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Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition

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The Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition ( abbreviated SPLM-IO ), also known as the anti-governmental forces (AGF), is a mainly South Sudanese political party and rebel group that split from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement in 2013, due to political tensions between President Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar over leadership of the SPLM . Tensions grew between forces loyal to Kiir and Machar and South Sudan plunged into the South Sudanese Civil War .

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33-599: The party and militia are led by Riek Machar. Machar also appointed General Simon Gatwech Dual as Army Chief of General Staff, deputized by the Deputy Chief of General Staffs for operations, training, political and moral orientation, logistics, administration and finance. But in June 2021, Machar removed General Gatwech Dual from the position and appointed him into the Presidency as an adviser. Gatwech however, rejected

66-405: A four-star rank (NATO OF-9). Usually it is the most senior peacetime rank, with more senior ranks (for example, field marshal, marshal of the air force, fleet admiral) being used only in wartime or as honorary titles. In some armies, however, the rank of captain general , general of the army , army general or colonel general occupied or occupies this position. Depending on circumstances and

99-606: A SPLM affiliation, Angelina Teny and much of the leadership were in favor, leading Riek Machar to defer a final decision. The group decided on the provisional name SPLM-SPLA . Shortly after the meeting, however, the media began to call the group the SPLM-in-Opposition, due to its opposition to the governing SPLM party. By May 2018, the SPLM/A-IO had set up a "parallel bush government" in Upper Nile, rivaling

132-576: A single military branch, such as the Russian Aerospace Forces , Spanish Air and Space Force , French Air and Space Force , or Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force , or put them in an independent defense agency, such as the Indian Defence Space Agency . Countries with nascent military space capabilities usually organize them within their air forces . The first artificial object to cross

165-685: The 3rd Department of the Main Missile Directorate of the Ministry of Defence , before in 1964 becoming a part of the new Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces Central Directorate of Space Assets. The Strategic Rocket Forces Central Directorate of Space Assets would be renamed the Main Directorate of Space Assets in 1970, being transferred to directly report to the Soviet Ministry of Defense in 1982, and in 1986 became

198-528: The Gulf War , where they proved so critical to the U.S.-led coalition, that it is sometimes referred to as the first space war. The first discussions of creating a military space service in the United States occurred in 1958, with the idea being floated by President Reagan as well in 1982. The 2001 Space Commission argued for the creation of a Space Corps between 2007 and 2011 and a bipartisan proposal in

231-901: The Kármán line , the boundary between air and space, was MW 18014 , an A-4 rocket launched by the German Heer on 20 June 1944 from the Peenemünde Army Research Center . The A4, more commonly known as the V-2, was the world's first ballistic missile , used by the Wehrmacht to launch long-range attacks on the Allied Forces on the Western Front during the Second World War . The designer of

264-695: The Russian Aerospace Forces , which reestablished the Russian Space Forces as one of its three sub-branches, although it is no longer an independent entity. In 1998, the Chinese People's Liberation Army began creating its space forces under the General Armaments Department , before being reorganized and renamed as the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Space Systems Department in 2015. The PLASSF

297-667: The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), alongside the private armies of rebel warlords and tribal militias. Those elements of the South Sudanese military that joined the SPLA-IO have done so to protect tribal interests or felt marginalized by the government due to their previous membership in the SSDF . Despite attempts by Machar to attract other ethnic groups to his cause, the SPLA-IO is dominated by Nuer people . Parts of

330-642: The A4, Wernher von Braun , had aspirations to use them as space launch vehicles. In both the United States and the Soviet Union, military space development began immediately after the Second World War concluded, with Wernher von Braun defecting to the Allies and both superpowers gathering V-2 rockets, research materials, and German scientists to jumpstart their own ballistic missile and space programs. In

363-706: The Air Force's space rivals in the Army Ballistic Missile Agency , Naval Research Laboratory , and Advanced Research Projects Agency were absorbed by NASA when it was created in 1958, leaving it as the only major military space organization within the U.S. Department of Defense. In 1954, General Bernard Schriever established the Western Development Division within Air Research and Development Command , becoming

