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104-423: Such machines exploit data level parallelism , but not concurrency : there are simultaneous (parallel) computations, but each unit performs the exact same instruction at any given moment (just with different data). SIMD is particularly applicable to common tasks such as adjusting the contrast in a digital image or adjusting the volume of digital audio . Most modern CPU designs include SIMD instructions to improve

208-511: A SIMD processor somewhere in its architecture. The PlayStation 2 was unusual in that one of its vector-float units could function as an autonomous DSP executing its own instruction stream, or as a coprocessor driven by ordinary CPU instructions. 3D graphics applications tend to lend themselves well to SIMD processing as they rely heavily on operations with 4-dimensional vectors. Microsoft 's Direct3D 9.0 now chooses at runtime processor-specific implementations of its own math operations, including

312-404: A SIMD processor there are two improvements to this process. For one the data is understood to be in blocks, and a number of values can be loaded all at once. Instead of a series of instructions saying "retrieve this pixel, now retrieve the next pixel", a SIMD processor will have a single instruction that effectively says "retrieve n pixels" (where n is a number that varies from design to design). For

416-497: A combination of real and virtual content, to immerse users in an interactive and lifelike experience. The aim of virtual reality is to make users feel as if they are physically present in a different environment, even though they are typically still physically located in the real world. Virtual reality finds applications across various fields, including gaming, education, healthcare, training, and entertainment. In gaming, users can be transported to fantastical worlds, experiencing games in

520-527: A common operation in many multimedia applications. One example would be changing the brightness of an image. Each pixel of an image consists of three values for the brightness of the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) portions of the color. To change the brightness, the R, G and B values are read from memory, a value is added to (or subtracted from) them, and the resulting values are written back out to memory. Audio DSPs would likewise, for volume control, multiply both Left and Right channels simultaneously. With

624-491: A company's capabilities and performances. Audio also helps people understand the message being presented, as most modern videos are combined with audio to increase its efficiency, while animations are made to simplify things from the presenter's perspective. These technological methods allow efficient communication and understanding across a wide range of audiences (with an even wider range of abilities) throughout different fields. Multimedia games and simulations may be used in

728-510: A company's policies or process. Commercial multimedia developers may also be hired to design for governmental services or nonprofit service applications, usually in the form of campaign websites and commercials aimed at the general public. Data mining within multimedia platforms can also allow advertisers to adjust their marketing techniques to quickly and efficiently understand the demographic of their target audience.  : Recently developed techniques include digital billboards, often placed on

832-484: A few "vector registers" that use the same interfaces across all CPUs with this instruction set. The hardware handles all alignment issues and "strip-mining" of loops. Machines with different vector sizes would be able to run the same code. LLVM calls this vector type "vscale". An order of magnitude increase in code size is not uncommon, when compared to equivalent scalar or equivalent vector code, and an order of magnitude or greater effectiveness (work done per instruction)

936-444: A more immersive way. In education, VR can provide realistic simulations for training purposes, allowing users to practice skills in a risk-free environment. Healthcare professionals use VR for therapeutic purposes and medical training. The U.S. Air Force has shown using VR for training programs for their new pilots to simulate piloting an aircraft. This allows new pilots to learn in a safe environment and get comfortable before getting in

1040-492: A more modest system with two central processing units (CPU) A and B, CPU A could add all elements from the top half of the arrays, while CPU B could add all elements from the bottom half of the arrays. Since the two processors work in parallel, the job of performing array addition would take one half the time of performing the same operation in serial using one CPU alone. The program expressed in pseudocode below—which applies some arbitrary operation, foo , on every element in

1144-404: A multimedia device can be referred to as an electronic device, such as a smartphone, a video game system, or a computer. Each and every one of these devices has a main function but also has other uses beyond their intended purpose, such as reading, writing, recording video and audio, listening to music, and playing video games. This has led them to be called "multimedia devices." While previous media

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1248-437: A parallel operation it is not possible to launch more parallel operations recursively, and means that programmers cannot make use of nested hardware parallelism. The programming language NESL was an early effort at implementing a nested data-parallel programming model on flat parallel machines, and in particular introduced the flattening transformation that transforms nested data parallelism to flat data parallelism. This work

1352-652: A physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network , or locally with an offline computer, game system , simulator , virtual reality , or augmented reality . The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users' experience, for example, to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, combine an array of artistic insights that include elements from different art forms to engage, inspire, or captivate an audience. Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining multiple forms of media content. Online multimedia

1456-417: A powerful tool in real-time video processing applications like conversion between various video standards and frame rates ( NTSC to/from PAL , NTSC to/from HDTV formats, etc.), deinterlacing , image noise reduction , adaptive video compression , and image enhancement. A more ubiquitous application for SIMD is found in video games : nearly every modern video game console since 1998 has incorporated

