A tribal chief , chieftain , or headman is a leader of a tribal society or of a chiefdom .
40-508: SLPP may refer to: Sierra Leone People's Party Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (also known as Sri Lanka People's Front), a political party in Sri Lanka Simple Loop Prevention Protocol (Nortel) (see Avaya Simple Loop Prevention Protocol ) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
80-488: A centre-left social democratic party, with a centrist tendency. The SLPP returned to power when its leader Ahmad Tejan Kabbah won the 1996 presidential election. The party was in power from 1996 to 2007, when it again lost to the APC, led by Ernest Bai Koroma , in the 2007 presidential election. SLPP returned to power on 4 April 2018 when Julius Maada Bio was sworn in as the new President of Sierra Leone after winning
120-434: A colonial context, the most powerful member of either a confederation or a federation of such tribal, clan or village chiefs would be referred to as a paramount chief . Classical sources of information about tribal societies are external descriptions such as from Greco-Roman ethnography , which identified societies, surrounding the societies of the ethnographers, as tribal. States and colonialism , particularly in
160-770: A king whose title is also recognized by the Bolivian government. The band is the fundamental unit of governance among the First Nations in Canada (formerly called "Indians"). Most bands have elected chiefs, either directly elected by all members of the band, or indirectly by the band council, these chiefs are recognized by the Canadian state under the terms of the Indian Act . As well, there may be traditional hereditary or charismatic chiefs, who are usually not part of
200-645: A US$ 14 billion industry nationwide. This has been imitated in many of the respective states that still have indigenous American tribes. The money that this generates has engendered some political scandal. For example, the Tigua tribe, which fled their ancestral lands in New Mexico during the Pueblo revolt of 1680, and who then settled on land in El Paso County, Texas , has paid for a low probable return to
240-590: A broader popular assembly in "parliamentary" cultures, the war chief (may be an alternative or additional post in war time), the hereditary chief, and the politically dominant medicineman . The term is usually distinct from chiefs at lower levels, such as village chief (geographically defined) or clan chief (an essentially genealogical notion). The descriptive "tribal" requires an ethno-cultural identity (racial, linguistic, religious etc.) as well as some political (representative, legislative, executive and/or judicial) expression. In certain situations, and especially in
280-514: A colonialistic approach. Margai may have adopted this strategy in an effort to replace the Creole civil administrators with unqualified members of his Mende tribe. Sir Albert Margai took power and sought to make the army homogeneously Mende. He also endeavoured to change Sierra Leone from a democracy to a one-party state . Scores of schools were built in the provinces along with Teachers Colleges in every district (Makeni, Magburaka, Moyamba, and
320-577: A new party, the People's National Party (PNP), which aimed for greater African involvement in the British colonial government. With the independence of Ghana in 1957, the PNP sought the support of the educated elite to lead a transition to independence. Stevens would later leave the party to form the northern-supported All Peoples Congress . Upon independence in 1961, Milton Margai became prime minister , and
360-455: A number of them were restored as politically neutral constituencies of the state by the government of Yoweri Museveni . Such figures as the kabaka of Buganda and the omukama of Toro typify the Ugandan chieftaincy class. El caciquismo is a distorted form of government through which a political leader has total control of a rural society expressed as political clientelism . This concept
400-595: Is Native American, although the connection is usually only sentimental and not economic or cultural. Thus, there is some political power in one's ability to claim a Native American connection (as in the Black Seminole ). Because the Nations were sovereign, with treaty rights and obligations, the Wisconsin tribes innovated Indian gaming in 1988, that is, on-reservation gambling casinos, which have since become
440-559: Is one of the two major political parties in Sierra Leone , along with its main political rival the All People's Congress (APC). It has been the ruling party in Sierra Leone since 4 April 2018. The SLPP dominated Sierra Leone's politics from its foundation in 1951 to 1967, when it lost the 1967 parliamentary election to the APC, led by Siaka Stevens . Originally a centre-right , conservative party, it identifies since 2012 as
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#1732765914389480-470: The 2012 presidential election . He beat Usman Boie Kamara , who came in second place. Bio was nominated as the SLPP candidate for president in the 2018 election, which he ultimately won. In 2018, Sierra Leone held a general election . The presidential election, in which neither candidate reached the required threshold of 55%, went to a second round of voting, in which Julius Maada Bio was elected with 51% of
520-688: The 2018 Sierra Leone presidential election . SLPP is overwhelmingly popular in Mende areas in south and eastern Sierra Leone (except in Kono District , a swing district), where the party regularly wins presidential, parliamentary and local elections by large margins. The SLPP has large minority support in the Western Area (including Freetown ). The SLPP also has large minority support in Koinadugu District and Falaba District in
