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24-462: The STU-II (Standard Telephone Unit II) is a secure telephone developed by the U.S. National Security Agency . It permitted up to six users to have secure communications, on a time-shared (e.g.: rotating) basis. It was made by ITT Defense Communications, Nutley, New Jersey. An OEM partner was Northern Telecom . According to information on display in 2005 at the NSA's National Cryptologic Museum ,

48-431: A 300 bit/s MELP device. Its quality was better than the 600 bit/s MELPe, but its delay was longer. Self-synchronizing code In coding theory , especially in telecommunications , a self-synchronizing code is a uniquely decodable code in which the symbol stream formed by a portion of one code word , or by the overlapped portion of any two adjacent code words, is not a valid code word. Put another way,

72-515: A set of strings (called "code words") over an alphabet is called a self-synchronizing code if for each string obtained by concatenating two code words, the substring starting at the second symbol and ending at the second-last symbol does not contain any code word as substring. Every self-synchronizing code is a prefix code , but not all prefix codes are self-synchronizing. Other terms for self-synchronizing code are synchronized code or, ambiguously, comma-free code . A self-synchronizing code permits

96-420: A voice encryption system called Digital Voice Protection (DVP) as part of their first generation of voice encryption techniques. DVP uses a self-synchronizing encryption technique known as cipher feedback (CFB). The extremely high number of possible keys associated with the early DVP algorithm, makes the algorithm very robust and gives a high level of security. As with other symmetric keyed encryption systems,

120-438: Is split into multiple frequency bands, using multiple bandpass filters that cover specific frequency ranges of interest. The output signals from the bandpass filters are then lowpass translated to reduce the bandwidth, which reduces the sampling rate. The lowpass signals are then quantized and encoded using special techniques like, pulse-code modulation (PCM). After the encoding stage, the signals are multiplexed and sent out along

144-464: The 1980s for use by senior government officials when traveling. The Navaho I also used LPC-10. Some 10 000 STU-II units were produced. Secure voice The implementation of voice encryption dates back to World War II when secure communication was paramount to the US armed forces. During that time, noise was simply added to a voice signal to prevent enemies from listening to the conversations. Noise

168-474: The 2400 and 1200 bit/s US DoD MELPe was adopted also as NATO standard, known as STANAG -4591. As part of NATO testing for new NATO standard, MELPe was tested against other candidates such as France 's HSX (Harmonic Stochastic eXcitation) and Turkey 's SB-LPC (Split-Band Linear Predictive Coding), as well as the old secure voice standards such as FS1015 LPC-10e (2.4 kbit/s), FS1016 CELP (4.8 kbit/s) and CVSD (16 kbit/s). Subsequently,

192-432: The 2400 bit/s and 1200 bit/s bitstreams, and (f) new postfilter. This fairly significant development was aimed to create a new coder at half the rate and have it interoperable with the old MELP standard. This enhanced-MELP (also known as MELPe) was adopted as the new MIL-STD-3005 in 2001 in form of annexes and supplements made to the original MIL-STD-3005, enabling the same quality as the old 2400 bit/s MELP's at half

216-743: The MELP vocoder won the DoD competition and was selected for MIL-STD -3005. Between 1998 and 2001, a new MELP-based vocoder was created at half the rate (i.e. 1200 bit/s) and substantial enhancements were added to the MIL-STD-3005 by SignalCom (later acquired by Microsoft ), AT&T Corporation , and Compandent which included (a) additional new vocoder at half the rate (i.e. 1200 bit/s), (b) substantially improved encoding (analysis), (c) substantially improved decoding (synthesis), (d) Noise-Preprocessing for removing background noise, (e) transcoding between

240-558: The MELPe won also the NATO competition, surpassing the quality of all other candidates as well as the quality of all old secure voice standards (CVSD, CELP and LPC-10e ). The NATO competition concluded that MELPe substantially improved performance (in terms of speech quality, intelligibility, and noise immunity), while reducing throughput requirements. The NATO testing also included interoperability tests, used over 200 hours of speech data, and

264-590: The STU-II was in use from the 1980s to the present. It uses the linear predictive coding algorithm LPC-10 at 2.4 kilobits/second to digitize voice, and the "Key Distribution Center" (KDC) for key management. The display also stated that the STU-II B is the standard narrow band secure telephone. STU-II replaced the STU-I , KY-3 and the Navajo I . The last was a secure telephone in a briefcase, of which 110 were built in

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288-435: The communication network. When the signal reaches the receiver, the inverse operations are applied to the signal to get it back to its original state. A speech scrambling system was developed at Bell Laboratories in the 1970s by Subhash Kak and Nikil Jayant . In this system permutation matrices were used to scramble coded representations (such as pulse-code modulation and variants) of the speech data. Motorola developed

