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144-745: ESF operates education and research facilities also in the Adirondack Park (including the Ranger School in Wanakena ), the Thousand Islands , elsewhere in Central New York, and Costa Rica . The college's curricula focus on the understanding, management , and sustainability of the environment and natural resources. The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University was established on July 28, 1911, through

288-475: A "Stumpy" (or "Stumpie"). The nickname was given to students by their neighbors at Syracuse University, probably in the 1920s, and most-likely refers to forestry "stump jumpers". Although originally used as an insult, today, most students embrace the nickname with pride. Students at the Syracuse campus enjoy many activities on and off campus. There are a number of student clubs and organizations at ESF, including

432-470: A 15,000-acre (61 km ) biological field station the college has operated in Newcomb since 1932, and also home to the college's Adirondack Ecological Center. It opened in 1990. Located on 236 acres (0.96 km2) at the outlet of Rich Lake, the center has approximately three and a half miles of interpretive trails. Habitats include lakeshore, wetlands, old growth forest, and mixed northern forest. Throughout

576-571: A bill defining the Adirondack Park for the first time in terms of the counties and towns within it. In 1912 the legislature further clarified that the park included the privately owned lands within it as well as the public holdings. The restrictions on development and lumbering embodied in Article XIV have withstood many challenges from timber interests, hydropower projects and large-scale tourism development interests. Further,

720-493: A bill signed by New York Governor John Alden Dix . The previous year, Governor Charles Hughes had vetoed a bill authorizing such a college. Both bills followed the state's defunding in 1903 of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell . Originally a unit of Syracuse University , in 1913, the college was made a separate, legal entity. Syracuse native and constitutional lawyer Louis Marshall , with

864-716: A certain degree of integration with the Syracuse University community. Every May, ESF holds a joint commencement ceremony with Syracuse University in the Carrier Dome . ESF's baccalaureate diplomas bear the seals of the State University of New York and Syracuse University. Students also enjoy a variety of shops, restaurants, museums, and theaters in Syracuse , and nearby Marshall Street and Westcott Street . ESF has launched several programs, within

1008-499: A compromise candidate; instead, he maneuvered to become the nominee. After losing the nomination, Smith eventually campaigned for Roosevelt in 1932, giving a particularly important speech on behalf of the Democratic nominee at Boston on October 27 in which he "pulled out all the stops". Smith became highly critical of Roosevelt's New Deal policies, which he deemed a betrayal of good-government progressive ideals and ran counter to

1152-676: A forestry course in the basement of Lyman Hall. Bray was an associate of Gifford Pinchot , who was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service . In 1911, in addition to assuming the deanship of forestry, Bray organized the Agricultural Division at Syracuse University. He remained at Syracuse until 1943 as chair of botany and Dean of the Syracuse Graduate School. In 1915, the same year that Dr. Bray published The Development of

1296-559: A joint convocation ceremony at the beginning of the academic year in August and combined commencement exercises in May. ESF and SU students share access to library resources, recreational facilities, student clubs, and activities at both institutions, except for the schools' intercollegiate athletics teams, affiliated with the USCAA and NCAA, respectively. The best known tradition among ESF students

1440-555: A law in 1885 for the preservation of forests which designated all state lands within certain counties in the Adirondacks and Catskills as Forest Preserve to be forever kept as wild forest lands. This forestry law also established a Forest Commission which was charged with care, custody, control and superintendence of the Forest Preserve. In 1894, Article VII, Section 7, (renumbered in 1938 as Article XIV, Section 1) of

1584-701: A majority of seats in the State Assembly, and Smith became Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. The following year, following the loss of the majority, he became the Minority Leader. When the Democrats reclaimed the majority after the next election, he was elected Speaker for the 1913 session. He became Minority Leader again in 1914 and 1915. In November 1915, he was elected Sheriff of New York County, New York . By now he

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1728-478: A note of personal condolence. Smith's grandchildren later recalled that he was greatly touched by it. After the 1928 election, Smith became the president of Empire State, Inc., the corporation that built and operated the Empire State Building . Construction for the building symbolically began on March 17, 1930, St. Patrick's Day , per Smith's instructions. Smith's grandchildren cut the ribbon when

1872-577: A report which was read at the  Albany Institute and printed by the  New York State Museum of Natural History . In 1872 he was named to the newly created post of Superintendent of the Adirondack Survey and given a $ 1000 budget by the state legislature to institute a survey of the Adirondacks. In 1873 he wrote a report arguing that if the Adirondack ;watershed was allowed to deteriorate, it would threaten

2016-704: A reputation of a "spokesman for ethnic minorities in Northern cities". As such, Smith's candidacy, coupled with Hoover's Southern concession, initiated abandonment of loyalty to the Republicans and embrace of the Democratic Party by African-American voters. Samuel O'Dell wrote in Phylon that 1928 black voters "bolted to the Democratic party in unprecedented numbers." Smith was also known as an economic progressive, and championed progressive reforms such as

2160-495: A shorter workweek, workers' compensation laws, as well as health and workplace safety reforms. Many of his reforms later inspired the New Deal, even though Smith himself came to oppose the New Deal legislation. A hallmark of Smith's progressivism was his support for and extensive ties to New York labor unions; Smith believed that workers need to be protected from economic exploitation, and became known for legislation that expanded

2304-453: A strong impression on him. Together with Perkins and Robert F. Wagner , Smith crusaded against dangerous and unhealthy workplace conditions and championed corrective legislation. The Commission, chaired by State Senator Robert F. Wagner, held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3,500 pages of testimony. They hired field agents to do on-site inspections of factories. Starting with

2448-592: A summer residence at Knollwood Club on Saranac Lake and a prime mover for the establishment of the Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserve (New York) , became a Syracuse University Trustee in 1910. He confided in Chancellor James R. Day his desire to have an agricultural and forestry school at the university, and by 1911 his efforts resulted in a New York State bill to fund the project: the aforementioned appropriation bill signed by Governor Dix. Marshall

2592-584: A useful barometer of the voting patterns of the New Deal era. Lichtman notes that the sole defining issue of the election was anti-Catholicism, which radically realigned states' voting patterns. States that had never voted Republican after Reconstruction such as Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia voted for Hoover, while Smith carried Massachusetts and Rhode Island—states that had never voted Democratic before save for 1912. Lichtman further proves this by pointing out that Smith and Hoover had very similar political views save for religion and Prohibition, and yet