1560-488: A real aircraft. Head-mounted display (HMD): Users wear a headset that covers their eyes and ears, providing visual and auditory stimuli. These headsets are equipped with screens that display the virtual environment, and some may also have built-in speakers or headphones for audio. Motion tracking: Sensors track the user's movements, allowing them to interact with the virtual world. This can include head movements, hand gestures, and sometimes even full-body movements, enhancing

1664-401: A safe fallback mechanism on unsupported CPUs to simple loops. Instead of providing an SIMD datatype, compilers can also be hinted to auto-vectorize some loops, potentially taking some assertions about the lack of data dependency. This is not as flexible as manipulating SIMD variables directly, but is easier to use. OpenMP 4.0+ has a #pragma omp simd hint. This OpenMP interface has replaced

1768-555: A single instruction without any overhead. This is similar to C and C++ intrinsics. Benchmarks for 4×4 matrix multiplication , 3D vertex transformation , and Mandelbrot set visualization show near 400% speedup compared to scalar code written in Dart. McCutchan's work on Dart, now called SIMD.js, has been adopted by ECMAScript and Intel announced at IDF 2013 that they are implementing McCutchan's specification for both V8 and SpiderMonkey . However, by 2017, SIMD.js has been taken out of

1872-401: A speedup of 4 over sequential execution. One important thing to note is that the locality of data references plays an important part in evaluating the performance of a data parallel programming model. Locality of data depends on the memory accesses performed by the program as well as the size of the cache. Exploitation of the concept of data parallelism started in 1960s with the development of

1976-615: A time, using a hypercube-connected network or processor-dedicated RAM to find its operands. Supercomputing moved away from the SIMD approach when inexpensive scalar MIMD approaches based on commodity processors such as the Intel i860 XP became more powerful, and interest in SIMD waned. The current era of SIMD processors grew out of the desktop-computer market rather than the supercomputer market. As desktop processors became powerful enough to support real-time gaming and audio/video processing during

2080-439: A variety of fields ranging from physics, chemistry, biology, material sciences to signal processing. Sciences imply data parallelism for simulating models like molecular dynamics, sequence analysis of genome data and other physical phenomenon. Driving forces in signal processing for data parallelism are video encoding, image and graphics processing, wireless communications to name a few. Multimedia Multimedia refers to

2184-403: A variety of purposes, ranging from fine arts, entertainment, commercial art, journalism , to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below. An individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum throughout their career. Requests for their skills range from technical to analytical to creative. Multimedia, but more impressively in the modern day, the interactivity of

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2288-417: A variety of reasons, this can take much less time than retrieving each pixel individually, as with a traditional CPU design. Another advantage is that the instruction operates on all loaded data in a single operation. In other words, if the SIMD system works by loading up eight data points at once, the add operation being applied to the data will happen to all eight values at the same time. This parallelism

2392-515: A virtual car, making real-world prototypes is no longer needed. In mathematical and scientific research , multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation with binary code. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia . One well-known example of this being applied would be in

2496-486: A wide set of nonstandard extensions, including Cilk 's #pragma simd , GCC's #pragma GCC ivdep , and many more. Consumer software is typically expected to work on a range of CPUs covering multiple generations, which could limit the programmer's ability to use new SIMD instructions to improve the computational performance of a program. The solution is to include multiple versions of the same code that uses either older or newer SIMD technologies, and pick one that best fits

2600-421: Is a robust education methodology within the social work context. The five different types of multimedia that support the education process are narrative media , interactive media , communicative media, adaptive media, and productive media. Contrary to long-standing belief, multimedia technology in social work education existed before the prevalence of the internet. It takes the form of images, audio, and video into

2704-566: Is achievable with Vector ISAs. ARM's Scalable Vector Extension takes another approach, known in Flynn's Taxonomy as "Associative Processing", more commonly known today as "Predicated" (masked) SIMD. This approach is not as compact as Vector processing but is still far better than non-predicated SIMD. Detailed comparative examples are given in the Vector processing page. Small-scale (64 or 128 bits) SIMD became popular on general-purpose CPUs in

2808-451: Is an example of this type of multimedia journalism production. Multimedia reporters who are mobile (usually driving around a community with cameras, audio and video recorders, and laptop computers) are often referred to as mojos , or mobile journalists. Software engineers may use multimedia in computer simulations for anything from entertainment to training , such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software interfaces

2912-422: Is as strong as any traditional medium. In education , multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedias and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Learning theory in the past decade has expanded dramatically because of

3016-415: Is common for publishers of the SIMD instruction sets to make their own C/C++ language extensions with intrinsic functions or special datatypes (with operator overloading ) guaranteeing the generation of vector code. Intel, AltiVec, and ARM NEON provide extensions widely adopted by the compilers targeting their CPUs. (More complex operations are the task of vector math libraries.) The GNU C Compiler takes

