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39-488: Development of the UR-100N began at OKB-52 in 1970 and flight tests were carried out from 1973 through 1975. In 1976, the improved UR-100NUTTKh (NATO designation SS-19 Mod 3) version entered development with flight tests in the later half of the decade. The rocket's control system was developed at NPO "Electropribor" ( Kharkiv , Ukraine ). The UR-100N is a fourth-generation silo-launched liquid-propellant ICBM similar to

78-433: A resolution down to 25 meters, until it was deorbited on July 30, 1989. It was the first commercial radar satellite, according to Art Dula (chairman of Excalibur Almaz ), who worked in a company marketing the radar images gathered by the satellite. Almaz-1 – The third Almaz-T spacecraft was launched on March 31, 1991, under the name Almaz-1. After the launch a failure of the communications antenna designed to downlink

117-508: Is planned to be used in support of space tourism while the other three capsules are reserved for scientific and commercial payloads. The needed development of propulsion systems for the VA capsule was reportedly delegated to an unnamed European organization as early as 2009. Excalibur Almaz as of January 2012 postponed its first launch to 2015 to be able to include more lucrative deep space capabilities like asteroid mining . However, in 2015

156-794: The Obama administration imposed sanctions through the US Department of Treasury 's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) by adding NPO Mashinostroyeniya and other entities to the Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN) in retaliation for the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War . ScarCruft and the Lazarus Group allegedly hacked company systems in 2021, according to reports published by cybersecurity firm SentinelOne. Almaz The Almaz ( Russian : Алмаз , lit.   'Diamond') program

195-509: The Salyut programme : Salyut 2 (OPS-1), Salyut 3 (OPS-2) and Salyut 5 (OPS-3). Five crewed Soyuz expeditions were flown to the Almaz space stations Salyut 3 and Salyut 5, with three reaching their stations and only two of the missions being considered fully successful at that time – the three crews that had reached their stations had crewed Almaz stations for a total of 81 days when the program

234-649: The Soviet Ministry of Defense judged in 1978 that the time and resources consumed by station maintenance outweighed the benefits relative to automatic reconnaissance satellites . Still, it have some achievements along with Salyut program, the heritage of the twin program continues, with the ISS module Zarya being one example. The space stations' cores were known internally as OPS ( Russian : ОПС , GRAU index 11F71 and 11F71B), from "Orbital Piloted Station" ( Russian : Орбитальная Пилотируемая Станция ). As part of

273-570: The Soviet human lunar programs and the Soviet space station program . At its peak in the mid-1980s, NPO Mashinostroyeniya employed nearly 10,000. By the mid-1980s state support for NPO was dwindling. In the 1980s, the Soviet government directed NPO to develop vegetable oil processing equipment, baking industry equipment, and food storage products. By 1993, Mashinostroyeniya's defense orders dwindled to one-fifth of previous levels. On July 16, 2014,

312-470: The UR-100 but with much increased dimensions, mass, performance, and payload. The missile was not designed to use existing UR-100 silos, and therefore had new silos constructed for it. The missile has a preparation time to start of 25 minutes, a storage period of 22 years, and 6 MIRVs. The UR-100N reached initial operating capability in 1974, and by 1978 an inventory of 190 launchers were reached. In 1979,

351-613: The UR-100N Intercontinental ballistic missile and the military Almaz space station program. India is Mashinostroyeniya's second largest customer after the Russian Federation for sale of P-70 Ametist , BrahMos , BrahMos-II and P-800 Oniks . NPO Mashinostroyeniya was founded in 1944 to develop rockets for the Russian military. Under the leadership of cruise missile designer Vladimir Chelomey ,

390-788: The Almaz program, the Soviets developed several spacecraft for support roles—the VA spacecraft , the Functional Cargo Block and the TKS spacecraft —which they planned to use in several combinations. Vladimir Chelomei at the OKB-52 design bureau promoted Almaz as a response to the US Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) project. MOL had been widely publicized in the US press in