2736-664: A vehement radio attack on the President, she invited him to stay at the White House . To avoid embarrassing the Roosevelts, he declined. Historian Robert Slayton observers that Smith and Roosevelt did not reconcile until a brief meeting in June 1941, and he also suggests that during the early 1940s the antipathy which Smith held toward his former ally had waned. Upon the death of Smith's wife Katie in May 1944, Roosevelt sent Smith

2880-525: A window." Smith later abandoned his criticism of the New Deal once Roosevelt arranged for the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to rent space in the Empire State Building , which eased Smith's financial problems. Shortly before his death in 1944, Smith changed his view of Roosevelt completely, speaking to a reporter: "He [Roosevelt] was the kindest man who ever lived, but don't get in his way." Although personal resentment

3024-649: Is a "specialized institution" of the State University of New York , meaning that curricula focus primarily on one field, the college's being environmental management and stewardship. Students may supplement their education with courses taken at Syracuse University. ESF has academic departments in the fields of chemistry; environmental and forest biology; environmental resources engineering; environmental studies ; sustainable resources management; landscape architecture ; and chemical engineering . Environmental science programs offer students integrative degrees across

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3168-828: Is behind Bray Hall. The tree is said to have grown from an acorn brought back by a faculty member from the Sherwood Forest in England. It was the first tree listed on the National Registrar of Historic Trees in the United States. Students in the forest and natural resources management curriculum may spend an academic year (48 credits) or summer at the Ranger School , in Wanakena, New York , earning an Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree in forest technology, surveying, or environmental and natural resources conservation. The campus, established in 1912,

3312-403: Is designed to direct and cluster development to minimize impact. Areas rounded to the nearest per cent. 49% of the park is privately owned, 45% state owned, and 6% is water. State wilderness areas account for 46% of the area of the park which is not private property. They are managed like federal wilderness areas . These areas are far more affected by nature than humanity, to the extent that

3456-399: Is incompatible with American democracy and institutions. Catholics were portrayed as reactionary despite being more left-wing than mainstream American Protestant congregations at the time. William Allen White , a renowned newspaper editor, warned that Catholicism would erode the moral standards of America, saying that "the whole Puritan civilization which has built a sturdy, orderly nation

3600-564: Is on the east branch of the Oswegatchie River that flows into Cranberry Lake , in the northwestern part of the Adirondack Park . It includes the 3,000-acre (12 km) James F. Dubuar Memorial Forest, named after a former director of the Ranger School. The ESF mission statement is "to advance knowledge and skills and to promote the leadership necessary for the stewardship of both the natural and designed environments." ESF

3744-508: Is released. It can be harvested without negatively affecting the environment. For this reason, ESF launched a program to grow its own biomass, known as the Willow Biomass Project . Benefits of woody willow include, high yields and fast growth times, quick re-sprouting, and high heat energy is produced when burned. Woody willow also increases habitat diversity significantly contributes to carbon neutrality. The Gateway Center

3888-424: Is that of Chainer or Chainsaw who supposedly graduated in 1993. Traditional events include: More than 19,000 have graduated from ESF since its founding in 1911. The college's Alumni Association was founded 14 years later, in 1925. Notable alumni include: From soon after its founding, ESF affiliated individuals have been responsible for establishing and leading prominent scientific and advocacy organizations around

4032-473: Is that walking across the quad is shunned. The tradition, which dates back to at least the early 1960s, is intended to inhibit tracks from being worn into the lawn. Hecklers have been known to yell and even tackle people walking across the quad. However, other activities such as frisbee and soccer are encouraged on the Quad. Eustace B. Nifkin , ESF's previous mascot, is an unofficial student. He first appeared in

4176-485: Is the site of the Adirondack Canoe Classic . Flatwater and whitewater canoeing and kayaking are very popular. Hundreds of lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams link to provide routes ranging from under one mile (1.6 km) to weeklong treks. Whitewater kayaking and canoeing are popular on many free-flowing rivers in the Adirondacks, particularly in the spring. Whitewater rafting trips are run in

4320-465: Is threatened by Smith." While Herbert Hoover avoided raising the issue of Catholicism on the campaign trail, he defended the Protestant actions in a private letter: There are many people of intense Protestant faith to whom Catholicism is a grievous sin, and they have as much right to vote against a man for public office because of that belief. That is not persecution. White rural conservatives in

4464-402: Is used for steam heating along with additional electricity. It has been estimated this building alone is responsible for reducing ESF's carbon footprint by 22%. Increased global awareness of global warming and reduced nonrenewable resources has driven ESF to invest in biomass. Biomass is a renewable resource that draws light energy, carbon dioxide, and water from the environment; in return oxygen

State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry - Misplaced Pages Continue

4608-491: Is where most academic, administrative, and student activity takes place. The campus is made up of nine main buildings: Bray Hall, Marshall Hall, Illick Hall, and Moon Library border the quad. Other buildings on the Syracuse campus include one for maintenance and operations, a garage, and a greenhouse converted to office space. Among planned new buildings is a research support facility. The historic Robin Hood Oak (photo below)

4752-694: The Hudson Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (HVIAC) since about the 2004–05 academic year. ESF competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include cross country, soccer and track & field; and co-ed sports include bass fishing and timber sports. The school's men's cross-country team are six-time USCAA national champions (2011-2014; 2021-2022). The women's cross-country team are three-time USCAA national champions (2018; 2021-2022). The men's soccer team

4896-567: The NAACP supported Smith, with Walter Francis White writing that "Governor Smith is by far the best man available for the Presidency" and arguing that Smith's "nomination and election would be the greatest blow at bigotry that has ever been struck." Smith attracted the attention of disheartened African-American voters, as he was unpopular in the South, faced prejudice as a Roman Catholic, and had

5040-592: The Pope in Rome would dictate his policies. Smith was also a committed "wet" (i.e., an opponent of Prohibition ); as New York governor, he had repealed the state's prohibition law. As a "wet", Smith attracted voters who wanted beer, wine, and liquor and did not like dealing with criminal bootleggers, along with voters who were outraged that new criminal gangs had taken over the streets in most large and medium-sized cities. Incumbent Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover

5184-617: The South also believed that Smith's close association with Tammany Hall , the Democratic machine in Manhattan, showed that he tolerated corruption in government, while they overlooked their own brands of it. Another major controversial issue was the continuation of Prohibition , the enforcement of which was widely considered problematic. Smith personally favored the relaxation or repeal of Prohibition laws because they had given rise to more criminality. The Democratic Party split North and South on

