92-665: SS Libau ( pronounced [lɪˈbaʊ] ; originally known as SS Castro ) was a merchant steam ship. In 1916 she was disguised with the identity of a Norwegian vessel named the SS Aud ( [ʔaʊ̯d] ) in an attempt to carry arms from Germany to Ireland as part of the preparation for the Easter Rising . SS Castro was a 1,062 ton steam cargo transport built for the Wilson Line of Hull , England in 1907. Castro measured 220 feet (67 m) in length with
184-612: A Polish attack against Germany to mobilize German public opinion for war and to justify the war with Poland . Alfred Naujocks was a key organiser of the operation under orders from Heydrich. It led to the deaths of Nazi concentration camp victims who were dressed as German soldiers and then shot by the Gestapo to make it seem that they had been shot by Polish soldiers. This, along with other false flag operations in Operation Himmler , would be used to mobilize support from
276-709: A beam 32 feet (9.8 m) and a draught of 12 ft (3.7 m). The ship was captured by the Imperial German Navy in the Kiel Canal , at the beginning of World War I in August 1914. Renamed Libau (the German name of Liepāja ), she remained inactive until 1916, when designated as the vessel to carry a cargo of arms to Ireland, to aid the Easter Rising, and disguised with the stolen identity of
368-480: A Norwegian vessel with a similar outline. Masquerading as SS Aud , Libau set sail from the Baltic port of Lübeck on 9 April 1916, manned by a crew of 22 men under the command of Karl Spindler , bound for the south-west coast of Ireland. Libau , laden with an estimated 20,000 rifles, 1,000,000 rounds of ammunition, 10 machine guns, and explosives (under a camouflage of a timber cargo), evaded patrols of both
460-401: A Scientology office. The Guardian's Office also had a plan for further operations to discredit Cooper known as Operation Freakout , but several Scientology operatives were arrested in a separate investigation and the plan was exposed. According to PolitiFact , some false flag conspiracy theories (such as claims that mass shootings are hoaxes) are themselves spread by astroturfing , which
552-709: A Swedish outpost on the Russo-Swedish border, on 27 June 1788. This caused an outrage in Stockholm and impressed the Riksdag of the Estates , the Swedish national assembly, who until then had refused to agree to an offensive war against Russia. The Puumala incident allowed King Gustav III of Sweden, who lacked the constitutional authority to initiate unprovoked hostilities without the Estates' consent, to launch
644-613: A boat filled with Cuban refugees, attacks by alleged Cuban infiltrators inside the United States, and harassment of U.S. aircraft and shipping and the destruction of aerial drones by aircraft disguised as Cuban MiGs. These actions would be blamed on Cuba, and would be a pretext for an invasion of Cuba and the overthrow of Fidel Castro 's communist government. It was authorised by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , but then rejected by President John F. Kennedy . The surprise discovery of
736-584: A combination of the false flag and " honey trap " techniques). According to ex-KGB defector Jack Barsky , "Many a right-wing radical had given information to the Soviets under a 'false flag', thinking they were working with a Western ally, such as Israel, when in fact their contact was a KGB operative." The term is popular amongst conspiracy theory promoters in referring to covert operations of various governments and claimed cabals . According to Columbia Journalism Review , this usage mostly "migrated to
828-500: A false flag operation can fail in such a manner as to implicate the perpetrator rather than the intended victim. A notable example is an April 2022 FSB operation where would-be Ukrainian assassins of Russian propagandist Vladimir Solovyov were filmed while being arrested. The footage published by the FSB was however found to implicate the FSB as having staged the arrest. Together with weapons, drugs, Ukrainian passports and Nazi memorabilia
920-471: A finding that Skorzeny was not guilty of a crime by ordering his men into action in American uniforms. He had relayed to his men the warning of German legal experts: if they fought in American uniforms, they would be breaking the laws of war ; however, they probably were not doing so simply by wearing the American uniforms. During the trial, a number of arguments were advanced to substantiate this position and
1012-508: A pretext for invading Manchuria by blowing up a section of railway. Though the explosion was too weak to disrupt operations on the rail line, the Japanese nevertheless used the Mukden incident to seize Manchuria and create a puppet government in the form of the nominally independent state of Manchukuo . The Gleiwitz incident in 1939 involved Reinhard Heydrich fabricating evidence of
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#17327655774591104-653: A ruse. The foregoing rule (Article 23 of the Annex of the IV Hague Convention ), does not prohibit such use, but does prohibit their improper use. It is certainly forbidden to make use of them during a combat. Before opening fire upon the enemy, they must be discarded." In 1788, the head tailor at the Royal Swedish Opera received an order to sew a number of Russian military uniforms. These were then used by Swedes to stage an attack on Puumala ,