560-592: The Neolithic stage into the Iron Age , albeit in competition with urban civilisations and empires beginning in the Bronze Age . In the case of tribal societies of indigenous peoples existing within larger colonial and post-colonial states, tribal chiefs may represent their tribe or ethnicity in a form of self-government . The most common types are the chairman of a council (usually of " elders ") and/or
600-597: The Pueblo people were granted U.S. citizenship, and it was not until 1948 that the Puebloans were granted the right to vote in state elections in New Mexico. In Wisconsin, the Menominee has its own county Menominee County, Wisconsin with special car license plates; 87% of the county's population is Native American. Mainstream Americans often find pride and comfort in realizing that at least part of their ethnic ancestry
640-506: The band society of the Paleolithic stage and civilization with centralized, super-regional government based in cities . Anthropologist Elman Service distinguishes two stages of tribal societies: simple societies organized by limited instances of social rank and prestige, and more stratified societies led by chieftains or tribal kings ( chiefdoms ). Stratified tribal societies led by tribal kings are thought to have flourished from
680-768: The king of the Zulu Nation and the rain queen are politically recognized in South Africa because they derive their status, not only from tribal custom, but also from the Traditional Leadership Clause of the country's current constitution. Some of them are members of the National House of Traditional Leaders . The pre-colonial states that existed in what is today Uganda were summarily abolished following independence from Great Britain . However, following constitutional reforms in 1993,
720-473: The APC became president after the interregnum. Under Stevens, Sierra Leone became a one-party state. In 1978 all SLPP MPs except one (Manna Kpaka, MP in Kenema) joined the APC. The SLPP was outlawed, and its elites and supporters were physically threatened and barred from holding meetings. In 1996 SLPP returned to prominence, as its candidate Ahmad Tejan Kabbah won the presidential election, receiving 59.5% of
760-572: The Indian Act-sanctioned formal government. There were 614 bands in Canada in 2012. There is also a national organization, the Assembly of First Nations , which elects a "national chief" to act as spokesperson of all First Nations bands in Canada. Generally, a tribe or nation is considered to be part of an ethnic group , usually sharing cultural values . For example, the forest-dwelling Chippewa historically built dwellings from
800-585: The Milton Margai Teachers College). Opposing leaders criticized Margai's presentation of a bill to establish a one-party system in Sierra Leone and also blamed Margai for developments had led to an economic slowdown. In the 1967 elections, the APC and SLPP each won 32 seats in parliament, with 2 former SLPP Independents siding with the APC MPs Kutubu Kai-Samba and Luseni A. M Brewah. This development confirmed that
840-625: The North American continent, it was historically possible to evade the political power of another by migration. The Mingos , for example, were Iroquois who migrated further west to the sparsely populated Ohio Country during the 18th century. Two Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois, Hiawatha and the Great Peacemaker , formulated a constitution for the Iroquois Confederation. The tribes were pacified by units of
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#1732765914389880-667: The SLPP and Krio parties, especially the Cyril Rogers-Wright led United Sierra Leone Progressive Party , established in 1954. The SLPP positioned itself as "the countryman's party," and garnered the support of tribal chiefs . In recent times however, the SLPP has been widely perceived as "the Mende man's party". After elections in 1957 , Milton Margai bowed to behind-the-scenes pressure and stepped down from SLPP leadership, replaced by his brother Albert Margai . However, in 1958, Albert Margai and Siaka Stevens launched
920-473: The SLPP became the ruling party. The SLPP, along with almost all Sierra Leonean political parties, signed the constitution at the London constitutional conference; the APC was the notable exception. This unity did not extend to national politics, as opposing politicians often faced detainment under SLPP rule. Sir Milton Margai 's death in 1964 left SLPP leadership to his brother Sir Albert Margai . Albert's rule
960-493: The SLPP would no longer lead the country. The subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of martial law and a military coup that took full control of the national government. The National Reformation Council (NRC), led by Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith , was established on 23 March 1967. Pressure from political elites, trade unions, and university students led to the junta's collapse in November 1970, and Siaka Stevens of
1000-482: The United States Army in the nineteenth century, and were also subject to forced schooling in the decades afterward. Thus, it is uncommon for today's tribes to have a purely Native American cultural background, and today Native Americans are in many ways simply another ethnicity of the secular American people. Because formal education is now respected, some like Peter MacDonald , a Navajo, left their jobs in
1040-585: The bark of trees. On the Great Plains , where trees were rare, some tribes typically dwelt in skin-covered tipis , usually acquiring the lodgepoles by trade, while other Plains tribes, such as the Pawnee , built their lodges of earth. The Pueblo people of the Southwest built their dwellings of stone and earth. A chief might be considered to hold all political power, say by oratory or by example. But on
1080-453: The council of women. Historically, the U.S. government treated tribes as seats of political power, and made treaties with the tribes as legal entities. Be that as it may, the territory of these tribes fell under the authority of the Bureau of Indian Affairs as reservations held in trust for the tribes. Citizenship was formerly considered a tribal matter. For example, it was not until 1924 that