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396-799: The Chief Directorate of Space Assets. Established in 1967, the Anti-Ballistic Missile and Anti-Space Defense Forces of the Soviet Air Defense Forces were responsible for space surveillance and defense operations. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the Russian Federation gained its space forces, with the Chief Directorate of Space Assets was reorganized into the Military Space Forces , an independent troops ( vid ) under

429-693: The Russian Ministry of Defense, but not a military service ( vid ). The Soviet Air Defense Forces' Anti-Ballistic Missile and Anti-Space Defense Forces were reorganized into the Russian Air Defense Forces' Rocket and Space Defence Troops  [ ru ] . In 1997, the Rocket and Space Defence Troops and Military Space Forces were merged into the Strategic Missile Forces; it subordinated the priorities of

462-725: The SPLA-IO are known to recruit child soldiers . For weapons to fight the South Sudanese civil war , the SPLA-IO used a "shadowy" network of arms dealers, of which little is known other than that most of the gunrunners appeared to be European. A rare exception was the Franco-Polish arms dealer Pierre Dadak who was arrested on 14 July 2016 at his villa in Ibiza . At his villa, the Spanish National Police Corps allege that they found documents showing he

495-547: The SPLM-IO representing the same Nuer ethnic group as leader Riek Machar. In 2018, a South Sudanese critical writer and analyst Duop Chak Wuol questioned SPLM-IO's overall strategy, arguing that the movement's leadership pursued a political solution as part of its efforts to end the civil war without a good plan for its military wing. The military forces of the SPLM-IO are known as "Sudan People's Liberation Army-in-Opposition" (abbreviated "SPLA-IO") and consist of deserters from

528-743: The U.S. Congress would have created a Space Corps in 2017. Then on 20 December 2019, the United States Space Force Act, part of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2020 , was signed, creating an independent space service by renaming and reorganizing Air Force Space Command into the United States Space Force. In the Soviet Union, the early space program was led by the OKB-1 design bureau, led by Sergei Korolev . Unlike in

561-799: The U.S. military's first space organization, which continues to exist in the U.S. Space Force as the Space Systems Command , its research and development center. During the 1960s and 1970s, Air Force space forces were organized within Aerospace Defense Command for missile defense and space surveillance forces, Strategic Air Command for weather reconnaissance satellites, and Air Force Systems Command for satellite communications, space launch, and space development systems. In 1982, U.S. Air Force space forces were centralized in Air Force Space Command ,

594-751: The United States, there was a fierce interservice rivalry between the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army over which service would gain responsibility for the military space program, with the Air Force, which had started developing its space program while it was the Army Air Forces in 1945, seeing space operations as an extension of their strategic airpower mission, while the Army argued that ballistic missiles were an extension of artillery . The Navy also developed rockets as well, but primarily for Naval Research Laboratory projects, rather than seeking to actively develop an operational space capability. Ultimately,

627-744: The United States, where the U.S. Air Force held preeminence in missile and space development, the Soviet Ground Forces , and specifically the Artillery of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK), was responsible for missile and military space programs, with the RVGK responsible for the launch of Sputnik 1 , the world's first artificial satellite on 4 October 1957. In 1960, Soviet military space forces were reorganized into

660-498: The air force rank of air chief marshal as the equivalent of the specific army rank of general. This latter group includes the British Royal Air Force and many current and former Commonwealth air forces—e.g. Royal Australian Air Force , Indian Air Force , Royal New Zealand Air Force , Nigerian Air Force , Pakistan Air Force , etc. In most navies , flag officers are the equivalent of general officers, and

693-481: The army in question, these ranks may be considered to be equivalent to a "full" general or to a field marshal five-star rank (NATO OF-10). The rank of general came about as a "captain-general", the captain of an army in general (i.e., the whole army). The rank of captain-general began appearing around the time of the organisation of professional armies in the 17th century. In most countries "captain-general" contracted to just "general". The following articles deal with