5328-673: The St. Regis Lakes . Although the climate during the winter months can be severe, with temperatures falling below −30 °F (−34.4 °C), a number of sanatoriums were located there in the early twentieth century because of the positive effect the air had on tuberculosis patients. Golf courses within the park border include the Ausable Club , the Lake Placid Club , and the Ticonderoga Country Club. Many of

5472-586: The State University of New York (SUNY) in 1948, the college became recognized as a specialized college within the SUNY system, and its name was changed to State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University. In 1972, the college's name was changed yet again to State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Unlike other state-supported degree-granting institutions which had been created at private institutions in New York State,

5616-470: The Yale School of Forestry . The forestry students at Syracuse but not at Cornell were referred to as "stumpies" by their classmates. Fifty-two students were enrolled in the school's first year, the first 11 graduating two years later, in 1913. Research at the college commenced in 1912, with a study of New York state firms using lumber, including from which tree species and in what quantities. In 1912,

5760-504: The (defunct) American Water Resources Association. ESF has an agreement with adjacent Syracuse University that allows ESF students to enjoy many amenities offered by SU. ESF students take courses at their sister institution, can apply for admission to concurrent degree and joint certificate programs, and may join any SU organization except for NCAA sports teams. SU students are also welcome to enroll in ESF classes. Because of this, students feel

5904-552: The 1928 election had a turnout of 57%, despite previous 1920s American elections having their turnouts below 50%. Christopher M. Finan (2003) says Smith is an underestimated symbol of the changing nature of American politics in the first half of the last century. He represented the rising ambitions of urban, industrial America at a time when the hegemony of rural, agrarian America was in decline, although many states had legislatures and congressional delegations biased toward rural areas because of lack of redistricting after censuses. Smith

State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry - Misplaced Pages Continue

6048-482: The 1934 or 1936 elections and rapidly declined in influence. It was officially dissolved in 1940. Smith's antipathy to Roosevelt and his policies was so great that he supported Republican presidential nominees Alf Landon in the 1936 election and Wendell Willkie in the 1940 election . According to Jonathan Alter , the reasons for Smith's opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal were principally personal rather than ideological. Roosevelt wronged Smith in 1931 by opposing

6192-467: The 1940s after a group of students summering in the Adirondacks thought him up. Ever since, he has appeared on class rosters, written articles for The Knothole , and sent mail to the college from around the world. He has a girlfriend, the lesser-known Elsa S. Freeborn. SUNY granted him a bachelor's degree in 1972. The Alumni Lounge in Marshall Hall is dedicated to Nifkin. Another well known legend

6336-498: The Adirondack Mountains, such as Whiteface Mountain (Wilmington), Mt. Pisgah (Saranac Lake), Gore Mountain (North Creek), West Mountain (Glen's falls), Hickory (Luzerne), and Mt. Morris (Tupper Lake) have been developed as ski areas. Hunting and fishing are allowed in the Adirondack Park, although in many places there are strict regulations. Because of these regulations, the large tourist population has not overfished

6480-527: The Adirondacks including Paul Smith's Hotel . About this time, the Great Camps were developed. Following the Civil War , Reconstruction Era economic expansion led to an increase in logging and deforestation , especially in the southern Adirondacks . In 1870 Verplanck Colvin made the first recorded ascent of Seward Mountain during which he saw the extensive damage done by lumbermen . He wrote

6624-516: The Adirondacks, a species that is unclear to have ever previously occupied the region, would continue after the late-19th century. After two previously failed attempts to introduce elk, in 1903, over 150 elk were reported by the State of New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commission to have been released and surviving in the park. The elk population increased for several years, only to decline and ultimately disappear due to poaching. To protect and maintain

6768-521: The Bible. Charles Hillman Fountain, a Protestant writer, insisted that Catholics should be barred from holding any office. Farris states that "More disturbing than the ridiculous and the dangerous was the respectable anti-Catholicism", as contemporary newspapers and Protestant churches tried to mask their anti-Catholicism as genuine concern. Protestant activists insisted that Catholicism represents an alien culture and medieval mentality, claiming that Catholicism

6912-576: The Blue Ox Woodsmen team. In addition to the intercollegiate USCAA and woodsman teams, ESF students participate on club sports teams at both ESF and Syracuse University, including ESF's competitive bass fishing team, and SU's quidditch team. Students at the Ranger School participate in the Ranger School Hockey Club. In one notable part of the college's history, Laurie D. Cox , professor of Landscape Architecture ,

7056-652: The CCC coming to the Park was their trapping and killing of "vermin", which were animals such as hawks, owls, fox, and weasels that preyed on other species sought after by hunters and fishermen. This proved to have unanticipated ecological consequences (most notably the overpopulation of deer) which were reported by the New York State Conservation Department in 1945. Ongoing efforts have been made to reintroduce native fauna that had been lost in

7200-456: The Census of 1920, did little to alter this state of affairs. Historians agree that prosperity, along with widespread anti-Catholic sentiment against Smith, made Hoover's election inevitable. He defeated Smith by a landslide in the 1928 United States presidential election , carrying five Southern states via crossover voting by conservative white Democrats. The fact that Smith was Catholic and

7344-472: The College of Forestry was the result of the above noted USDA Forest Service supported study of the wood-using industries of New York State. Since that time, the research initiatives of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF) have expanded greatly as faculty and students conduct pioneering studies, many with a global reach. ESF researchers delve into topics well beyond

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7488-612: The DEC) responded by building more facilities: boat docks, tent platforms, lean-tos, and telephone and electrical lines. With the building of Interstate 87 in the 1960s, private lands came under great pressure for development. This growing crisis led to the 1971 creation of the Adirondack Park Agency (APA) to develop long-range land-use plans for both the public and private lands within the Blue Line . In consultation with

7632-619: The DEC, the APA formulated the State Land Master Plan which was adopted into law in 1973. The plan is designed to channel much of the future growth in the Park around existing communities, where roads, utilities, services, and supplies already exist. In 2008 The Nature Conservancy purchased Follensby Pond – about 14,600 acres (5,900 ha) of private land inside the park boundary – for $ 16 million. The group plans to sell

7776-720: The Democratic candidate was his faith and not any political view. Bob Jones Sr. , a prominent Protestant pastor in South Carolina , said: I'll tell you, brother, that the big issue we've got to face ain't the liquor question. I'd rather see a saloon on every corner of the South than see the foreigners elect Al Smith president. A Methodist newspaper in Georgia called Catholicism "a degenerate type of Christianity," while Southern Baptist churches ordered their followers to vote against Smith, claiming that he would close down Protestant churches, end freedom of worship and prohibit reading

