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53-611: The SIM Registration Act , officially designated as Republic Act No. 11934 and commonly referred to as the SIM card law , is a Philippine law mandating the registration of SIM cards before activation. Under the measure, mobile device users must register their SIM cards, whether prepaid or postpaid . The law was enacted intending to curb cybercriminal activities. The law also aims to address issues related to trolling, hate speech, and online disinformation. Human rights groups, media organizations, and labor groups have raised questions about how

106-415: A European article number (EAN) required when registering online for the subscription of a prepaid card. As of 2020, eSIM is superseding physical SIM cards in some domains, including cellular telephony. eSIM uses a software-based SIM embedded into an irremovable eUICC . The SIM card is a type of smart card , the basis for which is the silicon integrated circuit (IC) chip. The idea of incorporating

159-444: A mobile network operator that does not require a SIM card to connect phone calls to a user's mobile phone. Universal integrated circuit card The universal integrated circuit card ( UICC ) is the physical smart card ( integrated circuit card) used in mobile terminals in 2G ( GSM ), 3G ( UMTS ), 4G ( LTE ), and 5G networks. The UICC ensures the integrity and security of all kinds of personal data, and it typically holds

212-603: A SIM application and a USIM application. This configuration is necessary because older GSM only handsets are solely compatible with the SIM application and some UMTS security enhancements rely on the USIM application. On cdmaOne networks, the equivalent of the SIM card is the R-UIM and the equivalent of the SIM application is the CSIM . A virtual SIM is a mobile phone number provided by

265-405: A SIM, USIM, RUIM or CSIM, and is used interchangeably with those terms", though this is an over-simplification. The primary component of a UICC is a SIM card . A UICC consists of a CPU , ROM , RAM , EEPROM and I/O circuits. Early versions consisted of the whole full-size (85 × 54 mm, ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1) smart card. Soon the race for smaller telephones called for a smaller version of

318-564: A debate in early 2012 between a few designs created by Apple, Nokia and RIM , Apple's design for an even smaller SIM card was accepted by the ETSI. The nano-SIM (or 4FF) card was introduced in June 2012, when mobile service providers in various countries first supplied it for phones that supported the format. The nano-SIM measures 12.3 mm × 8.8 mm × 0.67 mm (0.484 in × 0.346 in × 0.026 in) and reduces

371-431: A few days before the original deadline, about 82.8 million SIMs were registered (49.31% of total active mobile subscribers). The deadline was later extended 90 days into July 25 upon appeals by telecom companies due to low percentage of registered SIM cards. The deactivation of unregistered SIM cards started on July 26, 2023. Subscribers were given a five-day grace period to register their SIM cards until July 30, 2023. By

424-588: A few hundred kilobytes. The official definition for UICC is found in ETSI TR 102 216, where it is defined as a " smart card that conforms to the specifications written and maintained by the ETSI Smart Card Platform project". In addition, the definition has a note that states that "UICC is neither an abbreviation nor an acronym". NIST SP 800-101 Rev. 1 and NIST Computer Security Resource Center Glossary state that, "A UICC may be referred to as

477-433: A market need from ETSI customers, but additionally there is a strong desire not to invalidate, overnight, the existing interface, nor reduce the performance of the cards. Micro-SIM cards were introduced by various mobile service providers for the launch of the original iPad, and later for smartphones, from April 2010. The iPhone 4 was the first smartphone to use a micro-SIM card in June 2010, followed by many others. After

530-515: A month (the last as of January 2019 was No. 1163 from 1 January 2019). ITU-T also publishes complete lists: as of August 2023, the list issued on 1 December 2018 was current, having all issuer identifier numbers before 1 December 2018. SIM cards are identified on their individual operator networks by a unique international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI). Mobile network operators connect mobile phone calls and communicate with their market SIM cards using their IMSIs. The format is: The K i