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726-471: The first direct predecessor to the U.S. Space Force. U.S. space forces were first employed in the Vietnam War , and continued to provide satellite communications, weather, and navigation support during the 1982 Falklands War , 1983 United States invasion of Grenada , 1986 United States bombing of Libya , and 1989 United States invasion of Panama . The first major employment of space forces culminated in

759-516: The following deputies: Along with the following commands: General A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies , and in some nations' air and space forces , marines or naval infantry . In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel . The adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Other nomenclatures for general officers include

792-459: The government in Juba . People in rebel-held areas no longer accepted South Sudanese currency which had lost its worth due to hyperinflation, and instead used United States dollars and Ethiopian birr . The party's ideology (or in some cases, the lack thereof) is essentially identical to the original SPLM, and only differs in the fact that the split between the two was mostly along ethnic lines, with

825-638: The naval rank of admiral is equivalent to the specific army rank of general. A noteworthy historical exception was the Cromwellian naval rank " general at sea ". In recent years in the American service there is a tendency to use flag officer and flag rank to refer to generals and admirals of the services collectively. Space force A space force is a military branch of a nation's armed forces that conducts military operations in outer space and space warfare . The world's first space force

858-697: The new role and fired Machar as leader of the SPLM/A-IO and declared himself interim leader which led to fighting between Machar allies and those loyal to Gen. Gatwech formerly known as the Kit-Gwang faction throughout 2021. During the Nasir convention in April 2014, the rebels in the South Sudanese Civil War were split on whether to maintain an affiliation with the ruling SPLM party. While Maj. Gen. Garouth Gatkuoth and many generals spoke against

891-591: The newest major command of the Air Force, which would be renamed to reflect an "evolution of its mission" into the area of outer space . The Space Command is effective since 2019 and the Air Force was renamed Air and Space Force on 24 July 2020, with its new logo unveiled on 11 September 2020. The Spanish Government announced in June 2022, that the Spanish Air Force would be renamed as the Spanish Air and Space Force . The following list outlines

924-472: The rank of general, or its equivalent, as it is or was employed in the militaries of those countries: Some countries (such as the United States) use the general officer ranks for both the army and the air force , as well as their marine corps ; other states only use the general officer ranks for the army, while in the air force they use air officers as the equivalent of general officers. They use

957-708: The space troops to the missile forces, resulting in the establishment of the Russian Space Forces as independent troops in 2001. In 2011, the Russian Space Forces became the Russian Space Command , part of the Russian Aerospace Defense Forces , which merged Russia's space and air defense forces into one service. In 2015, the Russian Air Force and Russian Aerospace Defense Forces were merged to form

990-473: The titles and ranks: In addition to militarily educated generals, there are also generals in medicine and engineering. The rank of the most senior chaplain, (chaplain general), is also usually considered to be a general officer rank. In the old European system, a general, without prefix or suffix (and sometimes referred to informally as a " full general "), is usually the most senior type of general, above lieutenant general and directly below field marshal as

1023-860: Was eventually dissolved in April 2024, with the space force element of the SSF becoming the People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force . In 2010, the French Armed Forces created the Joint Space Command, a joint organism under the authority of the Chief of the Defence Staff . In 2019, the French President Emmanuel Macron announced that the Joint Space Command would become the Space Command and

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1056-608: Was negotiating to sell the SPLA-IO 40,000 AK-47 assault rifles, 30,000 PKM machine guns and 200,000 boxes of ammunition. In 2017 SPLA-IO lost the town of Pagak on the Ethiopian border during a government offensive . The SPLA-IO did not have a formal military structure until the Pagak I conference in December 2014, after a year of war . Riek Machar created the following structure: Simon Gatwich as chief of general staff with

1089-738: Was the Russian Space Forces , established in 1992 as an independent military service. However, it lost its independence twice, first being absorbed into the Strategic Rocket Forces from 1997–2001 and 2001–2011, then it merged with the Russian Air Force to form the Russian Aerospace Forces in 2015, where it now exists as a sub-branch. As of 2024 , there are two independent space forces: the United States Space Force and China's People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force . Countries with smaller or developing space forces may combine their air and space forces under

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