7920-706: The Mighty Oaks Student Assembly (formerly United Students Association), Graduate Student Association, the Guy A. Baldassare Birding Club, the Student Environmental Education Coalition, the Woodsmen Team, Bob Marshall Club, Alpha Xi Sigma Honor Society, Soccer Team, Sigma Lambda Alpha , The Knothole (weekly newspaper), Papyrus Club, The Empire Forester (yearbook), Landscape Architecture Club (formally

8064-768: The Mollet Club), Forest Engineers Club, Environmental Studies Student Organization, Habitat for Humanity , Ecologue (yearly journal), the Bioethics Society, Green Campus Initiative, Baobab Society, and the Sustainable Energy Club. Wanakena students have their own woodsmen and ice hockey teams. A number of professional organizations are also open to student membership, including the Society of American Foresters , The Wildlife Society , Conservation Biology club, American Fisheries Association, and

8208-553: The Mullan-Gage law. As governor, Smith became known nationally as a progressive who sought to make government more efficient and more effective in meeting social needs. Smith's young assistant Robert Moses built the nation's first state park system and reformed the civil service, later gaining appointment as Secretary of State of New York . During Smith's time in office, New York strengthened laws governing workers' compensation, women's pensions and children and women's labor with

8352-405: The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University was an autonomous institution not administratively part of Syracuse University. In 2000, SUNY System Administration established ESF's "primacy" among the 64 SUNY campuses and contract colleges for development of new undergraduate degree programs in Environmental Science and Environmental Studies. ESF's main campus, in Syracuse, New York ,

8496-411: The New York State Constitution was adopted, which reads in part: The lands of the state, now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed. In 1902, the legislature passed

8640-399: The PSC VIC hosts the Great Adirondack Birding Festival. Throughout the year visitors can partake of guided interpretive walks, regular outdoor activities, naturalist-led canoe paddles on Barnum Pond, and assorted workshops and programs. In the winter the trails are open for snowshoeing and cross-country skiing. The Adirondack Interpretive Center is situated on ESF's Huntington Wildlife Forest,

8784-500: The Park. A number of non-governmental organizations work for the park: The fur trade led to the near-extirpation of the beaver in the park by 1893. Other species, such as the moose , elk , wolf , and cougar were hunted either for their meat, for sport, or because they were seen as a threat to livestock. The historical presence in the area of animals such as the Canada lynx , wolverine , and caribou are unclear. Reintroduction efforts for beaver began around 1904 by introducing

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8928-401: The Paul Smith's College VIC, owned and operated by Paul Smith's College. Located on approximately 2,700 acres (11 km2) in Paul Smiths, New York , near Paul Smith's College , the Paul Smith's College Visitor Interpretive Center has approximately 25 miles of maintained trails. Throughout the property visitors will encounter every habitat type found in the Adirondack Park except alpine. Each spring

9072-487: The Planet" for 2013. The ranking relates in part to one of the school's newest programs, Sustainable Energy Management. Launched in 2013, the program focuses on energy markets, management, and resources. Global issues such as responsible energy use and development of sustainable energy sources are critical focal points in the STEM major. ESF is classified as a "Carnegie R2 Doctoral Universities: High Research Activity" institution. The first research report published in 1913 by

9216-414: The Republican Party prior to 1928. Hoover sought "Southern Strategy" for the election, and sided with the segregationist lily-white Republicans at the expense of the pro-civil rights black and tans . Prominent African Americans were removed from positions of leadership in the Republican Party and replaced with lily-white Republicans in order to appeal to the segregationist South, and Hoover's spokesmen in

9360-450: The Roosevelt presidency, Smith became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelt's New Deal . Smith was born at 174 South Street and raised in the Fourth Ward on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in 1873; he resided there for his entire life. His mother, Catherine (née Mulvihill), was the daughter of Maria Marsh and Thomas Mulvihill, who were immigrants from County Westmeath , Ireland. His father, baptised Joseph Alfred Smith in 1839,

9504-575: The South spoke of his commitment to white supremacy. Allan Lichtman wrote that Hoover "sought a permanent reorganization of southern Republicanism under the leadership of white racists." This action was taken to exploit the unpopularity of Smith in the South, as Hoover and his cabinet were "convinced that white Southern votes were more essential to a Hoover win than black ones". Hoover assured Southern voters that he "had no intention of appointing colored men" and pledged that he had "no intention—party platform notwithstanding—of foisting off an anti-lynch law on

9648-673: The State University of New York. A number of concurrent degree programs and certificates are offered between the schools. ESF receives an annual appropriation as part of the SUNY budget and the state builds and maintains all of the college's educational facilities. The state has somewhat similar financial and working relationships with five statutory colleges that are at Alfred University and Cornell University , although unlike ESF, these statutory institutions are legally and technically part of their respective host institutions and are administered by them as well. ESF faculty, students, and students' families join those from Syracuse University (SU) in

9792-487: The Vegetation of New York State , he became one of the founding members, along with Raphael Zon and Yale School of Forestry 's second dean, James W. Toumey, of the Ecological Society of America . In 1950, the 1917 "activist wing" of that Society formed today's The Nature Conservancy . Most of the professors in the early years of the College of Forestry at Syracuse and the Department of Forestry at Cornell's New York State College of Agriculture were educated in forestry at

9936-452: The Woods triggered the development of hotels and stage coach lines. William Henry Harrison Murray 's 1869 wilderness guidebook depicted the area as a place of relaxation and pleasure rather than a natural obstacle. Financier and railroad promoter Thomas Clark Durant acquired a large tract of central Adirondack land and built a railroad from Saratoga Springs to North Creek . By 1875, there were more than two hundred hotels in

10080-456: The area, and as such, the brooks, rivers, ponds and lakes are home to large trout and black bass populations. Although restricted from much of the park, snowmobile enthusiasts can ride on a large network of trails. The Adirondack Park Agency visitor interpretive centers are designed to help orient visitors to the park via educational programs, exhibits, and interpretive trails. Educational programs are available for school groups as well as

10224-409: The availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer . In 1911, the Democrats obtained

10368-406: The best college environmental programs in the nation by Treehugger.com , a website devoted to sustainability and environmental news. In 2007, DesignIntelligence magazine ranked ESF's undergraduate and graduate programs in "Landscape Architecture", respectively at No. 12 and No. 9 in the United States. The Online College Database ranked ESF at No. 6 on its list of "50 Colleges Committed to Saving