583-486: A phone containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of only 33 or 80 networks, instead it means that the SIM card issuer can specify only up to that number of preferred networks. If a SIM is outside these preferred networks, it uses the first or best available network. Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier ( ICCID ). Nowadays ICCID numbers are also used to identify eSIM profiles, not only physical SIM cards. ICCIDs are stored in

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636-424: A signed response (SRES_1/SRES_2: see steps 3 and 4, below) from the K i has certain vulnerabilities that can allow the extraction of the K i from a SIM card and the making of a duplicate SIM card . Authentication process: The SIM stores network state information, which is received from the location area identity (LAI). Operator networks are divided into location areas, each having a unique LAI number. When

689-452: A silicon IC chip onto a plastic card originates from the late 1960s. Smart cards have since used MOS integrated circuit chips, along with MOS memory technologies such as flash memory and EEPROM (electrically EPROM ). The SIM was initially specified by the ETSI in the specification TS 11.11. This describes the physical and logical behaviour of the SIM. With the development of UMTS ,

742-475: Is a 128-bit value used in authenticating the SIMs on a GSM mobile network (for USIM network, the K i is still needed but other parameters are also needed). Each SIM holds a unique K i assigned to it by the operator during the personalisation process. The K i is also stored in a database (termed authentication center or AuC) on the carrier's network. The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from getting

795-434: Is a mistake to speak of a USIM, CSIM, or SIM card, as all three are applications running on a UICC card. Since the card slot is standardized, a subscriber can easily move their wireless account and phone number from one handset to another. This will also transfer their phone book and text messages. Similarly, usually a subscriber can change carriers by inserting a new carrier's UICC card into their existing handset. However, it

848-419: Is an identical ETSI specification with different numbering.) ETSI and 3GPP maintain the SIM specifications. The main specifications are: ETSI TS 102 223 (the toolkit for smart cards), ETSI TS 102 241 ( API ), ETSI TS 102 588 (application invocation), and ETSI TS 131 111 (toolkit for more SIM-likes). SIM toolkit applications were initially written in native code using proprietary APIs. To provide interoperability of

901-483: Is independent of format. Full-size SIM was followed by mini-SIM, micro-SIM, and nano-SIM. SIM cards are also made to embed in devices. JEDEC Design Guide 4.8, SON-8 GSMA SGP.22 V1.0 All versions of the non-embedded SIM cards share the same ISO/IEC 7816 pin arrangement. The full-size SIM (or 1FF, 1st form factor) was the first form factor to appear. It was the size of a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm). The mini-SIM (or 2FF) card has

954-405: Is not always possible because some carriers (e.g., in U.S.) SIM-lock the phones that they sell, preventing rival carriers' cards from being used. The use and content of the card can be protected by use of PIN codes. One code, PIN1, can be defined to control normal use of the phone. Another code, PIN2, can be set, to allow the use of special functions (like limiting outbound telephone calls to

1007-576: Is obsolete, some suppliers refer to the mini-SIM as a "standard SIM" or "regular SIM". The micro-SIM (or 3FF) card has the same thickness and contact arrangements, but reduced length and width as shown in the table above. The micro-SIM was introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) along with SCP, 3GPP (UTRAN/GERAN), 3GPP2 (CDMA2000), ARIB , GSM Association (GSMA SCaG and GSMNA), GlobalPlatform, Liberty Alliance , and

1060-628: Is required for services in the IMS . The telephone book is a separate application and not part of either subscriber identity module. In a cdmaOne / CDMA2000 ("CDMA") network, the UICC contains a CSIM application, in addition to 3GPP USIM and SIM applications. A card with all 3 features is called a removable user identity card, or R-UIM . Thus, the R-UIM card can be inserted into CDMA, GSM, or UMTS handsets, and will work in all three cases. In 3G networks, it

1113-431: The 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs. This is used by network operators to store data on preferred networks, mostly used when the SIM is not in its home network but is roaming . The network operator that issued the SIM card can use this to have a phone connect to a preferred network that is more economic for the provider instead of having to pay the network operator that the phone discovered first. This does not mean that

