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124-527: The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry was established in October 2015 to inquire into cases of abuse of children in care in Scotland. It was to report and make recommendations within four years by 2019. But this deadline was later changed to "as soon as reasonably practicable". Concerns have been raised about mounting costs and delays in the inquiry. Six years after the start of the on-going inquiry and long after

248-516: A criminal charge . As late as the 19th century, cruelty to children, perpetrated by employers and teachers, was commonplace and widespread, and corporal punishment was customary in many countries, but in the first half of the 19th century, pathologists studying filicide (the parental killing of children) reported cases of death from paternal rage, recurrent physical maltreatment, starvation, and sexual abuse. In an 1860 paper, French forensic medical expert Auguste Ambroise Tardieu gathered together

372-411: A French teacher in the 1950s and 1960s. By the time of the enquiry in 2021 Ray-Hills had died. David Stock, a former teacher at Loretto described a horrifying culture of sexual and physical abuse by older bullies at the school on younger pupils in the 1980s and early 1990s. When he brought this to the attention of the school authorities they dismissed them. He said the school authorities targeted him, he

496-514: A May 2019 study, published in the Cambridge University Press. Maltreated children may be at risk to become maltreating adults. Physical and emotional abuse have comparable effects on a child's emotional state and have been linked to childhood depression, low self-compassion, and negative automatic thoughts. Some research suggests that high stress levels from child abuse may cause structural and functional changes within

620-409: A baton. Tardieu made home visits and observed the effect on the children; he noticed that the sadness and fear on their faces disappeared when they were placed under protection. He commented, "When we consider the tender age of these poor defenceless beings, subjected daily and almost hourly to savage atrocities, unimaginable tortures and harsh privation, their lives one long martyrdom – and when we face

744-565: A child", and acts of omission (neglect), meaning "the failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm or potential harm". The United States federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum, "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation" or "an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm". As of 2006 ,

868-422: A close relationship with their parent, exhibit aggressive behavior or act nasty towards other children and animals. Older children may use foul language or act in a markedly different way to other children at the same age, struggle to control strong emotions, seem isolated from their parents, lack social skills or have few, if any, friends. Children can also experience reactive attachment disorder (RAD). RAD

992-426: A crucial structure in the brain's reward circuits is compromised by childhood abuse and neglect, and predicts Depressive Symptoms later in life. In the case of 23 of the 27 illnesses listed in the questionnaire of a French INSEE survey, some statistically significant correlations were found between repeated illness and family traumas encountered by the child before the age of 18 years. According to Georges Menahem ,

1116-463: A curious bimodal distribution, idiopathic in infants and traumatic in adults, while unexplained ossifying periostitis of the long bones was similar to that occurring after breech extractions. In 1946, John Caffey, the American founder of paediatric radiology, drew attention to the association of long bone fractures and chronic subdural haematoma, and, in 1955, it was noticed that infants removed from

1240-455: A feel around...." Other comments were "You had to accept there was a form of corruption and basically the school would behave in whatever manner pleased it...” and (talking about bullying) that staff did “nothing whatsoever” to help pupils. A lawyer for Merchiston Castle school said at the inquiry that "it was clear with at least one former member of staff the dots were never to be joined. The school profoundly regrets and sincerely apologises for

1364-543: A former monk at St. Ninian's and St. Joseph's school in Tranent, was convicted in 2021 of a further 29 offences against boys at these schools between 1961 and 1981. Murphy subjected boys, some as young as seven or eight, to electric shocks, and brutal beatings and whippings. One victim described how Murphy pushed him into a hole filled with urine and excrement. Another said Murphy made him eat his own vomit. One more victim reported that Murphy crushed his hand and little finger in

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1488-461: A fraction of children suffering physical abuse. Cigarette burns or scald injuries may also prompt evaluation for child physical abuse. The long-term impact of child abuse and neglect on physical health and development can be: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study is a long-running investigation into the relationship between childhood adversity, including various forms of abuse and neglect, and health problems in later life. The initial phase of

1612-626: A house in Scotland, with the understanding that when two other monasteries should have been founded they should all form a separate Scottish congregation. The suggestion was approved of, and the Anglo-Benedictine authorities resolved to incorporate with the Scottish monastery Lamspringe Abbey , in Hanover , which was manned by English monks from 1645 to 1803. Inadequacy of funds had prevented any lasting restoration of this house, but with