10512-908: The boundaries of central New York. Recent international sites of research interest include Madagascar, the Amazon floodplains, Mongolia and the Galapagos Islands. Vermont and the Sierra Nevada are other locales within the US where recent research has focused. Current research efforts include the Willow Biomass Project and the American Chestnut Research and Restoration Project which produced the Darling 58 chestnut tree. Many students identify themselves as

10656-634: The campus's buildings. Rooftop gardens provide reduced energy consumption and water runoff. Shrubbery, soil thickness, and moisture content all can contribute to increased energy savings . Gateway and other buildings on campus utilize rooftop gardens to reduce energy consumption and water runoff . The SUNY ESF athletic teams are called the Mighty Oaks. The college is a member the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), primarily competing in

10800-435: The cessation of state funding to the earlier New York State College of Forestry at Cornell . ESF is an autonomous institution, administratively separate from Syracuse University, while some resources, facilities and infrastructure are shared. The two schools share a common Schedule of Classes; students may take courses at both institutions, and baccalaureate diplomas from ESF bear the Syracuse University seal along with that of

10944-524: The church's liberal policies—particularly its uncompromising position against social and political segregation." Al Smith was supportive of racial equality and appointed African Americans to the New York City school system and civil service commission. Major black newspapers throughout the United States such as The Chicago Defender , Baltimore Afro-American and Norfolk Journal and Guide endorsed Smith for president, and prominent members of

11088-576: The college opened its Ranger School in Wanakena, New York , in the Adirondacks . The college began enrolling women as early as 1915, but the first women to complete their degrees—one majoring in landscape engineering and two in pulp and paper—graduated in the late 1940s. In January 1930, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt , recommending an allocation of $ 600,000 towards construction of the college's second building, in honor of Louis Marshall, recently deceased, noted that: "under [Marshall's] leadership and

11232-482: The commission that recommend the creation of the APA. This system of management is distinctly different from New York's state park system , which is managed by the Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation . According to the State Land Master Plan, state lands are classified. The Adirondack Park Land Use and Development Plan (APLUDP) applies to private land use and development. It defines APA jurisdiction and

11376-447: The confines of campus and other locations, to reduce its carbon emissions . The Gateway Center utilizes sustainable energy resources to generate power and heat utilized across the campus. The building includes a state-of-the-art, combined heat-and-power (CHP) system, producing 65% of campus heating needs along with 20% of its electrical needs. The CHP system uses biomass to drive a steam turbine and produce electricity, while natural gas

11520-524: The cost of milk. Smith lost his bid for re-election in the 1920 New York gubernatorial election , but was again elected governor in 1922 , 1924 and 1926 , with Farley managing his campaign. In his 1922 re-election, he embraced his position as an anti-prohibitionist. Smith offered alcohol to guests at the Executive Mansion in Albany, and repealed the state's Prohibition enforcement statute,

11664-507: The daily, living needs of those whom it is created to serve." However, Smith envisioned a progressive vision based on state and local intervention, and decentralizing power to specific locales and communities. He was ambivalent with regard to federal economic intervention, which eventually led him to oppose the New Deal legislation. Smith was first elected to the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 2nd D.) in 1904, and

11808-447: The descendant of Catholic immigrants was instrumental in his loss of the election of 1928. Historical hostilities between Protestants and Catholics had been carried by national groups to the United States by immigrants, and centuries of Protestant domination allowed myths and superstitions about Catholicism to flourish. Long-established Protestants had viewed the waves of Catholic immigrants from Ireland , Italy and Eastern Europe since

11952-525: The economic prosperity at the time. Smith felt slighted by Roosevelt during the latter's governorship. They became rivals in the 1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries after Smith decided to run for the nomination against Roosevelt, the presumed favorite. At the convention, Smith's animosity toward Roosevelt was so great that he put aside longstanding rivalries to work with McAdoo and Hearst to block Roosevelt's nomination for several ballots. That coalition fell apart when Smith refused to work on finding

12096-688: The elk population in the future, the DeBar Mountain Game Refuge was established within the Forest Preserve. This act of preserving the species was motivated for hunting purposes rather than an ecological or natural aspect. The Game Refuge was defined by a wire fence, numerous postings, and caretakers employed by the State. This effort to control nature was also observed in the actions of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), work crews who established access roads and water-supply expansion. A negative result of

12240-574: The family, and worked at a fish market for seven years. Prior to dropping out of school, he served as an altar boy, and was strongly influenced by the Catholic priests he worked with. He never attended high school or college, and claimed he learned about people by studying them at the Fulton Fish Market , where he worked for $ 12 per week. His acting skills made him a success on the amateur theater circuit. He became widely known, and developed

12384-418: The famous speech "A man as low and mean as I can picture", making a drastic break with publisher William Randolph Hearst . Hearst, known for his notoriously sensationalist and largely left-wing position in the state Democratic Party, was the leader of its populist wing in the city. He had combined with Tammany Hall in electing the local administration, and had attacked Smith for starving children by not reducing

12528-629: The general public. The Wild Center in Tupper Lake offers extensive exhibits about the natural history of the region, including a 1,000-foot-long series of elevated bridges that rise up over the forest on the center's campus. Many of the exhibits are live and include native turtles, otter, birds, fish and porcupines. The center, which is open year-round, has trails to a river and pond on its campus. The Adirondack Experience in Blue Mountain Lake contains an extensive collection about

12672-539: The goal of close cooperation with business. Smith joined the American Liberty League , an organization founded by conservative Democrats who disapproved of Roosevelt's New Deal measures and tried to rally public opinion against the New Deal. The League published pamphlets and sponsored radio programs, arguing that the New Deal was destroying personal liberty; however, the League failed to gain support in

12816-470: The help of Frances Perkins , soon to be President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Labor Secretary . In 1924, Smith unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president, advancing the cause of civil liberty by decrying lynching and racial violence. Roosevelt delivered the nominating speech for Smith at the 1924 Democratic National Convention in which he saluted Smith as "the Happy Warrior of

12960-798: The human settlement of the Park. The Six Nation Indian Museum in Franklin has as a mission to provide education about Iroquois (also known as Haudenosaunee) culture, particularly environmental ethics, and to reinforce traditional values and philosophies. This is done via artifacts, presentations, and hosted visits. The 46 highest mountains in the park, known as Adirondack High Peaks , were thought to be over 4,000 feet (1,219 m) when climbed by brothers Robert and George Marshall between 1918 and 1924. Surveys have since shown that four of these peaks — Blake Peak , Cliff Mountain , Nye Mountain and Couchsachraga Peak — are in fact just slightly under 4,000 feet (1,219 m). Some hikers try to climb all of