1196-566: A short time. Two Irishmen engaged in the gunrunning activity, Austin Stack and Con Collins , were also held on the island after capture. The exhibition also includes a working version of the Mosin–Nagant rifle, large maps of the route taken, an image of Roger Casement on board the submarine that carried him to Ireland, and video taken of the wreck of the Libau as it sits on the sea bed, filmed in
1288-487: A successful assassination was United States Marine Sergeant Herman H. Hanneken leading a patrol of his Haitian Gendarmerie disguised as enemy guerrillas in 1919. The patrol successfully passed several enemy checkpoints in order to assassinate the guerilla leader Charlemagne Péralte near Grande-Rivière-du-Nord . Hanneken was awarded the Medal of Honor and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant for his deed. During
1380-495: A working port and a strategic defensive hub for centuries, and it has been one of Ireland's major employment hubs since the early 1900s. Traditional heavy industries have waned since the late 20th century, with the likes of the closure of Irish Steel in Haulbowline and shipbuilding at Verolme . It still has strategic significance in energy generation, shipping, refining and pharmaceuticals development. The main tributary to
1472-412: Is a commercial semi-state company responsible for the commercial running of the harbour as well as responsibility for navigation and berthage in the port. In 2011 the port had a turnover of €21.4 million and made pre-tax profits of €1.2 million. This was down from a turnover of €26.4 million and profits of €5.4 million in 2006. Container traffic increased by 6% in 2011 when 156,667 teus were handled at
1564-815: Is an attempt to create false impression of popularity in a belief. Cork Harbour Cork Harbour ( Irish : Cuan Chorcaí ) is a natural harbour and river estuary at the mouth of the River Lee in County Cork , Ireland. It is one of several which lay claim to the title of "second largest natural harbour in the world by navigational area" (after Port Jackson , Sydney). Other contenders include Halifax Harbour in Canada, Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka and Poole Harbour in England. The harbour has been
1656-501: Is located slightly upstream on the River Lee on the northwest corner of Cork Harbour. Several of the city's suburbs, including Blackrock , Mahon , Douglas , Passage West and Rochestown lie on Lough Mahon or the Douglas Estuary, both of which are parts of Upper Cork Harbour. The Lower Harbour has a number of towns around its shores. Passage West, Monkstown , Ringaskiddy and the smaller village of Raffeen are found on
1748-508: Is used by the Defence Forces for training - but is in a somewhat neglected state. Fort Camden became officially known as Fort Meagher and while no longer in military use, has been subject to renovation by local volunteers and enthusiasts, and can be visited by the public on certain days. The fort was officially renamed as of 11 July 2013 as Camden Fort Meagher , to account for both its British military and Irish military history. Locally,
1840-416: Is usually applied for pseudo-teams. (See the above section Laws of war ). Some false flag operations have been described by Lawrence E. Cline, a retired US Army intelligence officer, as pseudo-operations, or "the use of organized teams which are disguised as guerrilla groups for long- or short-term penetration of insurgent -controlled areas". "Pseudo-operations should be distinguished," notes Cline, "from
1932-756: The Algerian civil war , starting in the middle of 1994. Death squads composed of Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS) security forces disguised themselves as Islamist terrorists and committed false flag terror attacks. Such groups included the Organisation of Young Free Algerians (OJAL) or the Secret Organisation for the Safeguard of the Algerian Republic (OSSRA). According to Roger Faligot and Pascal Kropp (1999),
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#17327655774592024-970: The Cork Public Museum in Fitzgerald's Park in Cork, a museum in Lurgan County Armagh, the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin, and the Imperial War Museum in London. A number of rifles recovered from the Libau , ammunition, port holes and other original artifacts form part a permanent exhibition on Spike Island in Cork Harbour , near where the Libau was scuttled and the crew of the Libau were held for
2116-539: The IP address of paid staffers for that candidate's opponent. On 19 February 2011, Indiana Deputy Prosecutor Carlos Lam sent a private email to Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker suggesting that he run a "'false flag' operation" to counter the protests against Walker's proposed restrictions on public employees' collective bargaining rights: If you could employ an associate who pretends to be sympathetic to
