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26-500: SPRS may refer to Shorncliffe Redoubt Preservation Society Scottish Railway Preservation Society who operate the Bo'ness & Kinneil Railway and SRPS Railtours Beijing Shuren Ribet Private School Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title SRPS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

52-428: A further layer of stony substrate was added with another layer of top soil to cover it. It is surmised that the turfs were then placed at the bottom of the mound to create extra stability and to promote growth of the grass for protection from the weather. This method of construction leads to a wall with strong foundations better able to withstand cannon fire than previous earthworks. The defensive ditches dug around

78-511: A high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients . It also plays host to significant bacterial , fungal and entomological activity without which soil quality would degrade and become less suitable for plants. Bacteria and fungi can be essential in facilitating nutrient exchange with plants and in breaking down organic matter into a form that roots can absorb. Insects also play important roles in breaking down material and aerating and rotating

104-512: A multipurpose grade and certain levels can alter with regard to soil pH . Standards also exist for specialist soils suitable for plants with specific needs including acidic or ericaceous soil and calcareous soil. These have different pH levels to typical soil and are meant for growing different plant species. Low fertility, low fertility acidic and low fertility calcareous are other soil classifications designed for plants which thrive in nutrient sparse soil. Examples of specialist plants include

130-574: A result of farm runoff or from sewage. These harmful algal blooms can be toxic and have devastating impacts on ecosystems and wildlife. They are often referred to as red tides due to the presence of toxic red algae which can impact human food sources by contaminating seafood. Sustainable techniques attempt to slow erosion through the use of cover crops in order to build organic matter in the soil. The United States loses almost 3 tons of topsoil per acre per year. 1 inch (2.5 cm) of topsoil can take between 500 and 1,000 years to form naturally, making

156-591: Is also used for proper surface grading near residential buildings. In order to protect against flooding the International Residential Code requires a 2% slope (2.4 in (61 mm)) for the first ten feet away from the home. Energy Star requires a rate of 0.5 in/ft (42 mm/m). Commercially available topsoil (manufactured or naturally occurring) in the United Kingdom must be classified to British Standard BS 3882, with

182-793: Is approximately 300 feet by 300 feet and is situated on the Kentish Coast in Sandgate, Kent . In 1793, the French Revolution reached its climax when the Revolutionary Government issued orders to execute King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette . Two weeks later, on 1 February, the French republic declared war on Great Britain, which then braced itself for invasion. At that time British land-based defences were woefully inadequate as Great Britain had always relied on

208-519: Is known as the O Horizon or A Horizon. Soil horizons are layers parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. The depth of the topsoil layer is measured as the depth of the surface to the first densely packed soil layer, known as subsoil . In the United States , there is no federal, legal definition of the word topsoil when used in commerce. Organisations such as

234-487: Is possible to create artificial topsoil which supports some of the engineering or biological uses of topsoil. More traditional examples of artificial plant-growth media include terra preta and potting mix . Manufactured topsoil based on minerals, biosolids , compost and/or paper mill sludge is available commercially. A Victorian open-cut coal mine was rehabilitated with low-quality artificial topsoil made from local materials. In soil classification systems, topsoil

260-448: Is still in use. The Redoubt itself has fallen into a state of disrepair. 51°4′32″N 1°7′46″E  /  51.07556°N 1.12944°E  / 51.07556; 1.12944 Topsoil Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally

286-460: Is the primary resource for plants to grow and crops to thrive. The main two parameters for this are carbon and nitrogen. The carbon provides energy and nitrogen is required for plants to build proteins and hence tissues. Plants require them in a range of ratios to enable suitable growth. An optimum figure for topsoil in the UK is a C:N ratio of less than 20:1. A sawdust base typically has a high C:N ratio in

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312-454: The 95th Rifles , and the light infantry brigades who Sir John Moore trained when he was stationed there in 1802. There have been many different maps of the Redoubt through the ages as the site was reshaped and redesigned for different functions and changing military tactics. The one aspect that has always remained the same is the earthwork outer walls. The only slight change made to these

338-641: The British Standards Institution (BSI) and the North Carolina Department of Agriculture publish guidelines for soil quality and the desired levels of topsoil nutrients broadly suitable for many plants. Two common types of commercial topsoil are Bulk and Bagged Topsoil. The following table illustrates major differences between the two. Alternatively the BSI relates the following values: The preceding tables are for

364-527: The Royal Navy for its defence. To prepare for invasion in 1794 British Parliament purchased a large piece of land at Shorncliffe, the obvious place for initial fortifications to be built as it was just 20 miles away from the French coast, so close, in fact, that the locals could see the smoke from the camp fires of Napoleon 's waiting army. Later further defences were added to the Kent Coast including