3120-697: Is easier to achieve as only compiler switches need to be changed. Glibc supports LMV and this functionality is adopted by the Intel-backed Clear Linux project. In 2013 John McCutchan announced that he had created a high-performance interface to SIMD instruction sets for the Dart programming language, bringing the benefits of SIMD to web programs for the first time. The interface consists of two types: Instances of these types are immutable and in optimized code are mapped directly to SIMD registers. Operations expressed in Dart typically are compiled into

3224-616: Is headed by computer architect Bill Dally . Their Storm-1 processor (2007) contains 80 SIMD cores controlled by a MIPS CPU. Data parallelism Data parallelism is parallelization across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. It focuses on distributing the data across different nodes, which operate on the data in parallel. It can be applied on regular data structures like arrays and matrices by working on each element in parallel. It contrasts to task parallelism as another form of parallelism. A data parallel job on an array of n elements can be divided equally among all

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3328-733: Is heavily SIMD based. Philips , now NXP , developed several SIMD processors named Xetal . The Xetal has 320 16-bit processor elements especially designed for vision tasks. Intel's AVX-512 SIMD instructions process 512 bits of data at once. SIMD instructions are widely used to process 3D graphics, although modern graphics cards with embedded SIMD have largely taken over this task from the CPU. Some systems also include permute functions that re-pack elements inside vectors, making them particularly useful for data processing and compression. They are also used in cryptography. The trend of general-purpose computing on GPUs ( GPGPU ) may lead to wider use of SIMD in

3432-438: Is increasingly becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms of content over time. Examples of these range from multiple forms of content on Web sites like photo galleries with both images (pictures) and titles (text) user-updated to simulations whose coefficients, events, illustrations, animations, or videos are modifiable, allowing

3536-482: Is often done as a collaboration between creative professionals and software engineers. Multimedia helps expand the teaching practices that can be found in engineering to allow for more innovative methods to not only educate future engineers but to help evolve the scope of understanding of where multimedia can be used in specialized engineer careers like software engineers. Multimedia is also allowing major car manufacturers, such as Ford and General Motors , to expand

3640-457: Is rapidly changing the curriculum in universities all over the world. Higher education has been implementing the use of social media applications such as Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, etc. to increase student collaboration and develop new processes in how information can be conveyed to students. Multimedia provides students with an alternate means of acquiring knowledge designed to enhance teaching and learning through various media and platforms. In

3744-440: Is separate from the parallelism provided by a superscalar processor ; the eight values are processed in parallel even on a non-superscalar processor, and a superscalar processor may be able to perform multiple SIMD operations in parallel. To remedy problems 1 and 5, RISC-V 's vector extension uses an alternative approach: instead of exposing the sub-register-level details to the programmer, the instruction set abstracts them out as

3848-466: Is still present in the fields of multimedia and social work. With the spread and development of the English language around the world, multimedia has become an important way of communicating between different people and cultures. Multimedia technology creates a platform where language can be taught. The traditional form of teaching English as a Second Language in classrooms has drastically changed with

3952-424: Is used to distinguish motion photography from " animation " of rendered motion imagery. Multiple forms of information content are often not considered modern forms of presentation, such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of information content with single methods of information processing (e.g., non-interactive audio) are often called multimedia, perhaps to distinguish static media from active media. In

4056-599: The Cray-1 (1977). The first era of modern SIMD computers was characterized by massively parallel processing -style supercomputers such as the Thinking Machines CM-1 and CM-2 . These computers had many limited-functionality processors that would work in parallel. For example, each of 65,536 single-bit processors in a Thinking Machines CM-2 would execute the same instruction at the same time, allowing, for instance, to logically combine 65,536 pairs of bits at

4160-699: The FPU and MMX registers . Compilers also often lacked support, requiring programmers to resort to assembly language coding. SIMD on x86 had a slow start. The introduction of 3DNow! by AMD and SSE by Intel confused matters somewhat, but today the system seems to have settled down (after AMD adopted SSE) and newer compilers should result in more SIMD-enabled software. Intel and AMD now both provide optimized math libraries that use SIMD instructions, and open source alternatives like libSIMD , SIMDx86 and SLEEF have started to appear (see also libm ). Apple Computer had somewhat more success, even though they entered

4264-520: The Tempra Show software. This was a later, rebranded version of the 1985 DOS multimedia software VirtulVideo Producer, about which the Smithsonian declared, "It is one of the first, if not the first, multi-media authoring systems on the market." The German language society Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache recognized the word's significance and ubiquitousness in the 1990s by awarding it