429-532: The Almaz-OPS hull design include: The FGB was a standalone spacecraft which was intended to function as a resupply craft for the Almaz space stations. The 'functional' section of the name is representative of the fact that the FGB provided electrical power, propulsion, guidance, and docking. Cargo was presented as a large cargo bay accessible by the crew, as well as external fuel tanks. Other types of FGB existed, as it

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468-758: The Russian NPO Mashinostroyeniya (the former OKB-52) with the stated intention to outfit and launch them. The Almaz-205 module is similar to the OPS-2 of the Salyut 3 station, while the Almaz-206 is closer to the OPS-3 of the Salyut 5 station. In addition, Excalibur Almaz acquired four VA return capsule hulls (derived from the TKS/VA spacecraft) and plans to outfit and launch them as well: one

507-720: The UR-100N missiles in compliance with the START ;I treaty . Nuclear warheads that were deployed in Ukraine were also dismantled following terms of the treaty. The Strategic Missile Troops are the only operator of the UR-100N. As of March 2020, 2 silo-based UR-100NUTTKh missiles with Avangard HGV are deployed with: After the Budapest Memorandum was signed in 1994, the 43rd Rocket Army shipped more than 1,326 warheads from its nuclear storage depots: 675 warheads in 1994, 477 in 1995 and 174 in 1996. On May 31, 1996,

546-837: The UR-100UTTKh became operational and by 1983 had replaced many older missiles and reached a maximum inventory of 360 launchers. This had fallen to 300 by 1991, and with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many in Ukraine became property of that nation. 170 remained in Russia, although treaty obligations required the rearming of the missiles with single warheads. As of 2018, the Strategic Missile Troops had 20 (or more likely just 10) UR-100NUTTKh in active service. Recent political developments have led to rearmament of

585-586: The basis of the Rokot space launch system , which was used in several successful launches in the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), and one failed launch of the ESA CryoSat satellite in 2005. After the failure, Rokot launches were suspended. Once the cause was unambiguously identified and corrective measures implemented, Rokot returned to active service on 28 July 2006, with the successful launch of an earth observation satellite for South Korea. The START I treaty

624-583: The cannon, which was on a fixed mounting, the entire station would be turned to face the target. The Almaz series are the only known armed, crewed military spacecraft ever flown. Salyut 3 /OPS-2 conducted a successful remote test firing with the station uncrewed due to concerns over excessive vibration and noise. OPS-4 was to have featured two rockets instead of the aircraft cannon, but this system has not been shown publicly and may have never been fully manufactured despite it being used experimentally. Three Almaz OPS space stations were flown from 1973 to 1976 in

663-625: The core of many Soviet and Russian space station modules. The FGB-based Kvant-1 module of the Mir space station was the first space station module of its kind, and the Zarya Functional Cargo Block, which is as of 2018 still in use on the International Space Station . The private spaceflight company Excalibur Almaz bought the two partially completed Almaz-205 and Almaz-206 space station hulls from

702-403: The crew instead launched separately by Soyuz rocket in a modified Soyuz spacecraft. Plans called for the first three Almaz stations to be visited by three two-month-long expeditions each. This was realized fully by two missions and partially by one; however, the initial intention of launching Almaz APOS and the TKS spacecraft together with its crew in VA spacecraft would never materialize during

741-522: The crew would return to Earth by way of a VA return vehicle. Unlike the American MOL design, the Soviets designed the Almaz to be recrewed and resupplied. For this, they created the TKS resupply craft (11F72), which consisted of an FGB and a VA return craft to carry the crew, also launched together on a Proton rocket. At the station, one docking port would be available to receive the TKS craft once

780-431: The early 1960s, which provided Chelomei plenty of material to use to lobby for a Soviet response. The Almaz space station programme involved three major hardware components: The OPS would have a maximum diameter of 4.15 metres (13.6 ft), a mass of roughly 20 tonnes (20 long tons; 22 short tons), and an internal habitable volume of 47.5 cubic metres (1,680 cu ft). Much like its MOL / Gemini counterpart,