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1166-528: The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) for the purpose of fitting into devices too small for a mini-SIM card. The form factor was mentioned in the December 1998 3GPP SMG9 UMTS Working Party, which is the standards-setting body for GSM SIM cards, and the form factor was agreed upon in late 2003. The micro-SIM was designed for backward compatibility. The major issue for backward compatibility was

1219-526: The 0.76 mm (0.030 in) of its predecessors. The iPhone 5 , released in September 2012, was the first device to use a nano-SIM card, followed by other handsets. In July 2013, Karsten Nohl, a security researcher from SRLabs, described vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that supported DES , which, despite its age, is still used by some operators. The attack could lead to the phone being remotely cloned or let someone steal payment credentials from

1272-508: The ICCID length as an opaque data field, 10 octets (20 digits) in length, whose structure is specific to a mobile network operator . The number is composed of three subparts: Their format is as follows. Issuer identification number (IIN) Individual account identification Check digit With the GSM Phase 1 specification using 10 octets into which ICCID is stored as packed BCD ,

1325-452: The K i by using the smart-card interface . Instead, the SIM card provides a function, Run GSM Algorithm , that the phone uses to pass data to the SIM card to be signed with the K i . This, by design, makes using the SIM card mandatory unless the K i can be extracted from the SIM card, or the carrier is willing to reveal the K i . In practice, the GSM cryptographic algorithm for computing

1378-611: The Philippines". An online petition challenging the law contended that the law erodes freedom of expression and could be used for mass surveillance and authoritarianism when used alongside the Philippine Anti-Terror Law . SIM card SIMs are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA phones, they are needed only for LTE -capable handsets. SIM cards are also used in various satellite phones , smart watches, computers, or cameras. The first SIM cards were

1431-583: The S@T Browser library were being actively exploited. This vulnerability was named Simjacker . Attackers were using the vulnerability to track the location of thousands of mobile phone users in several countries. Further details of the research were provided at VirusBulletin on 3 October 2019. When GSM was already in use, the specifications were further developed and enhanced with functionality such as SMS and GPRS . These development steps are referred as releases by ETSI. Within these development cycles,

1484-447: The SIM as its primary component. In practice the term "SIM card" is still used to refer to the entire unit and not simply the IC. A SIM contains a unique serial number, integrated circuit card identification (ICCID), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number, security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services

1537-421: The SIM card. When a user tries to copy such entries to a SIM, the handset's software breaks them into multiple entries, discarding information that is not a phone number. The number of contacts and messages stored depends on the SIM; early models stored as few as five messages and 20 contacts, while modern SIM cards can usually store over 250 contacts. SIM cards have been made smaller over the years; functionality

1590-506: The SIM cards and are also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalisation. The ICCID is defined by the ITU-T recommendation E.118 as the primary account number . Its layout is based on ISO/IEC 7812 . According to E.118, the number can be up to 19 digits long, including a single check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm . However, the GSM Phase 1 defined

1643-656: The SIM specification was enhanced as well: new voltage classes, formats and files were introduced. In GSM-only times, the SIM consisted of the hardware and the software. With the advent of UMTS, this naming was split: the SIM was now an application and hence only software. The hardware part was called UICC. This split was necessary because UMTS introduced a new application, the universal subscriber identity module (USIM). The USIM brought, among other things, security improvements like mutual authentication and longer encryption keys, and an improved address book. "SIM cards" in developed countries today are usually UICCs containing at least

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1696-677: The SIM. Further details of the research were provided at BlackHat on 31 July 2013. In response, the International Telecommunication Union said that the development was "hugely significant" and that it would be contacting its members. In February 2015, The Intercept reported that the NSA and GCHQ had stolen the encryption keys (Ki's) used by Gemalto (now known as Thales DIS , manufacturer of 2 billion SIM cards annually) ), enabling these intelligence agencies to monitor voice and data communications without