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4368-421: The fine arts , for example, Leda Luss Luyken 's ModulArt brings two key elements of musical composition and film into the world of painting: variation of a theme and movement of and within a picture, making ModulArt an interactive multimedia form of art. Performing arts may also be considered multimedia, considering that performers and props are multiple forms of both content and media. In modern times,

4472-447: The 1960s, technology began to expand into classrooms through devices such as screens and telewriters. This technology allows students to learn at their own pace and gives teachers the ability to observe the individual needs of each student. The capacity for multimedia to be used in multi-disciplinary settings is structured around the idea of creating a hands-on learning environment through the use of technology. Lessons can be tailored to

4576-473: The 1980s, the term was introduced to describe this programming style, which was widely used to program Connection Machines in data parallel languages like C* . Today, data parallelism is best exemplified in graphics processing units (GPUs), which use both the techniques of operating on multiple data in space and time using a single instruction. Most data parallel hardware supports only a fixed number of parallel levels, often only one. This means that within

4680-477: The 1990s, demand grew for this particular type of computing power, and microprocessor vendors turned to SIMD to meet the demand. Hewlett-Packard introduced MAX instructions into PA-RISC 1.1 desktops in 1994 to accelerate MPEG decoding. Sun Microsystems introduced SIMD integer instructions in its " VIS " instruction set extensions in 1995, in its UltraSPARC I microprocessor. MIPS followed suit with their similar MDMX system. The first widely deployed desktop SIMD

4784-482: The 1993 first edition of Multimedia: Making It Work , Tay Vaughan declared, "Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video that is delivered by computer. When you allow the user – the viewer of the project – to control what and when these elements are delivered, it is interactive multimedia . When you provide a structure of linked elements through which the user can navigate, interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia ." This book contained

4888-582: The ECMAScript standard queue in favor of pursuing a similar interface in WebAssembly . As of August 2020, the WebAssembly interface remains unfinished, but its portable 128-bit SIMD feature has already seen some use in many engines. Emscripten, Mozilla's C/C++-to-JavaScript compiler, with extensions can enable compilation of C++ programs that make use of SIMD intrinsics or GCC-style vector code to

4992-557: The GCC extension. LLVM's libcxx seems to implement it. For GCC and libstdc++, a wrapper library that builds on top of the GCC extension is available. Microsoft added SIMD to .NET in RyuJIT. The System.Numerics.Vector package, available on NuGet, implements SIMD datatypes. Java also has a new proposed API for SIMD instructions available in OpenJDK 17 in an incubator module. It also has

5096-577: The SIMD API of JavaScript, resulting in equivalent speedups compared to scalar code. It also supports (and now prefers) the WebAssembly 128-bit SIMD proposal. It has generally proven difficult to find sustainable commercial applications for SIMD-only processors. One that has had some measure of success is the GAPP , which was developed by Lockheed Martin and taken to the commercial sector by their spin-off Teranex . The GAPP's recent incarnations have become

5200-540: The SIMD market later than the rest. AltiVec offered a rich system and can be programmed using increasingly sophisticated compilers from Motorola , IBM and GNU , therefore assembly language programming is rarely needed. Additionally, many of the systems that would benefit from SIMD were supplied by Apple itself, for example iTunes and QuickTime . However, in 2006, Apple computers moved to Intel x86 processors. Apple's APIs and development tools ( XCode ) were modified to support SSE2 and SSE3 as well as AltiVec. Apple

5304-469: The Solomon machine. The Solomon machine, also called a vector processor , was developed to expedite the performance of mathematical operations by working on a large data array (operating on multiple data in consecutive time steps). Concurrency of data operations was also exploited by operating on multiple data at the same time using a single instruction. These processors were called 'array processors'. In

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5408-552: The array d —illustrates data parallelism: In an SPMD system executed on 2 processor system, both CPUs will execute the code. Data parallelism emphasizes the distributed (parallel) nature of the data, as opposed to the processing (task parallelism). Most real programs fall somewhere on a continuum between task parallelism and data parallelism. The process of parallelizing a sequential program can be broken down into four discrete steps. Data and task parallelism, can be simultaneously implemented by combining them together for

5512-514: The building blocks on which multimedia takes shape. In the 1990s, some computers were called "multimedia computers" because they represented advances in graphical and audio quality, such as the Amiga 1000, which could produce 4096 colors (12-bit color), outputs for TVs and VCRs, and four-voice stereo audio. Changes in removable storage technology during this time were also important, as the standard CD-ROM can hold on average 700 megabytes of data, while

5616-588: The changing world of multimedia, journalistic practices are adopting and utilizing different multimedia functions through the inclusion of visuals such as varying audio, video, text, etc. in their writings. News reporting is not limited to traditional media outlets. Freelance journalists can use different new media to produce multimedia pieces for their news stories. It engages global audiences and tells stories with technology, which develops new communication techniques for both media producers and consumers. The Common Language Project, later renamed The Seattle Globalist ,