819-512: The failure of the first and second stages of the Proton launcher to separate. The safety system then destroyed the vehicle. Kosmos 1870 – On July 25, 1987, Almaz-T2, the second Almaz-T spacecraft, successfully reached orbit with an inclination 71.92 degrees toward the Equator and it was officially identified as Kosmos-1870. The spacecraft functioned for two years, providing radar imagery with

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858-541: The final train left Ukraine for Russia laden with the last of approximately 1,800 warheads, including more than 400 weapons from the 46th Bomber Army ." OKB-52 NPO Mashinostroyeniya ( Russian : НПО машиностроения , lit.   'RDA of machine manufacturing') is a rocket design bureau based in Reutov , Russia . During the Cold War it was responsible for several major weapons systems, including

897-495: The firm was lead developer of the Soviet Union's space satellites, cruise missiles, and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Originally part of the OKB-51 design bureau, it relocated to Reutov, and from 1955 to 1966 was designated OKB-52 (and also OKB-52 MAP ). OKB-52 became later known as TsKBM . The OKB-52 was the main rival of OKB-1 (then the design bureau of Sergei Korolev , later renamed TsKBEM, today RSC Energia ) during

936-612: The imagery via the Luch relay satellite was noted. Also one of the solar panels failed to deploy completely, leaving the main radar panel of the spacecraft partially blocked. After 18 months of successful work the Almaz-1 was deorbited on October 17, 1992, over the Pacific Ocean. Almaz-2 (Almaz-1V) – Not flown. It had a new radar that would have provided a resolution of 5 to 7 meters. In addition, an optical-electronic payload on

975-438: The initial Almaz APOS space station design called for the launch of an Almaz-OPS space station and a VA return capsule containing its initial three man crew, mated together as OPS/VA atop Chelomei's UR-500 Proton rocket . As with MOL/Gemini, once in orbit the crew would access the lab through a hatch in the heat shield at the bottom of the VA capsule. After an extended stay of 30 to 60 days of military observation and photography

1014-582: The missiles with the Avangard hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) (NATO designation SS-19 Mod 4 ) On 27 December 2019, the first missile regiment armed with the Avangard HGV officially entered combat duty. The units previously held by Ukraine have been returned to Russia or decommissioned. US Air Force National Air and Space Intelligence Center estimates that as of June 2017 about 50 Mod 3 launchers were operationally deployed. The UR-100N forms

1053-455: The previous crew had left the station in their VA capsule. While the MOL was cancelled in 1969, the Almaz program was integrated into the Salyut programme and resulted in three flown space stations, two of which were crewed successfully. As "man-rating" the VA spacecraft and the Proton rocket took longer, the first phase called for the launch of three Almaz stations without the VA spacecraft, with

1092-465: The program, and neither would the TKS craft play its intended role as resupply craft. The Almaz APOS design, without VA spacecraft, would evolve into the Almaz OPS station cores of the Salyut programme. In addition to reconnaissance equipment, Almaz was equipped with a unique 23mm Rikhter (factory index 261P or 225P) rapid-fire cannon mounted on the forward belly of the station. This revolver cannon

1131-452: The property of Excalibur Almaz, a company that plans to launch these as crewed space stations (see below). The first Almaz station (OPS-1 or Almaz 101.1) was launched on April 3, 1973. For purposes of military secrecy, it was publicly designated Salyut 2 upon reaching orbit. A crew was prepared to fly to the station but an accident days after the launch left OPS-1 disabled and depressurized. OPS-2 (or Almaz 101.2), announced as Salyut 3 ,

1170-513: The station would have been capable of producing imagery with a resolution of 2.5 – 4 meters. The heritage of the Almaz space station program continues until today, and can even be found today in the International Space Station and in the Tianhe core module of the Tiangong space station . The DOS (Durable Orbital Station) space station core modules were based on the Almaz-OPS hull design, which