1736-431: A lack of parental warmth. The WHO defines physical abuse as: Intentional use of physical force against the child that results in – or has a high likelihood of resulting in – harm for the child's health, survival, development, or dignity. This includes hitting, beating, kicking, shaking, biting, strangling, scalding, burning, poisoning, and suffocating. Much physical violence against children in

1860-539: A large sum of the children who were abused are now currently addicted to alcohol. This case study outlines how addiction is a significant effect of childhood abuse. Children who have a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of developing psychiatric problems, or a disorganized attachment style. In addition, children who experience child abuse or neglect are 59% more likely to be arrested as juveniles, 28% more likely to be arrested as adults, and 30% more likely to commit violent crime. Disorganized attachment

1984-558: A more difficult time forming and maintaining relationships, such as romantic or friendship, later in life due to the lack of attachment they had in their earlier stages of life. Child abuse can result in immediate adverse physical effects but it is also strongly associated with developmental problems and with many chronic physical and psychological effects, including subsequent ill-health, including higher rates of chronic conditions, high-risk health behaviors and shortened lifespan. Child abuse has also been linked to suicide , according to

2108-533: A prolonged series of legal challenges to the extradition process, MacKenzie was extradited in February 2020 and made his first appearance in a Scottish Court on fourteen separate charges the day after arriving back in Scotland. The Scottish prosecution dropped its case against MacKenzie in November 2021 as a result of a 'change in circumstances'. In August 2021, after two years of investigation and deliberation,

2232-623: A relationship of responsibility, trust or power." The WHO also says, "Violence against children includes all forms of violence against people under 18 years old, whether perpetrated by parents or other caregivers, peers, romantic partners, or strangers." In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses the term child maltreatment to refer to both acts of commission (abuse), which include "words or overt actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to

2356-545: A restaurant, gift shop and a number of franchised businesses including a boat operator and re-enactment centre. The enterprises initially showed great promise, becoming a major tourism force in the Highlands, but it was discovered that the buildings more costly repairs than had been envisaged. A larger project was being considered with finance from Historic Scotland and the Local Enterprise Company, but

2480-406: A series of 32 such cases, of which 18 were fatal, the children dying from starvation and/or recurrent physical abuse; it included the case of Adeline Defert, who was returned by her grandparents at the age of 8, and for 9 years tortured by her parents – whipped every day, hung up by her thumbs and beaten with a nailed plank, burnt with hot coals and her wounds bathed in nitric acid, and deflorated with

2604-743: A single mass grave near the home contained the bodies of up to 400 children. Fort Augustus Abbey School and Carlekemp Priory were run by Benedictine monks. Smith concluded: "Children were sexually abused at both schools. A number of monks were serial sexual predators and, because of the movement of monks between Fort Augustus and Carlekemp, they were able to target victims at both schools. Children were cruelly beaten by sadistic monks at both schools, and some beatings had sexual overtones. Children were humiliated and punished inappropriately and excessively. Some children complained to monks in positions of responsibility about being abused. They received either non-existent or inadequate responses." A representative of

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2728-547: A teacher. The report also noted that some older pupils at Morrison’s abused younger children, primarily within the boarding houses. This included physical abuse sexual abuse and bullying. Prefects also inflicted physical violence, emotional abuse and corporal punishment. Child abuse Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute

2852-432: A tendency for victims to blame themselves ( self-blame ) for the abuse, learned helplessness , and overly passive behavior in order to avoid such a situation again. Child neglect is the failure of a parent or other person with responsibility for the child, to provide needed food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision to the degree that the child's health, safety or well-being may be threatened with harm. Neglect

2976-517: A vice. This later caused gangrene and the finger had to be partially amputated. Dave Sharp, a survivor who gave evidence during this case study has been critical of the study outlining that he was prevented from giving evidence about being trafficked as a child. There have been reports of Sexual abuse cases in the Congregation of Christian Brothers in Australia, Canada, England, Ireland and

3100-497: A way of coping, physically abused children may rely on primitive defense mechanisms such as projection , introjection , splitting , and denial . They may also have impaired impulse control and a negative self-concept, which can lead to self-destructive behavior. Victims of childhood abuse also have different types of physical health problems later in life. Some reportedly have some type of chronic head, abdominal, pelvic, or muscular pain with no identifiable reason. Even though