5720-416: The code to "clone" functions, while ICC does so automatically (under the command-line option /Qax ). The Rust programming language also supports FMV. The setup is similar to GCC and Clang in that the code defines what instruction sets to compile for, but cloning is manually done via inlining. As using FMV requires code modification on GCC and Clang, vendors more commonly use library multi-versioning: this

5824-590: The curriculum. First introduced to social work education by Seabury & Maple in 1993, multimedia technology is utilized to teach social work practice skills, including interviewing, crisis intervention, and group work. In comparison with conventional teaching methods, including face-to-face courses, multimedia education shortens transportation time, increases knowledge and confidence in a richer and more authentic context for learning, generates interaction between online users, and enhances understanding of conceptual materials for novice students. In an attempt to examine

5928-445: The data. In others, different threads control the operation, but they execute the same code. For instance, consider matrix multiplication and addition in a sequential manner as discussed in the example. Below is the sequential pseudo-code for multiplication and addition of two matrices where the result is stored in the matrix C . The pseudo-code for multiplication calculates the dot product of two matrices A , B and stores

6032-428: The design and safety standards of their cars. By using a game engine and virtual reality glasses, these companies are able to test the safety features and the design of the car before a prototype is even made. Building a car virtually reduces the time it takes to produce new vehicles, cutting down on the time needed to test designs and allowing the designers to make changes in real time. It also reduces expenses since, with

6136-594: The early 1990s and continued through 1997 and later with Motion Video Instructions (MVI) for Alpha . SIMD instructions can be found, to one degree or another, on most CPUs, including IBM 's AltiVec and SPE for PowerPC , HP 's PA-RISC Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions (MAX), Intel 's MMX and iwMMXt , SSE , SSE2 , SSE3 SSSE3 and SSE4.x , AMD 's 3DNow! , ARC 's ARC Video subsystem, SPARC 's VIS and VIS2, Sun 's MAJC , ARM 's Neon technology, MIPS ' MDMX (MaDMaX) and MIPS-3D . The IBM, Sony, Toshiba co-developed Cell Processor 's SPU 's instruction set

6240-612: The early years of multimedia, the term "rich media" was synonymous with interactive multimedia . Over time, hypermedia extensions brought multimedia to the World Wide Web, and streaming services became more common. The term multimedia was coined by singer and artist Bob Goldstein (later ' Bobb Goldsteinn ') to promote the July 1966 opening of his "Lightworks at L'Oursin" show in Southampton, New York , Long Island. Goldstein

6344-461: The epidiascope and slide projectors, were introduced into classrooms around the 1960s. With the growing use of computers, the medical field has begun to incorporate new devices and procedures to assist in teaching students, performing procedures, and analyzing patient data. As well as providing that data in a meaningful way to the patients. Virtual reality is a technology that creates a simulated environment, often using computer-generated imagery or

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6448-424: The execution time low is the priority but as the matrix size increases, we are faced with other constraints like complexity of such a system and its associated costs. Therefore, constraining the number of processors in the system, we can still apply the same principle and divide the data into bigger chunks to calculate the product of two matrices. For addition of arrays in a data parallel implementation, let's assume

6552-507: The extensions a step further by abstracting them into a universal interface that can be used on any platform by providing a way of defining SIMD datatypes. The LLVM Clang compiler also implements the feature, with an analogous interface defined in the IR. Rust's packed_simd crate (and the experimental std::sims ) uses this interface, and so does Swift 2.0+. C++ has an experimental interface std::experimental::simd that works similarly to

6656-465: The future. Adoption of SIMD systems in personal computer software was at first slow, due to a number of problems. One was that many of the early SIMD instruction sets tended to slow overall performance of the system due to the re-use of existing floating point registers. Other systems, like MMX and 3DNow! , offered support for data types that were not interesting to a wide audience and had expensive context switching instructions to switch between using

6760-473: The ground up with no separate scalar registers. Ziilabs produced an SIMD type processor for use on mobile devices, such as media players and mobile phones. Larger scale commercial SIMD processors are available from ClearSpeed Technology, Ltd. and Stream Processors, Inc. ClearSpeed 's CSX600 (2004) has 96 cores each with two double-precision floating point units while the CSX700 (2008) has 192. Stream Processors

6864-1082: The impact of multimedia technology on students' studies, A. Elizabeth Cauble & Linda P. Thurston conducted research in which Building Family Foundations (BFF), an interactive multimedia training platform, was utilized to assess social work students' reactions to multimedia technology on variables of knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy . The results state that respondents show a substantial increase in academic knowledge, confidence, and attitude. Multimedia also benefits students because it brings experts online, fits students' schedule, and allows students to choose courses that suit them. Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning suggests that "people learn more from words and pictures than from words alone." According to Mayer and other scholars, multimedia technology stimulates people's brains by implementing visual and auditory effects and thereby assists online users to learn efficiently. Researchers suggest that when users establish dual channels while learning, they tend to understand and memorize better. The mixed literature of this theory