1749-484: The SMSC ( Short Message service center ) number, service provider name (SPN), service dialing numbers (SDN), advice-of-charge parameters and value-added service (VAS) applications. (Refer to GSM 11.11. ) SIM cards can come in various data capacities, from 8 KB to at least 256 KB . All can store a maximum of 250 contacts on the SIM, but while the 32 KB has room for 33 Mobile country code (MCCs) or network identifiers ,

1802-545: The applications, ETSI chose Java Card . A multi-company collaboration called GlobalPlatform defines some extensions on the cards, with additional APIs and features like more cryptographic security and RFID contactless use added. SIM cards store network-specific information used to authenticate and identify subscribers on the network. The most important of these are the ICCID, IMSI, authentication key (K i ) , local area identity (LAI) and operator-specific emergency number. The SIM also stores other carrier-specific data such as

1855-446: The card. The card was cropped down to 25 × 15 mm (ISO/IEC 7810 ID-000), as illustrated. In 2G networks, the SIM card and SIM application were bound together, so that "www SIM card" could mean the physical card, or any physical card with the SIM application. In a GSM network, the UICC contains a SIM application and in a UMTS network, it contains a USIM application. A UICC may contain several applications, making it possible for

1908-496: The contact area of the chip. Retaining the same contact area makes the micro-SIM compatible with the prior, larger SIM readers through the use of plastic cutout surrounds. The SIM was also designed to run at the same speed (5 MHz) as the prior version. The same size and positions of pins resulted in numerous "How-to" tutorials and YouTube videos with detailed instructions how to cut a mini-SIM card to micro-SIM size. The chairman of EP SCP, Klaus Vedder, said ETSI has responded to

1961-454: The data field has room for 20 digits with hexadecimal digit "F" being used as filler when necessary. In practice, this means that on GSM cards there are 20-digit (19+1) and 19-digit (18+1) ICCIDs in use, depending upon the issuer. However, a single issuer always uses the same size for its ICCIDs. As required by E.118, the ITU-T updates a list of all current internationally assigned IIN codes in its Operational Bulletins which are published twice

2014-447: The device changes locations, it stores the new LAI to the SIM and sends it back to the operator network with its new location. If the device is power cycled, it takes data off the SIM, and searches for the prior LAI. Most SIM cards store a number of SMS messages and phone book contacts. It stores the contacts in simple "name and number" pairs. Entries that contain multiple phone numbers and additional phone numbers are usually not stored on

2067-527: The end of the grace period, the NTC reported that 113,969,014 SIM cards (or 67.83% of the 168,016,400 SIM cards in circulation) were registered. A total of 54,047,386 unregistered SIM cards were deactivated, resulting in the reduction of mobile subscribers: Media advocacy groups and labor groups petitioned the Supreme Court of the Philippines for a temporary restraining order (TRO) for the implementation of

2120-537: The knowledge or approval of cellular network providers or judicial oversight. Having finished its investigation, Gemalto claimed that it has “reasonable grounds” to believe that the NSA and GCHQ carried out an operation to hack its network in 2010 and 2011, but says the number of possibly stolen keys would not have been massive. In September 2019, Cathal Mc Daid, a security researcher from Adaptive Mobile Security, described how vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that contained

2173-444: The law might violate rights to free speech, privacy, and due process. A similar bill was initially passed in the 18th Congress but was vetoed by President Rodrigo Duterte on April 14, 2022, due to the inclusion of social media accounts, which Duterte "was constrained to disagree" with as it may "give rise to a situation of dangerous state intrusion and surveillance threatening many constitutionally protected rights". The bill

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2226-552: The law on October 10, 2022. The Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the law was enacted on December 27, 2022. Postpaid subscribers are considered to already be registered with telco companies, only having to confirm the existing details already saved with the telco companies. On the other hand, prepaid subscribers are required to undergo registration through an online portal. During the first day of registration, users struggled to register their SIMs as telco companies faced glitches on their registration platforms. By April 23, 2023,