2208-648: The Mau Mau uprising in the 1950s, captured Mau Mau members who switched sides and specially trained British troops initiated the pseudo-gang concept to successfully counter Mau Mau. In 1960, Frank Kitson , who was later involved in the Northern Irish conflict and is now a retired British general, published Gangs and Counter-gangs , an account of his experiences with the technique in Kenya . Information included how to counter gangs and measures of deception, including
2300-663: The Napoleonic Wars , when the naval establishment in Kinsale was transferred to Cork Harbour. The harbour became an important anchorage, which could be used to guard the entrance to the English Channel and maintain the blockade of France. At this time, the naval dockyard on Haulbowline Island was constructed, as well as a fort on Spike Island (later to become Fort Westmoreland) and a number of Martello Towers and other fortifications were added or improved around
2392-610: The North German Confederation , with the end goal of unifying the northern and southern German states. This ploy would be successful, as Napoleon III would declare war six days later; and six months later, the Confederation would win and unify the German states . In September 1931, Seishirō Itagaki and other Japanese mid- to junior-grade officers, without the knowledge of the Tokyo government, fabricated
2484-471: The Port of Cork Company in 1997. Vessels up to 90,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT) are capable of coming through the harbour entrance. As the shipping channels get shallower the farther inland one travels, access becomes constricted, and only vessels up to 60,000 DWT can sail above Cobh . The Port of Cork provides pilotage and towage facilities for vessels entering Cork Harbour. All vessels accessing
2576-649: The Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) . On July 13, 1870, Otto von Bismarck published the Ems Dispatch , an internal message from King Wilhelm I to Bismarck regarding certain demands made by the French ambassador. In the version purposefully released to the public, Bismarck instead made it sound like the King had gravely disrespected the ambassador – a ploy to trick Emperor Napoleon III into declaring war on
2668-553: The pharmaceutical industry. Large international firms such as Pfizer , Novartis , GlaxoSmithKline and Janssen Pharmaceutica (a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson ) are significant employers in the region. There has however been some concern since the post-2008 Irish economic downturn , as several of the pharmaceutical companies in Cork have shed jobs, notably Pfizer which announced the loss of 177 jobs in June 2012. There are in excess of 100 other pharmaceutical firms operating in
2760-545: The 17th century, and were primarily intended to protect the approaches to Cork city. In the 18th century, fortifications were built on and opposite Haulbowline Island to protect the anchorage in Cobh - including Cove Fort (1743). Fort Camden and Fort Carlisle were built at opposite sides of the harbour entrance during the period of the American War of Independence . The harbour's military significance increased during
2852-654: The 1953 coup in Iran", the true extent of the tactic has been difficult for historians to discern. In the summer of 1954, a group of Egyptian Jews recruited by Israeli army intelligence were caught with plans to bomb American, British, and Egyptian civil targets in Egypt. The bombs were timed to detonate several hours after closing time. The bombings were to be blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood , Egyptian Communists , "unspecified malcontents", or "local nationalists", with
SS Libau - Misplaced Pages Continue
2944-555: The 2000s. The majority of the rifles are the model known as the Mosin–Nagant M1891, or "three-line rifle", captured in the German rout of Russian forces in the Battle of Tannenberg . The different calibre of these rifles meant they were not attractive for issuing to German troops, for logistical reasons, and through the misunderstanding of this point they have since been widely described as 'outmoded and out of date.' In actuality,
3036-402: The 2018 mid-term elections were part of a false flag effort to discredit Republicans and supporters of then-President Donald Trump. Cesar Sayoc, motivated by his belief that Democrats were “evil”, was later convicted of mailing the devices to Trump's critics. On the internet, a concern troll is a false flag pseudonym created by a user whose actual point of view is opposed to the one that
3128-611: The Allies manufactured a great quantity of the rifles during the First World War. A slightly modified (M91/30) version continued to be used by European national armies through World War II and beyond. The Mosin–Nagant was a magazine rifle, enabling the user to pre-load five rounds from a clip plus, if needed, one more in the breech, and then fire accurately in reasonably rapid succession, using relatively modern .30 calibre ( 7.62×54mmR ) spitzer-nosed bullets. Per Russian preference,