6968-649: The integration of multiple forms of content such as text, audio, images, video, and interactive elements into a single digital platform or application. This integration allows for a more immersive and engaging experience compared to traditional single-medium content. Multimedia is utilized in various fields including education, entertainment, communication, game design, and digital art, reflecting its broad impact on modern technology and media. Multimedia encompasses various types of content, each serving different purposes: Multimedia can be recorded for playback on computers, laptops , smartphones , and other electronic devices. In

7072-563: The introduction of multimedia. Several lines of research have evolved, e.g., cognitive load and multimedia learning . From multimedia learning (MML) theory, David Roberts has developed a large group lecture practice using PowerPoint and based on the use of full-slide images in conjunction with a reduction of visible text (all text can be placed in the notes view' section of PowerPoint). The method has been applied and evaluated in 9 disciplines. In each experiment, students' engagement and active learning have been approximately 66% greater than with

7176-448: The language. One of the studies, carried out by Izquierdo, Simard and Pulido, presented the correlation between "Multimedia Instruction (MI) and learners' second language (L2)" and its effects on learning behavior. Their findings, based on Gardner 's theory of the " socio-educational model of learner motivation and attitudes," show that there is easier access to language learning materials as well as increased motivation with MI along with

7280-446: The maximum amount of data a 3.5-inch floppy disk can hold is 2.8 megabytes, with an average of 1.44 megabytes. Greater storage allowed for larger digital media files and therefore more complex multimedia. The term "video", if not used exclusively to describe motion photography, is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. Video is often used to describe the file format, delivery format, or presentation format instead of " footage " which

7384-405: The movie Interstellar , where Executive Director Kip Thorne helped create one of the most realistic depictions of a black hole in film. The visual effects team under Paul Franklin took Kip Thorne's mathematical data and applied it into their own visual effects engine called "Double Negative Gravitational Renderer," a.k.a. "Gargantua," to create a "real" black hole used in the final cut. Later on,

7488-720: The multimedia "experience" to be altered without reprogramming. In addition to seeing and hearing, haptic technology enables virtual objects to be felt. Emerging technology involving illusions of taste and smell may also enhance the multimedia experience. Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories: Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded: Multimedia finds its application in various areas, including, but not limited to, advertisements , art , education , entertainment , engineering , medicine , mathematics , business , scientific research , and spatial temporal applications . Several examples are as follows: Creative industries use multimedia for

7592-713: The multimedia created forms the foundation for which most creative endeavors that take place online. Microsoft is one of the biggest computer industries in the world, and a core foundation of its success relies on the ability of multimedia designers to optimize user experience through interacting with their products. Marketing and commercial practices are becoming increasingly reliant on interactive multimedia, allowing more sophisticated tactics and increased customer retention. Advertising companies heavily utilize social media, online interfaces and television to promote products, while ads and websites that utilize pop-ups need shorter, more concise methods to be as efficient and pleasing to

7696-428: The newer architectures are then considered "short-vector" architectures, as earlier SIMD and vector supercomputers had vector lengths from 64 to 64,000. A modern supercomputer is almost always a cluster of MIMD computers, each of which implements (short-vector) SIMD instructions. An application that may take advantage of SIMD is one where the same value is being added to (or subtracted from) a large number of data points,

7800-469: The overall learning experience for students. Within education, video games, specifically fast-paced action games, are able to play a big role in improving cognitive abilities involving attention, task switching, and resistance to distractors. Research also shows that, though video games may take time away from schoolwork, implementing games into the school curriculum has an increased probability of moving attention from games to curricular goals. Multimedia

7904-435: The performance of multimedia use. SIMD has three different subcategories in Flynn's 1972 Taxonomy , one of which is SIMT . SIMT should not be confused with software threads or hardware threads , both of which are task time-sharing (time-slicing). SIMT is true simultaneous parallel hardware-level execution. Modern graphics processing units (GPUs) are often wide SIMD implementations. The first use of SIMD instructions

8008-493: The player an immersive experience. While video games can vary in terms of animation style or audio type, the element of interactivity makes them a striking example of interactive multimedia . Interactive multimedia refers to multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information. In the arts , there are multimedia artists who blend techniques using different media that in some way incorporate interaction with

8112-426: The potential customers as possible. These platforms can be used by commercial businesses to specifically target their desired audience with a message, advertisement or promotion. External and internal office communications are often developed by hired creative service firms to display information in a variety of situations. This can range from providing more engaging presentations to educating trainees or new workers on