390-468: The Venus flytrap which is found in low nitrogen and phosphorus environments so is less tolerant of highly nutrient rich environments than other plants and less able to compete in them. Whereas blueberries require ericaceous soil to grow well and clover grows well in calcareous soil. Soils must therefore be selected to suit the plants which are intended to be grown and hence standards are required. Topsoil

416-525: The 28-mile-long Royal Military Canal , started in October 1804 and finished in June 1805, which stretches from Cliffend to Seabrook . Also Martello Towers were built between 1805 and 1808 to bolster the defences. Colonel William Twiss , a military engineer, designed the redoubt. Once built, the site became home to the 43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot , 52nd (Oxfordshire) Light Infantry Regiment ,

442-584: The British Standard and European Norm BS EN 12579:2013 Soil improvers and growing media – Sampling. Topsoil erosion occurs when the topsoil layer is blown or washed away. The estimated annual costs of public and environmental health losses related to soil erosion in the United States exceed $ 45 billion. Conventional industrial agriculture practices such as ploughing and spraying high quantities of synthetic liquid fertilisers can degrade

468-477: The Redoubt were about 5 metres deep. With the earthen ramparts beyond, the Redoubt was well defended. Some maps show heavily fortified magazines , but archaeological digs have failed to find them. It turns out that the maps were more guidelines for the construction of a much larger star fort which was never built due to the change of infantry tactics brought forward by Colonel Coote Manningham and Sir John Moore . Shorncliffe Army Camp remains nearby and

494-432: The current version dated 2015. The standard has several classifications of topsoil with the final classification requiring material to meet certain threshold criteria such as nutrient content, extractable phytotoxic elements, particle size distribution, organic matter content, carbon:nitrogen ratio, electrical conductivity, loss on ignition, pH, chemical and physical contamination. The topsoil must be sampled in accordance with

520-418: The elements. The structure becomes affected once the soil is dehydrated. Dehydrated topsoil volume substantially decreases and may suffer wind erosion . Topsoil is naturally produced in the process of soil formation or pedogenesis . Natural topsoil is mined and conditioned for human use and makes up the bulk of commercial topsoil available. The current rate of use and erosion outpaces soil generation. It

546-440: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SRPS&oldid=1022743245 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Shorncliffe Redoubt Shorncliffe Redoubt is a British Napoleonic earthwork fort. The site

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572-640: The order of 400:1 while an alfalfa hay has a low carbonaceous content and can typically have a C:N ratio around 12:1. A variety of soil mixtures are sold commercially as topsoil. Typical uses for this product are improving gardens and lawns or for use in container gardens . Potting soil , compost , manure and peat are also sold for domestic uses with each having specific intended purposes. Topsoil products typically are not as suitable for potting plants or growing fruit and veg as potting soil or compost. Using it for this purpose can also work out prohibitively expensive compared to other alternatives. Topsoil

598-719: The quality of the soil. Intensive farming methods to satisfy high food demands with high crop yields and growing crops in monocultures can deplete the soil nutrients and damage the soil microbiome . These factors can affect the consistency and quality of the soil resulting in increased erosion. Surface runoff from farm fields is a type of nonpoint source pollution . Topsoil as well as farm fertilizers and other potential pollutants run off unprotected farm fields when heavy rains occur. This can result in polluting waterways and groundwater and may potentially contaminate drinking water sources. Algae blooms can occur when high quantities of nutrients flood rivers, lakes or oceans often as

624-515: The soil. Many species directly contribute to the health of the soil resulting in stronger plants. A healthy topsoil layer is a very rich microbiome that hosts a wide array of species. Organic matter provides nutrition for living organisms and varies in quantity between different soils with the strength of the soil structure decreasing when more is present. It condenses and settles over time in different ways depending upon conditions such as beneath roadbeds and foundations vs uncovered and exposed to

650-489: The stonier substrate being at the top. This method of construction was optimal before the widespread use of cannon . The design of the Shorncliffe walls was different, and showed careful forethought and engineering (Figure 2). The turf was lifted and put to one side, followed by the topsoil. The stony substrate was then used to create the core of the wall, and a layer of top soil was placed over it and compacted. Then

676-518: Was on the seaward side during the Victorian era where the wall was lowered so that the Commandant and his wife could look out to sea. The method of construction of the earthwork walls was totally different from that of earlier earthworks. In earlier walls, the earth was merely dug out and piled so that the wall would be formed (Figure 1). This would lead to the topsoil being at the bottom and

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