312-473: The digital sampling was done by circuits using the model 2051 Thyratron vacuum tube. Each SIGSALY terminal used 40 racks of equipment weighing 55 tons and filled a large room. This equipment included radio transmitters and receivers and large phonograph turntables. The voice was keyed to two 410-millimetre (16 in) vinyl phonograph records that contained a frequency-shift keying (FSK) audio tone. The records were played on large precise turntables in sync with

336-502: The encryption key is required to decrypt the signal with a special decryption algorithm. A digital secure voice usually includes two components, a digitizer to convert between speech and digital signals and an encryption system to provide confidentiality. It is difficult in practice to send the encrypted signal over the same voiceband communication circuits used to transmit unencrypted voice, e.g. analog telephone lines or mobile radios , due to bandwidth expansion. This has led to

360-429: The proper framing of transmitted code words provided that no uncorrected errors occur in the symbol stream ; external synchronization is not required. Self-synchronizing codes also allow recovery from uncorrected errors in the stream; with most prefix codes, an uncorrected error in a single bit may propagate errors further in the stream and make the subsequent data corrupted . Importance of self-synchronizing codes

384-426: The rate. One of the greatest advantages of the new 2400 bit/s MELPe is that it shares the same bit format as MELP, and hence can interoperate with legacy MELP systems, but would deliver better quality at both ends. MELPe provides much better quality than all older military standards, especially in noisy environments such as battlefield and vehicles and aircraft. In 2002, following extensive competition and testing,

408-508: The use of Voice Coders ( vocoders ) to achieve tight bandwidth compression of the speech signals. NSA 's STU-III , KY-57 and SCIP are examples of systems that operate over existing voice circuits. The STE system, by contrast, requires wide bandwidth ISDN lines for its normal mode of operation. For encrypting GSM and VoIP , which are natively digital, the standard protocol ZRTP could be used as an end-to-end encryption technology. Secure voice's robustness greatly benefits from having

432-570: The voice data compressed into very low bit-rates by special component called speech coding , voice compression or voice coder (also known as vocoder ). The old secure voice compression standards include ( CVSD , CELP , LPC-10e and MELP , where the latest standard is the state of the art MELPe algorithm. The MELPe or enhanced- MELP (Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction) is a United States Department of Defense speech coding standard used mainly in military applications and satellite communications, secure voice, and secure radio devices. Its development

456-408: The voice transmission. From the introduction of voice encryption to today, encryption techniques have evolved drastically. Digital technology has effectively replaced old analog methods of voice encryption and by using complex algorithms, voice encryption has become much more secure and efficient. One relatively modern voice encryption method is Sub-band coding . With Sub-band Coding, the voice signal

480-402: The wrong receiver to decrypt the signal. To implement the system, the army contracted Bell Laboratories and they developed a system called SIGSALY . With SIGSALY, ten channels were used to sample the voice frequency spectrum from 250 Hz to 3 kHz and two channels were allocated to sample voice pitch and background hiss. In the time of SIGSALY, the transistor had not been developed and

504-436: Was added by playing a record of noise in sync with the voice signal and when the voice signal reached the receiver, the noise signal was subtracted out, leaving the original voice signal. In order to subtract out the noise, the receiver needed to have exactly the same noise signal and the noise records were only made in pairs; one for the transmitter and one for the receiver. Having only two copies of records made it impossible for

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528-449: Was conducted by three test laboratories worldwide. In 2005, a new 600 bit/s rate MELPe variation by Thales Group ( France ) was added (without extensive competition and testing as performed for the 2400/1200 bit/s MELPe) to the NATO standard STANAG-4591, and there are more advanced efforts to lower the bitrates to 300 bit/s and even 150 bit/s. In 2010, Lincoln Labs., Compandent , BBN, and General Dynamics also developed for DARPA

552-891: Was conducted by three test laboratories worldwide. Compandent Inc, as a part of MELPe-based projects performed for NSA and NATO , provided NSA and NATO with special test-bed platform known as MELCODER device that provided the golden reference for real-time implementation of MELPe. The low-cost FLEXI-232 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) made by Compandent , which are based on the MELCODER golden reference, are very popular and widely used for evaluating and testing MELPe in real-time, various channels & networks, and field conditions. The NATO competition concluded that MELPe substantially improved performance (in terms of speech quality, intelligibility, and noise immunity), while reducing throughput requirements. The NATO testing also included interoperability tests, used over 200 hours of speech data, and

576-750: Was led and supported by NSA , and NATO. The US government's MELPe secure voice standard is also known as MIL-STD-3005, and the NATO's MELPe secure voice standard is also known as STANAG -4591. The initial MELP was invented by Alan McCree around 1995. That initial speech coder was standardized in 1997 and was known as MIL-STD-3005. It surpassed other candidate vocoders in the US DoD competition, including: (a) Frequency Selective Harmonic Coder (FSHC), (b) Advanced Multi-Band Excitation (AMBE), (c) Enhanced Multiband Excitation (EMBE), (d) Sinusoid Transform Coder (STC), and (e) Subband LPC Coder (SBC). Due to its lower complexity than Waveform Interpolative (WI) coder,

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