8216-452: The preceding code to execute it faster as the arithmetic is loop independent. Parallelization of the matrix multiplication code is achieved by using OpenMP . An OpenMP directive, "omp parallel for" instructs the compiler to execute the code in the for loop in parallel. For multiplication, we can divide matrix A and B into blocks along rows and columns respectively. This allows us to calculate every element in matrix C individually thereby making

8320-403: The presenter's ideas. They are commonly used among education and many other industries to benefit students and workers, as they effectively retain chunks of information in a limited amount of time and can be stored easily. Another example is charts and graphs, as the presenters can show their audience the trends using data associated with their researches. This provides the audience a visual idea of

8424-440: The prevalence of new media and social media . Technology has impacted multimedia as it is largely associated with the use of computers or other electronic devices and digital media due to its capabilities concerning research, communication, problem-solving through simulations, and feedback opportunities. The innovation of technology in education through the use of multimedia allows for diversification among classrooms to enhance

8528-606: The prevalence of technology, making it easier for students to obtain language learning skills. Multimedia motivates students to learn more languages through audio, visual, and animation support. It also helps create English contexts since an important aspect of learning a language is developing their grammar, vocabulary, and knowledge of pragmatics and genres. In addition, cultural connections in terms of forms, contexts, meanings, and ideologies have to be constructed. By improving thought patterns, multimedia develops students' communicative competence by improving their capacity to understand

8632-464: The processors. Let us assume we want to sum all the elements of the given array and the time for a single addition operation is Ta time units. In the case of sequential execution, the time taken by the process will be n ×Ta time units as it sums up all the elements of an array. On the other hand, if we execute this job as a data parallel job on 4 processors the time taken would reduce to ( n /4)×Ta + merging overhead time units. Parallel execution results in

8736-547: The real world using media such as audio, animation, and text. Augmented reality became widely popular only in the 21st century; however, some of the earlier versions of such were things like the Sega Genesis Activator Controller back in 1992, which allowed users to literally stand in an octagon and control in-game movement with physical movement, or to stretch back even further, the R.O.B. NES Robot back in 1984, which, with its array of accessories,

8840-446: The result into the output matrix C . If the following programs were executed sequentially, the time taken to calculate the result would be of the O ( n 3 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{3})} (assuming row lengths and column lengths of both matrices are n) and O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} for multiplication and addition respectively. We can exploit data parallelism in

8944-516: The same application. This is called Mixed data and task parallelism. Mixed parallelism requires sophisticated scheduling algorithms and software support. It is the best kind of parallelism when communication is slow and number of processors is large. Mixed data and task parallelism has many applications. It is particularly used in the following applications: A variety of data parallel programming environments are available today, most widely used of which are: Data parallelism finds its applications in

9048-476: The same material being delivered using bullet points, text, and speech, corroborating a range of theories presented by multimedia learning scholars like Sweller and Mayer . The idea of media convergence is also becoming a major factor in education, particularly higher education. Defined as separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and productivity applications), and video that now share resources and interact with each other, media convergence

9152-490: The sense of immersion. Input devices: Controllers or other input devices are used to interact with the virtual environment. These devices can simulate hands or tools, enabling users to manipulate objects or navigate within the virtual space. Computer processing: Powerful computers or gaming consoles are often required to generate and render the complex graphics and simulations needed for a convincing virtual experience. Augmented reality overlays digital content or output onto

9256-567: The side of buildings and wrapped around the edge or corner. Clips can then be added at differing angles to create a three-dimensional optical illusion , which is more likely to draw the attention of an observer. Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animations (VFX, 3D animation, etc.). Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Video games are considered multimedia, as they meld animation, audio, and interactivity to give

9360-402: The subject matter as well as personalized to the students' varying levels of knowledge on the topic. Learning content can be managed through activities that utilize and take advantage of multimedia platforms. This kind of usage of modern multimedia encourages interactive communication between students and teachers and opens feedback channels, introducing an active learning process, especially with

9464-433: The task parallel. For example: A[m x n] dot B [n x k] can be finished in O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} instead of O ( m ∗ n ∗ k ) {\displaystyle O(m*n*k)} when executed in parallel using m*k processors. It can be observed from the example that a lot of processors will be required as the matrix sizes keep on increasing. Keeping

9568-448: The term "multimedia" was re-appropriated to describe the work of a political consultant, David Sawyer, the husband of Iris Sawyer—one of Goldstein's producers at L'Oursin. In the intervening forty years, the word has taken on different meanings. In the late 1970s, the term referred to presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. However, by the 1990s, 'multimedia' had taken on its current meaning. In