3220-637: The Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney in 1941 while disguised as a Dutch merchant ship, causing the greatest loss of life on an Australian warship. While Kormoran was fatally damaged in the engagement and its crew captured, the outcome represented a considerable psychological victory for the Germans. The British used a Kriegsmarine ensign in the St Nazaire Raid and captured a German code book. The old destroyer Campbeltown , which
3312-734: The Ballynacorra River. Due to the recent expansion of the town of Midleton , Ballinacurra has effectively become a suburb of Midleton, so it could also be said that Midleton lies on Cork Harbour. Cork Harbour hosts the headquarters of the Irish Naval Service . Prior to the transfer of the treaty ports in 1938, Cork Harbour was an important base for the British Royal Navy . Some of the first coastal defence fortifications built in Cork Harbour date to
3404-622: The British 10th Cruiser Squadron and local auxiliary patrols. After surviving violent storms off Rockall , Libau arrived in Tralee Bay on Holy Thursday , 20 April. There they were due to meet with Roger Casement , a former government official who had negotiated the arms transfer, but as they had no radio on board the ship, they were unaware that the IRB contacts in Kerry had been told to meet
3496-473: The British government announced that the treaty ports would be handed over unconditionally, and on 11 July 1938, the defences at Cork Harbour were handed over to the Irish military authorities at a ceremony attended by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera . Since being handed over to the Irish military, most of the military installations have ceased to be used for military purposes. Fort Carlisle was renamed Fort Davis and
3588-486: The British government was not inclined to invest in their upgrade. Also, at the time of their construction, nobody had considered the possibility of air attack and as they were unable to expand, there was no possibility of adding adequate air cover. Finally, if the Irish Free State was hostile during any conflict, the treaty ports would have to be supplied by sea rather than land, wasting resources. In March 1938,
3680-406: The British planned to sacrifice in the operation, was provided with cosmetic modifications that involved cutting the ship's funnels and chamfering the edges to resemble a German Type 23 torpedo boat . By this ruse the British were able to get within two miles (3 km) of the harbour before the defences responded, where the explosive-rigged Campbeltown and commandos successfully disabled or destroyed
3772-594: The Cork Harbour area. The main centres of the pharmaceutical industry are Little Island and Ringaskiddy . Ireland's only oil refinery, Whitegate refinery , is located on the southeastern shore together with the adjacent Whitegate power station . Historically, the navigation and port facilities of the harbour were managed by the Cork Harbour Commissioners . Founded in 1814, the Cork Harbour Commissioners were reorganised as
SS Libau - Misplaced Pages Continue
3864-524: The German and U.S. military seem to have been in agreement. In the transcript of the trial, it is mentioned that Paragraph 43 of the Field Manual published by the War Department , United States Army , on 1 October 1940, under the entry Rules of Land Warfare states: "National flags, insignias and uniforms as a ruse – in practice it has been authorized to make use of these as
3956-590: The German population for the start of World War II in Europe . The operation failed to convince international public opinion of the German claims, and both Britain and France – Poland's allies – declared war two days after Germany invaded Poland. On 26 November 1939, the Soviet army shelled Mainila , a Russian village near the Finnish border. Soviet authorities blamed Finland for
4048-706: The OJAL was reminiscent of "the Organization of the French Algerian Resistance (ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists created in December 1956 by the Direction de la surveillance du territoire (Territorial Surveillance Directorate, or DST) whose mission was to carry out terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise". In espionage , the term "false flag" describes
4140-445: The Tivoli container facility, however this was down from a peak of 185,000 TEUs in 2006. The 2006 figure saw the port at full capacity and the Port drew up plans for a new container facility capable of handling up to 400,000 teus per annum at Ringaskiddy. This was the subject of objections and after an oral planning hearing was held in 2008, the Irish planning board Bord Pleanala rejected the plan due to inadequate rail and road links at
4232-412: The aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to induce the British government to refrain from evacuating its troops occupying Egypt's Suez Canal zone, a move that would embolden Egyptian President Nasser against Israel. However, the plot was exposed before launch and Egyptian authorities were able to tail an operative to his target, arrest him and later search his apartment where