13104-604: The interests of all, rather than being divided by the interests of a few. Smith continued to promote the Empire State Building, which was derided as the "Empty State Building" due to a lack of tenants, in the years following its construction. In 1929, Smith was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame , considered the most prestigious award for American Catholics . In 1929 Smith

13248-475: The investigators that his department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions resulted in risk of a fire like that at the Triangle Factory. The State Commission's reports led to the modernization of the state's labor laws, making New York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform." New laws mandated better building access and egress, fireproofing requirements,

13392-456: The issue of fire safety, they studied broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to thirty-eight new laws regulating labor in New York State, and gave each of them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help the workers. New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told

13536-399: The issue, with the more rural South continuing to favor Prohibition. During the campaign, Smith tried to duck the issue with non-committal statements. Smith was an articulate proponent of good government and efficiency, as was Hoover. Smith swept the entire Catholic vote, which in 1920 and 1924 had been split between the parties; he attracted millions of Catholics, generally ethnic whites, to

13680-821: The land to the state, which will add it to the forest preserve once the remaining leases for recreational hunting and fishing on the property expire. Data compiled by the Adirondack Experience , Blue Mountain Lake, New York The park is managed by two state agencies; the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation , created in 1970 and headquartered in Albany ; and the Adirondack Park Agency, created in 1971 and headquartered in Ray Brook . Noted forest ranger Clarence Petty sat on

13824-423: The language of the article, and decades of legal experience in its defense, are widely recognized as having laid the foundation for the U.S. National Wilderness Act of 1964 . As a result of the legal protections, many pieces of the original forest of the Adirondacks have never been logged and are old-growth forest . Early in the 1900s, recreational use increased dramatically. The State Conservation Department (now

13968-480: The latter is practically unnoticeable, for example virgin forest. No powered vehicles are allowed in wilderness areas. The 19,000-acre (77 km ) Saint Regis Canoe Area , presently the only Canoe Area in the park, operates under essentially the same conditions as the Wilderness Areas. Private organizations are buying land in order to sell it back to New York State to be added to the public portion of

14112-514: The leadership of its late dean, Franklin Moon , the School of Forestry made giant strides until it became recognized as the premier institution of its kind in the United States". The cornerstone of Louis Marshall Memorial Hall was laid in 1931 by former Governor and presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith who was elected to assume the presidency of the college's board of trustees. With the formation of

14256-735: The mid-19th century with suspicion. In addition, many Protestants carried old fears related to extravagant claims of one religion against the other which dated back to the European wars of religion . They feared that Smith would answer to the Pope rather than the United States Constitution . Scott Farris notes that the anti-Catholicism of the American society was the sole reason behind Smith's defeat, as even contemporary Prohibition activists would admit that their main problem with

14400-460: The nation's top service-oriented colleges and universities for 2012 (and sixth in "community service participation and hours served"). Forbes Magazine ranked ESF #54 in its listing of "America's Best College Buys" for 2012. Forbes.com has also ranked ESF at No. 3 on its 2010 list of the 20 best colleges for women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). ESF is listed at No. 2, ahead of top programs like Duke, Cornell and Yale, among

14544-656: The natural sciences. The admission rate for applicants to ESF is 83 percent (Fall 2023). ESF is ranked at 74th in the 2025 US News & World Report rankings of the top public national universities. Furthermore, ESF is tied at 144th in the 2025 US News & World Report list of the best National Universities (both public and private). U.S. News & World Report ranked ESF as 64th best graduate school in Environmental/ Environmental Health Engineering category in 2016. The Washington Monthly College Guide ranked ESF No. 49 among

14688-501: The nomination of Al Smith, a northeastern reformer, did Democrats make gains among the urban, blue-collar and Catholic voters who were later to become core components of the New Deal coalition and break the pattern of minimal class polarization that had characterized the Fourth Party System ." However, historian Allan Lichtman 's quantitative analysis suggests that the 1928 results were based largely on religion and are not

14832-571: The notorious Tammany Hall political machine that controlled New York City politics during his era. Smith served in the New York State Assembly from 1904 to 1915 and held the position of Speaker of the Assembly in 1913. Smith also served as sheriff of New York County from 1916 to 1917. He was first elected governor of New York in 1918, lost his 1920 bid for re-election, and was elected governor again in 1922, 1924, and 1926. Smith

14976-456: The oft-repeated observation that Smith was defeated by "the three P's: Prohibition, Prejudice and Prosperity". The Republican Party was still benefiting from an economic boom, as well as a failure to reapportion Congress and the electoral college following the 1920 census, which had registered a 15 percent increase in the urban population. The party was biased toward small-town and rural areas. Its presidential candidate Herbert Hoover , who headed

15120-415: The original 46 peaks, and there is a Forty Sixers club for those who have done so. Cliffs with rock climbing and ice climbing routes are scattered throughout the park boundaries. The surface of many of the lakes lies at an elevation above 1,500 ft (457 m); their shores are usually rocky and irregular, and the wild scenery within their vicinity has made them very attractive to tourists. It

15264-439: The park are devoid of settlements and distant from usable roads. The park includes over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of hiking trails; these trails comprise the largest trail system in the nation. An estimated 7–10 million tourists visit the park annually. There are numerous accommodations, including cabins, hunting lodges, villas and hotels, in and around Lake Placid , Lake George , Saranac Lake , Old Forge , Schroon Lake and

15408-573: The park does contain large areas of wilderness, some areas developed to a varying degree. Census towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants include: Alfred E. Smith Governor of New York 1928 presidential campaign Other campaigns for president: Member of the New York State Assembly Alfred Emanuel Smith (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944) was the 42nd governor of New York , serving from 1919 to 1920 and again from 1923 to 1928. He

15552-770: The park during earlier exploitation. There are 53 known species of mammals that live in the park, including raccoons , moose , black bears , coyotes , opossums , beavers , porcupines , fishers , martens , river otters , and bobcats . Notable birds of prey that breed in the park include the red-tailed hawk , broad-winged hawk , peregrine falcon , osprey , great horned owl , barred owl , northern saw-whet owl , and turkey vulture . Other notable breeding birds include northern forest specialists like Canada jays , black-backed woodpeckers , boreal chickadees , spruce grouse , palm warblers , and yellow-bellied flycatchers . There are more than 3,000 lakes and 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of streams and rivers. Many areas within