1120-689: The cultures of the traditional areas. They also serve as members of the Ghanaian National House of Chiefs . Although both the Nigerian traditional rulers and the wider chieftaincy aren't mentioned in Nigeria's current constitution , they derive their powers from various so-called Chiefs laws and are therefore legally recognized. The traditional rulers and select chiefs usually serve as members of each federating state's State Council of Traditional Rulers and Chiefs . Such figures as
1160-515: The government as members of the Ntlo ya Dikgosi , the national House of Chiefs . In addition to this, they also serve as the ex officio chairs of the tribal kgotlas , meetings of all of the members of the tribes, where political and social matters are discussed. The offices and traditional realms of the nanas of Ghana are constitutionally protected by the republican constitution of the country. The chiefs serve as custodians of all traditional lands and
1200-407: The last centuries, forced their central governments onto many remaining tribal societies. In some instances tribes have retained or regained partial self-government and their lifestyles, with Indigenous peoples rights having been fought for and some being secured on state or international levels. In Botswana, the reigning kgosis of the various tribes are legally empowered to serve as advisers to
1240-471: The mainstream U.S. economy to become chairpeople of their tribal councils or similar self-government institutions. Not all tribal leaders are or were men. Wilma Mankiller was a well-known chief of the Cherokee Nation. Also, the chief may not free to wield power without the consent of a council of elders of some kind. For example: Cherokee men were not permitted to go to war without the consent of
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1280-528: The north of the country. The SLPP also has significant minority support in Kambia District in the north of the country. SLPP dominated politics in Sierra Leone in the years following World War II . In 1955 and 1956, riots occurred in Sierra Leone, originally sparked by the artisan union's strike over pay; further unrest followed strikes by transport workers. These events grew animosity between
1320-625: The popular vote in a second round against John Karefa-Smart of the United National People's Party (UNPP). In the election held on 14 May 2002, the party won 69.9% of the popular vote and 83 out of 112 seats in the House of Representatives , and its candidate in the presidential election, Kabbah, won 70.1% of the vote and was re-elected. At the SLPP's national convention in Makeni on 3–4 September 2005, Vice-President Solomon Berewa
1360-618: The presidential election, the SLPP candidate, Berewa, took second place in the first round, winning 38.3% of the vote against 44.3% for the APC candidate, Ernest Bai Koroma . A second round of the presidential election was held in September; Koroma prevailed with 54.6% of the vote against 45.4% for Berewa. The SLPP constitution requires its leader to resign if the party loses a national election; Berewa resigned as party leader on 17 October 2007, leaving Alhaji Sulaiman Jah as acting leader. In 2011, Julius Maada Bio became SLPP's nominee for
1400-499: The title SLPP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SLPP&oldid=1099145155 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sierra Leone People%27s Party The Sierra Leone People's Party ( SLPP )
1440-878: The tribe because of the Jack Abramoff publicity. Many of the tribes use professional management for their money. Thus, the Mescalero Apache renovated their Inn of the Mountain Gods to include gambling as well as the previous tourism, lodging, and skiing in the older Inn. The Navajo nation defeated bids to open casinos in 1994, but by 2004 the Shiprock casino was a fait accompli . Arabs, in particular peninsular Arabs , nomadic Bedouins and many Iraqis and Syrians, are largely organized in tribes, many of whom have official representatives in governments. Tribal chiefs are known as sheikhs , though this term
1480-475: The vote against the candidate of then-ruling All People’s Congress (APC). On 4 April 2018, opposition candidate Julius Maada Bio of Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), was sworn in as Sierra Leone’s new president. Tribal chief There is no definition for "tribe". The concept of tribe is a broadly applied concept, based on tribal concepts of societies of western Afroeurasia . Tribal societies are sometimes categorized as an intermediate stage between
1520-436: Was characterized by dissent. Politically, he attempted to strengthen the position of SLPP elites relative to the chiefs, who had formed the backbone of the party. Albert's autocratic leadership style was questioned within his party, sparked by actions such as the demotion of senior party members Alhaji M.S. Mustapha and Kerefa Smart. Albert also embarked on a policy of Africanisation , which removed some civil servants who favored
1560-521: Was most widespread in Latin America in its different periods of history. In Spain and some Latin American countries, the word cacique is used pejoratively to refer to those who hold the power through obscure networks of influence even though this type of fraud is not related to pre-Columbian era civilizations The Afro-Bolivian people , a recognized ethnic constituency of Bolivia, are led by
1600-565: Was selected by the SLPP as its leader and 2007 presidential candidate. He received 291 votes, while Charles Margai received 34, Julius Maada Bio received 33, and J. B. Dauda received 28. In the August 2007 election , the SLPP was defeated by the APC in the parliamentary election, winning 43 seats against 59 for the APC; the PMDC, a splinter party founded by Charles Margai , attracted the support of some traditional SLPP voters, winning 10 seats. In
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