4324-530: The appearance of enemies when none exist, or create the illusion of organized and directed persecution. This can be used to gain attention and sympathy from outsiders, in particular the media, or to convince others within the group that their beliefs are under attack and in need of protection. In retaliation for writing The Scandal of Scientology , some members of the Church of Scientology stole stationery from author Paulette Cooper 's home and then used that stationery to forge bomb threats and have them mailed to
4416-407: The attack and used the incident as a pretext to invade Finland, starting the Winter War , four days later. Operation Northwoods , a 1962 plot proposed but never executed by the U.S. Department of Defense for a war with Cuba , involved scenarios such as fabricating the hijacking or shooting down of passenger and military planes, sinking a U.S. ship in the vicinity of Cuba, burning crops, sinking
4508-535: The attacks appear to be by enemy nations or terrorists, thus giving the nation that was supposedly attacked a pretext for domestic repression or foreign military aggression. Similarly deceptive activities carried out during peacetime by individuals or nongovernmental organizations have been called false flag operations, but the more common legal term is a " frameup ", "stitch up", or "setup". In land warfare, such operations are generally deemed acceptable under certain circumstances, such as to deceive enemies , provided
4600-433: The camp, registered as a refugee camp by the United Nations (UN). Even according to Reid-Daly, most of those killed were unarmed guerrillas standing in formation for a parade. The camp hospital was also set ablaze by the rounds fired by the Scouts, killing all patients. According to David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, who visited the camp shortly before the raid, it was only a refugee camp that did not host any guerrillas. It
4692-410: The candidate's knowledge. The Canuck letter is an example of one candidate's creating a false document and attributing it as coming from another candidate in order to discredit that candidate. In 2006, individuals practicing false flag behavior were discovered and "outed" in New Hampshire and New Jersey after blog comments claiming to be from supporters of a political candidate were traced to
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#17327655774594784-415: The claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia. On 4 April 1953, the CIA was ordered to undermine the government of Iran over a four-month period, as a precursor to overthrowing Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh . One tactic used to undermine Mosaddegh was to carry out false flag attacks "on mosques and key public figures", to be blamed on Iranian communists loyal to
4876-406: The club moved to Cobh, where their original clubhouse (built in the 1850s) still stands. In the 1960s, the club moved to Crosshaven . There are also boatyards at Crosshaven and two other marinas. There is another marina on Great Island opposite East Ferry , while Monkstown and Blackrock are used for boating, canoeing , windsurfing and jet-skiing . A number of rowing clubs have facilities on
4968-405: The customary rules and general principles underlying treaties on the law of war on land and at sea", and as such these two non-controversial articles were already part of customary law. In land warfare, the use of a false flag is similar to that of naval warfare: the trial of Otto Skorzeny , who planned and commanded Operation Greif , by a U.S. military tribunal at the Dachau Trials included
5060-525: The days leading up to the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February , the Russian government intensified its disinformation campaign , with Russian state media promoting false flags on a nearly hourly basis purporting to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russia, in a bid to justify an invasion of Ukraine. Many of the disinformation videos were poor and amateur in quality, with mismatching metadata showing incorrect dates, and evidence from Bellingcat researchers, and other independent journalists, showed that
5152-482: The deception is not perfidious and that all such deceptions are discarded before opening fire upon the enemy. Similarly, in naval warfare such a deception is considered permissible, provided the false flag is lowered and the true flag raised before engaging in battle. Auxiliary cruisers operated in such a fashion in both World Wars, as did Q-ships , while merchant vessels were encouraged to use false flags for protection. Such masquerades promoted confusion not just of
5244-434: The documents relating to Operation Northwoods was a result of the comprehensive search for records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy by the Assassination Records Review Board in the mid-1990s. Information about Operation Northwoods was later publicized by James Bamford . In January and February 2022, Western government agencies predicted that Russia would use a false flag operation in Ukraine. In
5336-450: The enemy but of historical accounts. In 1914 the Battle of Trindade was fought between the British auxiliary cruiser RMS Carmania and the German auxiliary cruiser SMS Cap Trafalgar , which had been altered to look like Carmania . (Contrary to some accounts, the Carmania had not been altered to resemble the Cap Trafalgar .) Another notable example was the World War II German commerce raider Kormoran , which surprised and sank