15696-533: The park is regulated by the Adirondack Park Agency. The Adirondack Park contains 46 High Peaks , 2,800 lakes and ponds, 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of rivers and streams, and an estimated 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) of old-growth forests. It is home to 105 towns and villages, as well as numerous farms, businesses, and a timber-harvesting industry. The park has a population of 130,000 permanent and 200,000 seasonal residents, and sees over 12.4 million annual visitors. The inclusion of human communities makes

15840-570: The park one of the most successful experiments in conserving previously developed lands in the industrialized world. The Adirondack Forest Preserve was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963. Before the 19th century, the wilderness was viewed as desolate and forbidding. As Romanticism developed in the United States, the view of wilderness became more positive, as seen in the writings of James Fenimore Cooper , John Muir , Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson . The 1849 publication of Joel Tyler Headley 's Adirondack; or, Life in

15984-461: The park via educational programs, exhibits, and interpretive trails. Educational programs were available for school groups as well as the general public. Due to state fiscal and budgetary constraints, Governor David Paterson marked the VICs for closure on December 31, 2010, and in 2011, New York State sold both visitor centers to nearby colleges. The Paul Smith's VIC opened in 1989 and in 2011 became

16128-781: The passage of progressive legislation. It was during his early unofficial jobs with Tammany Hall that he gained renown as an orator. Smith's first political job was in 1895, as an investigator in the office of the Commissioner of Jurors as appointed by Tammany Hall. During his time as the Governor of New York, Smith became known as a progressive; David Farber wrote that "Smith became a strong and effective advocate of worker safety laws and championed, then and for years after, legislation aimed at giving workers more rights and protections against economic exploitation." He staunchly supported labor unions and pressed for protective legislation for

16272-482: The people for their health and pleasure", and for watershed protection. At 6.1 million acres (2.5 × 10 ^  ha), it is the largest park in the contiguous United States . Notable among parks in the United States, about 52 percent of the land is privately owned inholdings . The remaining 48 percent is publicly owned by the state as part of the Forest Preserve . Use of public and private lands in

16416-555: The political battlefield." Smith represented the urban, east coast wing of the party as an anti-prohibition "wet" candidate, while his main rival for the nomination, President Woodrow Wilson 's son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo , a former Secretary of the Treasury , stood for the more rural tradition and prohibition "dry" candidacy. The party was hopelessly split between the two. An increasingly chaotic convention balloted 100 times before both men accepted that neither would be able to win

16560-650: The polls for the first time, especially women, who were first allowed to vote in 1920. He lost important Democratic constituencies in the rural North as well as in Southern cities and suburbs. Smith did retain the loyalty of the Deep South, thanks in part to the appeal of his running mate, Senator Joseph Robinson from Arkansas , but lost five states of the Rim South to Hoover. Smith carried the popular vote in each of America's ten most populous cities, an indication of

16704-416: The power of labor unions, enhanced safety regulations, and provided essential services such as healthcare and education to impoverished neighbourhoods and working-class communities. However, Smith said little about his economic progressivism on the 1928 campaign trail, as the public was largely supportive of the conservative economic vision that the incumbent Republican administration pursued, crediting it with

16848-481: The proposal for an unequivocal stand for repeal of Prohibition postulated by Smith and his Northern progressive wing of the party. Moreover, many of Smith's proposals and policies from his time as governor of New York were expanded and turned into federal legislation within the New Deal, leading Smith to believe that Roosevelt stole his ideas and was taking credit for them at his expense. Speaking of Roosevelt in 1932, Smith proclaimed: "Frank Roosevelt just threw me out of

16992-450: The prosperous times. Undeterred, Smith returned to fight a determined campaign for the party's nomination in 1928. He was aided by the endorsement of Philip La Follette , son of 1924 Progressive Party presidential candidate Robert M. La Follette , who died in 1925 seven months after receiving 16.62 percent of the popular vote—the fifth-highest proportion for any third-party presidential candidate . Reporter Frederick William Wile made

17136-455: The remaining beaver in the Adirondacks to imported Canadian ones, and later, from Yellowstone . The population quickly grew to around 2000 in roughly ten years, and around 20,000 in 1921, with the addition of beavers in different areas of the park. Although the reintroduction was marked as an ecological success, the elevated beaver population was found to have negative economic impacts on waterways and timber sources. The introduction of elk to

17280-483: The required two-thirds of the votes, and so each withdrew. On the 103rd ballot, the exhausted party nominated the little-known candidate John W. Davis of West Virginia , a former congressman and United States Ambassador to Great Britain who had been a dark horse presidential candidate in 1920. Davis lost the election by a landslide to the Republican Calvin Coolidge , who won in part because of

17424-497: The rising power of the urban areas and their new demographics. Smith was not a very good campaigner. His campaign theme song, " The Sidewalks of New York ", had little appeal among rural Americans, who also found his 'city' accent slightly foreign when heard on radio. Smith narrowly lost his home state; New York's electors were biased in favor of rural upstate and largely Protestant districts. However, in 1928 his fellow Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt (a Protestant of Dutch old-line stock)

17568-534: The smooth oratorical style that characterized his political career. On May 6, 1900, Al Smith married Catherine Ann Dunn, with whom he had five children. In his political career, Smith built on his working-class beginnings, identifying himself with immigrants and campaigning as a man of the people. Although indebted to the Tammany Hall political machine (and particularly to its boss, "Silent" Charlie Murphy ), he remained untarnished by corruption and worked for

17712-571: The spring on the Moose River near Old Forge. Raft trips are possible on the Hudson River near North River from April to October, due to dam releases provided by the Town of Indian Lake. Motorboating is formally restricted on only a few bodies of water. The Adirondack Park Agency visitor interpretive centers (or VICs) were established in 1989 and 1990. The centers helped orient visitors to

17856-559: The viability of the  Erie Canal , which was then vital to New York 's economy. He was subsequently appointed superintendent of the New York state land survey. In 1873, he recommended the creation of a state forest preserve covering the entire Adirondack region. In 1884, a state legislative commission chaired by botanist Charles Sprague Sargent recommended establishment of a forest preserve, to be "forever kept as wild forest lands." The New York State Legislature subsequently passed

18000-492: The white South"; at the same time, Hoover heavily emphasized "his rural-Protestant roots" and appealed to the white voters' anti-urban and anti-Catholic sentiments, while also portraying Smith as a pro-civil rights candidate. According to Phylon , apart from the Catholics' perceived allegiance to the Pope over the United States, American anti-Catholicism was also racially motivated, as Southern Protestants "strongly opposed

18144-399: The workers, stressing the need to expand the rights of working women in particular. A “New Era Progressive”, Smith advocated local governnment funded facilities and services such as hospitals, parks and schools in poor and working-class areas. Speaking of the role of the state in 1927, Smith said: "The State is a living force. It must have the ability to clothe itself with human understanding of