2279-549: The law, arguing that the law violates free speech, data privacy, and due process. The petition called the law a form of "constitutionally impermissible prior restraint". The Supreme Court denied the TRO petition but ordered government agencies to submit their responses to questions regarding the law's constitutionality. Human rights groups called on Congress to repeal the law, citing issues relating to "rights to privacy, free expression and information, association, and non-discrimination in

2332-463: The majority of SIM cards launched before 1998 was 5 V . SIM cards produced subsequently are compatible with 3 V and 5 V . Modern cards support 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V . Modern SIM cards allow applications to load when the SIM is in use by the subscriber. These applications communicate with the handset or a server using SIM Application Toolkit , which was initially specified by 3GPP in TS 11.14. (There

2385-437: The previous format to the contact area while maintaining the existing contact arrangements. A small rim of isolating material is left around the contact area to avoid short circuits with the socket. The nano-SIM can be put into adapters for use with devices designed for 2FF or 3FF SIMs, and is made thinner for that purpose, and telephone companies give due warning about this. 4FF is 0.67 mm (0.026 in) thick, compared to

2438-453: The same contact arrangement as the full-size SIM card and is normally supplied within a full-size card carrier, attached by a number of linking pieces. This arrangement (defined in ISO/IEC 7810 as ID-1/000 ) lets such a card be used in a device that requires a full-size card – or in a device that requires a mini-SIM card, after breaking the linking pieces. As the full-size SIM

2491-499: The same smart card to give access to both GSM and UMTS networks, and also provide storage of a phone book and other applications. It is also possible to access a GSM network using a USIM application and it is possible to access UMTS networks using a SIM application with mobile terminals prepared for this. With the UMTS release 5 a new application, the IP multimedia Services Identity Module (ISIM)

2544-438: The size of credit and bank cards ; sizes were reduced several times over the years, usually keeping electrical contacts the same, to fit smaller-sized devices. SIMs are transferable between different mobile devices by removing the card itself. Technically the actual physical card is known as a universal integrated circuit card (UICC); this smart card is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors , with

2597-493: The specification work was partially transferred to 3GPP . 3GPP is now responsible for the further development of applications like SIM (TS 51.011 ) and USIM (TS 31.102 ) and ETSI for the further development of the physical card UICC . The first SIM card was manufactured in 1991 by Munich smart-card maker Giesecke+Devrient , who sold the first 300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja , who launched

2650-417: The user has access to, and four passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for ordinary use, and a personal unblocking key (PUK) for PIN unlocking as well as a second pair (called PIN2 and PUK2 respectively) which are used for managing fixed dialing number and some other functionality. In Europe, the serial SIM number (SSN) is also sometimes accompanied by an international article number (IAN) or

2703-550: The world's first commercial 2G GSM cell network that year. Today, SIM cards are considered ubiquitous, allowing over 8 billion devices to connect to cellular networks around the world daily. According to the International Card Manufacturers Association (ICMA), there were 5.4 billion SIM cards manufactured globally in 2016 creating over $ 6.5 billion in revenue for traditional SIM card vendors. The rise of cellular IoT and 5G networks

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2756-478: Was filed before the House of Representatives as House Bill No. 14. It passed on third and final reading on September 19, 2022, with 250 members voting for the measure while 6 voted against it. Senator Grace Poe sponsored the measure's Senate counterpart, Senate Bill No. 1310. It passed on third and final reading on September 27, 2022, with all Senators present voting for the bill. President Bongbong Marcos signed

2809-611: Was predicted by Ericsson to drive the growth of the addressable market for SIM cards to over 20 billion devices by 2020. The introduction of embedded-SIM (eSIM) and remote SIM provisioning (RSP) from the GSMA may disrupt the traditional SIM card ecosystem with the entrance of new players specializing in "digital" SIM card provisioning and other value-added services for mobile network operators. There are three operating voltages for SIM cards: 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V ( ISO/IEC 7816 -3 classes A, B and C, respectively). The operating voltage of

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