5428-428: The entire plan, including the names of other agents and explosive materials, was held. Unknown to Israel Prime Minister Moshe Sharet , the exposé caused a scandal in Israel, with Israeli officials blaming one another for the operation and the Israeli defense minister, Pinhas Lavon , resigning under pressure. Later, two investigative committees found that Lavon was unaware of the operation. Due to its deceptive nature
5520-401: The footage also prominently showed three expansion packs for the Sims 3 video game. Investigative journalist Eliot Higgins interpreted this to mean that the arrest was in fact staged, with its organizers misunderstanding an instruction "to get 3 SIMs ". Further lending credence to the arrest being staged was footage of a note with a Russian phrase, which in fact read signature unclear . This
5612-439: The government. The CIA operation was code-named TPAJAX . The tactic of a "directed campaign of bombings by Iranians posing as members of the Communist party" involved the bombing of "at least one" well known Muslim's house by CIA agents posing as Communists. The CIA determined that the tactic of false flag attacks added to the "positive outcome" of TPAJAX . However, as "the C.I.A. burned nearly all of its files on its role in
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#17327655774595704-408: The harbour is the River Lee which, after flowing through Cork city , passes through the upper harbour ( Lough Mahon ) in the northwest before passing to the west of Great Island with the main channel emerging into the lower harbour past Haulbowline Island . For conservation and navigation purposes, the harbour is often separated into "Upper Cork Harbour" (following the River Lee from Cork city to
5796-407: The harbour. The fortifications were developed throughout the 19th century and a further fort, Fort Templebreedy , was added to the south of Fort Camden at the beginning of the 20th century. At the time of Irish independence, Cork Harbour was included, along with Berehaven and Lough Swilly , in a list of British naval establishments that would remain under the control of the Royal Navy , although
5888-424: The headquarters of the Irish Naval Service . Cork Harbour is one of the most important industrial areas in Ireland. While several traditional industries such as shipbuilding at Verolme Dockyards, steel-making on Haulbowline Island and fertiliser manufacturing at IFI (Irish Fertiliser Industries) have ceased in recent years, they have been replaced with newer industries and Cork Harbour is now significant within
5980-469: The highest rank initially available for black soldiers being colour sergeant . They succeeded in turning approximately 800 insurgents who were then paid by Special Branch, ultimately reaching the number of 1,500 members. Engaging mainly in long-range reconnaissance and surveillance missions, they increasingly turned to offensive actions, including the attempted assassination of Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army leader Joshua Nkomo in Zambia . This mission
6072-412: The intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance. The term was originally used to describe a ruse in naval warfare whereby a vessel flew the flag of a neutral or enemy country in order to hide its true identity. The tactic
6164-441: The key dock structures of the port. Between December 1922 and February 1923, a commission of jurists at the Hague drafted a set of rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War and Air Warfare. They included: This draft was never adopted as a legally binding treaty, but the International Committee of the Red Cross states in its introduction on the draft: "To a great extent, [the draft rules] correspond to
6256-401: The location. Permission was later granted and work started (2018) on the new port. There has been an increase in cruise ship visits to Cork Harbour in the early 21st century, with 53 such ships visiting the port in 2011. The majority of these cruise ships berth at Cobh's Deepwater Quay. Historically, Cobh (under its former name Queenstown) was one of the principal ports through which flowed
6348-426: The more common police or intelligence infiltration of guerrilla or criminal organizations. In the latter case, infiltration is normally done by individuals. Pseudo teams, on the other hand, are formed as needed from organized units, usually military or paramilitary . The use of pseudo teams has been a hallmark of a number of foreign counterinsurgency campaigns." Similar false flag tactics were also employed during
6440-404: The naval dockyard on Haulbowline Island was handed over to the Irish Free State in 1923. Although the Royal Navy appreciated the location of Cork Harbour, particularly for submarines, which had a significantly shorter range in the 1920s, maintenance of the fortifications became an issue after Ireland became independent. The political uncertainty over the future of the treaty ports meant that