18288-485: The world focused on the environment. Others have provided leadership to governmental environmental agencies. 43°02′05″N 76°08′08″W  /  43.034793°N 76.135475°W  / 43.034793; -76.135475 Adirondack Park The Adirondack Park is a park in northeastern New York protecting the Adirondack Mountains . The park was established in 1892 for "the free use of all

18432-471: The world's tallest skyscraper opened on May 1, 1931, which was May Day , an international labor celebration. Its construction had been completed in only 13 months, a record for such a large project. As with the Brooklyn Bridge , which Smith had seen being built from his Lower East Side boyhood home, the Empire State Building was both a vision and an achievement that had been constructed by combining

18576-603: The year staff conduct naturalist-led trail walks, guided paddles on Rich Lake, and assorted workshops and lectures. All trails are open in the winter for snowshoeing; cross-country skiing is permitted, and requires varying degrees of skill depending on trails and conditions. Management and ownership of the Newcomb center was assumed by the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF) on July 1, 2010, with program responsibility beginning January 1, 2011. While

18720-492: Was a leader of the Progressive movement in New York City and state. His campaign manager and top aide was Belle Moskowitz , a daughter of Jewish immigrants. After serving in the patronage-rich job of sheriff of New York County beginning in 1916, Smith was elected governor of New York in 1918 with the help of Tammany Boss Charles F. Murphy and James A. Farley , who brought Smith the upstate vote. In 1919, Smith gave

18864-451: Was aided by national prosperity , the absence of American involvement in war, and anti-Catholic bigotry , and he defeated Smith in a landslide in 1928 . Smith then entered business in New York City, and became involved in the construction and promotion of the Empire State Building . He sought the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination but was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt , his former ally and successor as governor of New York. During

19008-521: Was being constructed nearby. "The Brooklyn Bridge and I grew up together", Smith would later recall. His four grandparents were of ethnic German , Irish as well as Italian ancestry, but Smith identified more with the Irish-American community and became its leading spokesman in the 1920s. His father Alfred owned a small trucking firm, but died when Smith was 13. Aged 14, Smith had to drop out of St. James parochial school to help support

19152-418: Was connected to the hopes and aspirations of immigrants, especially Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe. Smith was a devout Catholic, but his struggles against religious bigotry were often misinterpreted when he fought the religiously inspired Protestant morality imposed by prohibitionists. The 1928 election initiated a complete voter realignment of African-Americans, who overwhelmingly supported

19296-520: Was elected president of the college's board of trustees at its first meeting, in 1911; at the time of his death, eighteen years later, he was still president of the board. The first dean of the college was William L. Bray , a Ph.D., graduate from the University of Chicago, botanist, plant ecologist, biogeographer and Professor of Botany at Syracuse University. In 1907 he was made head of the botany department at Syracuse, and in 1908 he started teaching

19440-414: Was elected to replace him as governor of New York. Farley left Smith's camp to run Roosevelt's successful campaign for governor in 1928, and then Roosevelt's successful campaigns for the Presidency in 1932 and 1936. Some political scientists believe that the 1928 election started a voter realignment that helped develop Roosevelt's New Deal coalition . One political scientist said, "...not until 1928, with

19584-617: Was invited to the 2012 USCAA National Championship Tournament in Asheville, North Carolina, making it to the semifinals. ESF has a long tradition of competing in intercollegiate woodsman competitions in the northeastern US and eastern Canada. The team came in first in both the men's and women's divisions of the northeastern US and Canadian 2012 spring meet. Students at the SUNY-ESF Ranger School , in Wanakena, compete as

19728-451: Was one factor in Smith's break with Roosevelt and the New Deal, Christopher Finan (2003) argues that Smith was consistent in his beliefs and politics—suggesting that Smith always believed in social mobility, economic opportunity, religious tolerance, and individualism. Historian David Farber argues that while Smith was always a "firm believer in the use of government to right wrongs", his vision

19872-503: Was one of the final stages in the school's Climate Action Plan , that encompasses the vision of carbon neutrality and reduced fossil fuel dependence by 2015. Currently, the school rests in Phase III of the program and is on track to reach its goal. Included in Phase III is the opening of The Gateway Center, retrofits to Illick Hall, and rooftop greenhouse replacement. One other advancement towards carbon neutrality can be seen on top of

20016-438: Was repeatedly elected to office, serving through 1915. After being approached by Frances Perkins , an activist to improve labor practices, Smith sought to improve the conditions of factory workers. Smith served as vice chairman of the state commission appointed to investigate factory conditions after 146 workers died in the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire . Meeting the families of the deceased Triangle factory workers left

20160-500: Was responsible for establishing Syracuse University 's renowned lacrosse program in 1916, including players from the New York State College of Forestry. ESF was founded in 1911 as the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, under the leadership of Syracuse University Trustee Louis Marshall , with the active support of Syracuse University Chancellor Day. Its founding followed several years after

20304-703: Was the Democratic Party 's presidential nominee in the 1928 presidential election , losing to Herbert Hoover of the Republican Party . The son of an Irish-American mother and a Civil War –veteran Italian-American father, true surname Ferraro, Smith was raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan near the Brooklyn Bridge . He resided in that neighborhood for his entire life. Although Smith remained personally untarnished by corruption, he—like many other New York Democrats—was linked to

20448-472: Was the foremost urban leader of the efficiency movement in the United States and was noted for achieving a wide range of reforms as the New York governor in the 1920s. Smith was the first Roman Catholic to be nominated for president of the United States by a major party. His 1928 presidential candidacy mobilized both Catholic and anti-Catholic voters. Many Protestants (including German Lutherans and Southern Baptists ) feared his candidacy, believing that

20592-547: Was the son of Emanuel Smith, an Italian marinaro (sailor). The elder Alfred Smith (Anglicized name for Alfredo Emanuele Ferraro) was the son of Italian and German immigrants. He served with the 11th New York Fire Zouaves in the opening months of the Civil War. Smith grew up with his family struggling financially in the Gilded Age ; New York City matured and completed major infrastructure projects. The Brooklyn Bridge

20736-489: Was ultimately based on decentralizing power to the states and local communities, which would have pursued public ownership and economic interventionism on local and regional level. Smith was also far less supportive of direct federal intervention, on which "he was ambivalent, even uncertain." Despite the break between the men, Smith and Eleanor Roosevelt remained close. In 1936, while Smith was in Washington, D.C. , making

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