly below them in the chain of command and receive orders only from those directly above them. A service member who has difficulty executing

783-407: The software poorly were related to the software's inability to improve accurate or processing speed. Primary reasons for citing the success of the software were related to the way the software developed, remaining mute on the subject of the ability of the software to successfully solve the problems it was intended to solve. SIDPERS-3 was worked on from 1982 until 1994. At its end, SIDPERS' platform

812-466: Was a Microsoft SQL Server database. Other applications that directly interfaced with the SIDPERS database: AITS Applications which include: SIDPERS' successor, Regional-Level Application System (RLAS, pronounced "are-lass"), is theoretically a Total-Army system, and essentially meshes with DEERS . RLAS is, itself, one of more than seventy obsolete and redundant systems slated for replacement by

841-602: Was fielded for beta testing in late 1988 within the 63rd Army Reserve Command and was expanded USAR-wide the following year. A bridge connected each unit's PC-SIDPERS database with its respective Center Level Application System (CLAS, pronounced "class") database. CLAS, also built in PC- FOCUS , was the successor to ULAS, and offered extensive additional data categories beyond that centrally maintained by RC-SIDPERS, including training data, weapon serial number assignment, protective mask tag number assignment, OER/NCOER rating chain, inter alia . SIDPERS had two basic platform flavors in

#450549