6532-417: The older city quays) provides container handling, facilities for oil, livestock and ore and a roll on-roll off (Ro-Ro) ramp. Prior to the opening of Ringaskiddy Ferry Port, car ferries sailed from here; now, the Ro-Ro ramp is used by companies importing cars into Ireland. In addition to the ferry terminal, which provides a service to Roscoff in France, Ringaskiddy has a deep water port. The Port of Cork company
6624-547: The quays in Cork city must be piloted and all vessels exceeding 130 metres in length must be piloted once they pass within 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) of the harbour entrance at a point marked by the Spit Bank Lighthouse which is the landmark boundary for compulsory pilotage. The Port of Cork has berthing facilities at Cork city, Tivoli , Cobh and Ringaskiddy . The facilities in Cork city are primarily used for grain and oil transport. Tivoli (downstream of
6716-733: The recruiting of agents by operatives posing as representatives of a cause the prospective agents are sympathetic to, or even the agents' own government. For example, during the Cold War , several female West German civil servants were tricked into stealing classified documents by agents of the East German Stasi intelligence service pretending to be members of West German peace advocacy groups (the Stasi agents were also described as " Romeos ", indicating that they also used their sex appeal to manipulate their targets, making this operation
6808-460: The rifles aboard Libau were equipped with the Russian model of socket bayonets, s.c. "Rat-tails". In 2012, a licensed salvage operation raised Libau ' s anchors from the wreck site outside the entrance to Cork Harbour at Daunt Rock. Following conservation and desalination works, the anchors were put on public display. False flag A false flag operation is an act committed with
6900-437: The right", however because some historical false flag incidents occurred, historians should not fully cede the usage of the term to conspiracy theorists. Perlman says "The real danger is if we use the nonattributive 'false flags' as shorthand for conspiracy theories, without explaining what they are and who is promoting them." At the same time, Perlman writes that "people yelling that any attack attributed to someone on 'their side'
6992-491: The risks of exposure rapidly increase with time and intelligence gathering eventually leads to violent confrontation. Pseudo-operations may be directed by military or police forces, or both. Police forces are usually best suited to intelligence tasks; however, military provide the structure needed to back up such pseudo-ops with military response forces. According to US military expert Lawrence Cline (2005), "the teams typically have been controlled by police services, but this largely
7084-527: The ship on Easter Sunday off Fenit pier. On Good Friday , 21 April, the Libau , whose true identity had been uncovered by the authorities, was approached by three Royal Navy destroyers and attempted to leave the area, but was cornered. Captain Spindler allowed his ship to be escorted towards Cork Harbour , in the company of the Acacia -class sloop HMS Bluebell . The German crew then scuttled
7176-478: The ship to keep the weapons from falling into British hands. Spindler and crew were interned for the duration of the war. Although Casement had been landed by the submarine U-19 in Banna Strand that Friday, he was captured and arrested, without ever meeting the Libau. Four months later he was tried and convicted of high treason for his involvement in the affair and subsequently executed . One of
7268-534: The stream of emigrants stemming from the Great Famine in the 1840s. There are also a number of private berths around the harbour, with several centred on Whitegate , Passage West , Rushbrooke , Ringaskiddy and Haulbowline. The Royal Cork Yacht Club , claimed as the world's oldest, was founded as 'The Water Club' on Haulbowline Island in the 1720s. When the British Navy took over Haulbowline in 1801,
7360-414: The towns of Passage West and Monkstown ) and "Lower Cork Harbour" (separated from the upper harbour by Great Island ). The depth of the harbour has been measured at between 4 fathoms (7.3 m) and 14 fathoms (26 m). Cork Harbour contains a number of islands of various sizes, some of which are connected to the mainland by bridges. Islands which are or have been inhabited include: Cork city
7452-551: The troll claims to hold. The concern troll posts in web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to share their goals , but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow fear, uncertainty, and doubt within the group often by appealing to outrage culture . This is a particular case of sockpuppeting and safe-baiting . Proponents of political or religious ideologies will sometimes use false flag tactics. This can be done to discredit or implicate rival groups, create
7544-558: The two cars carrying Spindler's contacts had crashed into the River Laune, many miles away, at Ballykissane pier, Killorglin (resulting in the death of three of the four occupants of the car). So there had never been any possibility of a successful organised transfer of arms. A number of rifles were recovered from Libau before the vessel was scuttled. Several examples exist in various museums in Britain and Ireland. Among these are