1209-504: Was a broad classification rather than a specific type of module. FGB-based vehicles include Transport Logistics Spacecraft (Russian Acronym: TKS) (1976-1983), Space Station modules (1985-present), and space tugs (1987-present) The modules based on the DOS design are not the only heritage of the Almaz program still in use: The habitat, propulsion and service module of the TKS spacecraft, the so-called Functional Cargo Block (FGB), went on to become

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1248-483: Was a highly secret Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s. Three crewed military reconnaissance stations were launched between 1973 and 1976: Salyut 2 , Salyut 3 and Salyut 5 . To cover the military nature of the program, the three launched Almaz stations were designated as civilian Salyut space stations . Salyut 2 failed shortly after achieving orbit, but Salyut 3 and Salyut 5 both conducted successful crewed testing. Following Salyut 5,

1287-660: Was also to be replaced with an advanced Shchit-2 space-to-space cannon. The Shchit-2 was reported to be a two projectile system, although no photographs of it have ever been published and it does not appear that this system was ever installed on the station. OPS-4 was grounded when the Almaz crewed program was cancelled. Following cancellation of the program, the Almaz station was reconfigured as an uncrewed heavy radar-carrying reconnaissance satellite . Three such satellites were launched, two of which functioned successfully in orbit. Almaz-T – The first Almaz-T blasted off from Baikonur on October 29, 1986. It did not reach orbit due to

1326-454: Was ended. Besides the three flown space stations OPS-1 to OPS-3, seven more spaceframes of Almaz space stations had been built when the program was cancelled: OPS-4, Almaz-205, Almaz-206, Almaz-T , Almaz-T2 ( Kosmos 1870 ), Almaz-1 and Almaz-2 – with Almaz-T2 and Almaz-1 having successfully flown as repurposed uncrewed radar-carrying reconnaissance satellites (see below). The partially outfitted hulls of Almaz-205 and Almaz-206 are today in

1365-686: Was launched on June 25, 1974. The crew of the Soyuz 14 spacecraft spent 15 days aboard the station in July 1974. A second expedition was launched toward OPS-2 in August 1974, but failed to reach the station. The station successfully remotely test-fired an onboard aircraft cannon at a target satellite while the station was uncrewed. Salyut-3 was deorbited in January 1975. OPS-3 (or Almaz 103), announced after launch as Salyut 5 , entered orbit on June 22, 1976. It

1404-399: Was mated by Sergei Korolev 's organization OKB-1 with their own Soyuz-derived subsystems. OKB-1 was at that time in competition with the designer of the Almaz, Vladimir Chelomei's organization OKB-52, and was thereby able to short-cut the development time for the first space station and beat OKB-52, which had started design work much earlier. DOS space station cores derived since 1971 from

1443-460: Was modified from the tail-gun of the Tu-22 bomber and was capable of a theoretical rate of fire of 1800-2000 (up to 2600) rounds per minute. Each 168 gram (ammo 23-OFZ-D-R ) or 173 gram (ammo 23-OFZ-G-R) projectile flew at a speed of 850 m/s relative to the station. The cannon was tested at the end of the mission by firing 20 rounds, when the station was operating in uncrewed mode. To aim

1482-518: Was signed by the Soviet Union in 1991. The treaty required the Soviet Union to begin the process of dismantling nuclear warheads and the launchers used for UR-100N missiles. The Soviet Union had 300 100NUTTH missiles stationed in both Russia and Ukraine: 130 deployed in Ukraine, and the rest scattered around Russia. After the fall of the USSR, Ukraine claimed ownership of all the missiles locating in its territory. Ukraine then began dismantling launchers for

1521-477: Was visited by two crews in mid-1976 and late 1977. Salyut 5 was deorbited on 8 August 1977, and broke up as it reentered the Earth's atmosphere. The next Almaz station, OPS-4, was to be the first station launched with a three panel Mech-A synthetic-aperture radar and a crewed reusable Return Vehicle VA , however the VA was replaced by a second TKS docking port. This station's Shchit-1 23 mm defense cannon

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