9672-489: The title of German 'Word of the Year' in 1995. The institute summed up its rationale by stating, "[Multimedia] has become a central word in the wonderful new media world". In common usage, multimedia refers to the usage of multiple media of communication, including video, still images, animation, audio, and text, in such a way that they can be accessed interactively. Video, still images, animation, audio, and written text are

9776-422: The use of computer-assisted language learning . Newspaper companies all over the world are trying to embrace the new phenomenon by implementing its practices in their work. While some have been slow to come around, other major newspapers like The New York Times , USA Today , and The Washington Post are setting a precedent for the positioning of the newspaper industry in a globalized world. To keep up with

9880-609: The use of SIMD-capable instructions. A later processor that used vector processing is the Cell Processor used in the Playstation 3, which was developed by IBM in cooperation with Toshiba and Sony . It uses a number of SIMD processors (a NUMA architecture, each with independent local store and controlled by a general purpose CPU) and is geared towards the huge datasets required by 3D and video processing applications. It differs from traditional ISAs by being SIMD from

9984-482: The user's CPU at run-time ( dynamic dispatch ). There are two main camps of solutions: FMV, manually coded in assembly language, is quite commonly used in a number of performance-critical libraries such as glibc and libjpeg-turbo. Intel C++ Compiler , GNU Compiler Collection since GCC 6, and Clang since clang 7 allow for a simplified approach, with the compiler taking care of function duplication and selection. GCC and clang requires explicit target_clones labels in

10088-406: The viewer. Another approach entails the creation of multimedia that can be displayed in a traditional fine arts arena, such as an art gallery . Video has become an intrinsic part of many concerts and theatrical productions in the modern era and has spawned content creation opportunities for many media professionals. Although multimedia display material may be volatile, the survivability of the content

10192-422: The visual effects team went on to publish a black hole study. Medical professionals and students have a wide variety of ways to learn new techniques and procedures through interactive media, online courses, and lectures. The methods of conveying information to students have drastically evolved with the help of multimedia. From the 1800s to today, lessons are commonly taught using chalkboards. Projected aids, such as

10296-493: Was always local, many are now handled through web-based solutions, particularly streaming. Multimedia presentations are presentations featuring multiple types of media. The different types of media can include text , graphics , audio , video and animations . These different types of media convey information to their target audience and effectively communicate with them. Videos are a great visual example to use in multimedia presentations because they can create visual aids to

10400-448: Was continued by other languages such as Data Parallel Haskell and Futhark , although arbitrary nested data parallelism is not widely available in current data-parallel programming languages. In a multiprocessor system executing a single set of instructions ( SIMD ), data parallelism is achieved when each processor performs the same task on different distributed data. In some situations, a single execution thread controls operations on all

10504-712: Was in the ILLIAC IV , which was completed in 1966. SIMD was the basis for vector supercomputers of the early 1970s such as the CDC Star-100 and the Texas Instruments ASC , which could operate on a "vector" of data with a single instruction. Vector processing was especially popularized by Cray in the 1970s and 1980s. Vector processing architectures are now considered separate from SIMD computers: Duncan's Taxonomy includes them whereas Flynn's Taxonomy does not, due to Flynn's work (1966, 1972) pre-dating

10608-440: Was perhaps aware of an American artist named Dick Higgins , who had two years previously discussed a new approach to art-making he called " intermedia ". On August 10, 1966, Richard Albarino of Variety borrowed the terminology, reporting: "Brainchild of song scribe-comic Bob (' Washington Square ') Goldstein, the 'Lightworks' is the latest multi-media music-cum-visuals to debut as discothèque fare." Two years later, in 1968,

10712-594: Was the dominant purchaser of PowerPC chips from IBM and Freescale Semiconductor . Even though Apple has stopped using PowerPC processors in their products, further development of AltiVec is continued in several PowerPC and Power ISA designs from Freescale and IBM. SIMD within a register , or SWAR , is a range of techniques and tricks used for performing SIMD in general-purpose registers on hardware that does not provide any direct support for SIMD instructions. This can be used to exploit parallelism in certain algorithms even on hardware that does not support SIMD directly. It

10816-910: Was with Intel's MMX extensions to the x86 architecture in 1996. This sparked the introduction of the much more powerful AltiVec system in the Motorola PowerPC and IBM's POWER systems. Intel responded in 1999 by introducing the all-new SSE system. Since then, there have been several extensions to the SIMD instruction sets for both architectures. Advanced vector extensions AVX, AVX2 and AVX-512 are developed by Intel. AMD supports AVX, AVX2 , and AVX-512 in their current products. All of these developments have been oriented toward support for real-time graphics, and are therefore oriented toward processing in two, three, or four dimensions, usually with vector lengths of between two and sixteen words, depending on data type and architecture. When new SIMD architectures need to be distinguished from older ones,

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