7636-528: The two forts are sometimes known as "Camden" and "Carlisle", rather than their official titles. Fort Westmoreland became Fort Mitchell Spike Island prison, and has since ceased use for military or prison purposes. "Spike" was gifted to Cork County Council by the State and has been renovated as a tourist attraction by council workers and volunteers under the supervision of archaeologists. The fortifications on Haulbowline Island however have been maintained, and are now
7728-532: The unions' cause to physically attack you (or even use a firearm against you), you could discredit the unions ... Employing a false flag operation would assist in undercutting any support the media may be creating in favor of the unions. The press had acquired a court order to access all of Walker's emails and Lam's email was exposed. At first, Lam vehemently denied it, but eventually admitted it and resigned. Some conservative commentators suggested that pipe bombs that were sent to prominent Democrats prior to
7820-840: The use of defectors, which brought the issue a wider audience. Another example of combined police and military oversight of pseudo-operations include the Selous Scouts in the former country Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe ), governed by white minority rule until 1980. The Selous Scouts were formed at the beginning of Operation Hurricane , in November 1973, by Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) Ronald Reid-Daly . As with all Special Forces in Rhodesia, by 1977 they were controlled by COMOPS (Commander, Combined Operations) Commander Lieutenant General Peter Walls . The Selous Scouts were originally composed of 120 members, with all officers being white and
7912-413: The western shore. On the southwestern shore is Crosshaven . Great Island , which forms the northern shore of the lower harbour, houses the town of Cobh . As of 2011, Cobh had a population of about 12,500. The eastern shore is less densely populated, but has two villages Whitegate and Aghada , both home to power plants. The village of Ballinacurra is on the northeastern spur of the harbour, known as
8004-670: Was again interpreted as a misunderstood instruction, this time taken too literally. The FSB subsequently published a version of the footage with the Sims games blurred out. Pseudo-operations are those in which forces of one power disguise themselves as enemy forces. For example, a state power may disguise teams of operatives as insurgents and, with the aid of defectors, infiltrate insurgent areas. The aim of such pseudo-operations may be to gather short or long-term intelligence or to engage in active operations, in particular assassinations of important enemies. However, they usually involve both, as
8096-399: Was committed by 'the other side' drown out the voices of reason." Political campaigning has a long history of this tactic in various forms, including in person, print media and electronically in recent years. This can involve when supporters of one candidate pose as supporters of another, or act as " straw men " for their preferred candidate to debate against. This can happen with or without
8188-547: Was due to the weaknesses in the respective military intelligence systems." The State Political Directorate (OGPU) of the Soviet Union set up such an operation from 1921 to 1926. During Operation Trust , they used loose networks of White Army supporters and extended them, creating the pseudo-"Monarchist Union of Central Russia" (MUCR) in order to help the OGPU identify real monarchists and anti-Bolsheviks. An example of
8280-639: Was finally aborted by the Selous Scouts, and attempted again, unsuccessfully, by the Rhodesian Special Air Service . Some offensive operations attracted international condemnation, in particular the Selous Scouts' raid on a Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) camp at Nyadzonya Pungwe, Mozambique in August 1976. ZANLA was then led by Josiah Tongogara . Using Rhodesian trucks and armored cars disguised as Mozambique military vehicles, 84 scouts killed 1,284 people in
8372-411: Was initially used by pirates and privateers to deceive other ships into allowing them to move closer before attacking them. It later was deemed an acceptable practice during naval warfare according to international maritime laws, provided the attacking vessel displayed its true flag before commencing an attack. The term today extends to include countries that organize attacks on themselves and make
8464-610: Was staged for UN approval. According to a 1978 study by the Directorate of Military Intelligence, 68% of all insurgent deaths inside Rhodesia could be attributed to the Selous Scouts, who were disbanded in 1980. If the action is a police action, then these tactics would fall within the laws of the state initiating the pseudo, but if such actions are taken in a civil war or during a belligerent military occupation then those who participate in such actions would not be privileged belligerents . The principle of plausible deniability
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