3224-506: Is a legal requirement for those who work with children or in law enforcement to report child sexual abuse which is law in most other countries in the world. The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry has given no indication if they will support this law reform. Many criticisms have been made against the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. One of the more concerning criticisms is documented in a book by John Halley, former counsel to

3348-647: Is a relationship between child physical and sexual abuse and suicide. For legal and cultural reasons as well as fears by children of being taken away from their parents most childhood abuse goes unreported and unsubstantiated. It has been discovered that childhood abuse can lead to the addiction of drugs and alcohol in adolescence and adult life. Studies show that any type of abuse experienced in childhood can cause neurological changes making an individual more prone to addictive tendencies. A significant study examined 900 court cases of children who had experienced sexual and physical abuse along with neglect. The study found that

3472-432: Is also a lack of attention from the people surrounding a child, and the non-provision of the relevant and adequate necessities for the child's survival, which would be a lack of attention, love, and nurturing. Some observable signs of child neglect include: the child is frequently absent from school, begs or steals food or money, lacks needed medical and dental care, is consistently dirty, or lacks appropriate clothing for

3596-889: Is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting out symptoms. A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited symptoms of disorganized attachment . When some of these children become parents, especially if they have PTSD, dissociative symptoms, and other sequelae of child abuse, they may encounter difficulty when faced with their infant and young children's needs and normative distress, which may in turn lead to adverse consequences for their child's social-emotional development. Additionally, children may find it difficult to feel empathy towards themselves or others, which may cause them to feel alone and unable to make friends. Despite these potential difficulties, psychosocial intervention can be effective, at least in some cases, in changing

3720-724: Is defined as markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness, that usually begins before the age of 5 years. RAD can present as a persistent failure to start or respond in a developmentally appropriate fashion to most social situations. The long-term impact of emotional abuse has not been studied widely, but recent studies have begun to document its long-term consequences. Emotional abuse has been linked to increased depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships (Spertus, Wong, Halligan, & Seremetis, 2003). Victims of child abuse and neglect are more likely to commit crimes as juveniles and adults. Domestic violence also takes its toll on children; although

3844-596: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System corroborate these high rates. There is a high correlation between the number of different adverse childhood experiences (A.C.E.s) and risk for poor health outcomes in adults including cancer, heart attack, mental illness, reduced longevity, and drug and alcohol abuse. An anonymous self-reporting survey of Washington State students finds 6–7% of 8th, 10th and 12th grade students actually attempt suicide. Rates of depression are twice as high. Other risk behaviors are even higher. There

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3968-471: The Congregation of Christian Brothers , a Catholic organisation) was "a place of abuse and deprivation" particularly from 1969 until the school closed in 1983. The Christian Brothers were able to "pursue their abusive practices with impunity" and the evidence against them was "shocking and distressing". Children in care suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse. Michael Madigan, a representative for

4092-510: The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) identify multiple factors at the level of the individual, their relationships, their local community, and their society at large, that combine to influence the occurrence of child maltreatment. At the individual level, studies have shown that age, mental health, and substance use, and a personal history of abuse may serve as risk factors of child abuse. At

4216-645: The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry published its findings on Fort Augustus Abbey School and its preparatory feeder school Carlekemp Priory School in North Berwick . Lady Smith concluded in her report that "There was a culture of violence at both schools that terrorised many children." She added: "Children were sexually abused at CK[Carlekemp] and FA[Fort Augustus] over many years. Both schools were havens for paedophiles where they had easy access to their chosen victims," concluding "there

4340-431: The language barrier , and other nations remained ignorant of the cause of many traumatic lesions in infants and toddlers; almost one hundred years would pass before humankind began to systematically confront Tardieu's "appalling problem". In the 20th century, evidence began to accumulate from pathology and paediatric radiology, particularly in relation to chronic subdural haematoma and limb fractures: subdural haematoma had

4464-550: The "fagging" system teachers outsourced discipline of younger boys to older boys who treated the younger boys as slaves. “I witnessed kids set on fire, their genitals mutilated from gang beatings with boots. Boys were raped with objects in front other boys. We were beaten with hockey sticks and cricket bats daily. Beds were urinated and defecated on by our tormentors. I was whipped with belt buckles, thrown down flights of stairs, waterboarded in dirty toilets, locked in trunks, strangled. Kids were hung out of windows, their heads beaten off

4588-468: The 1950s and 1960s suffered emotional, sexual and physical abuse. Martin Crewe, the head of Barnardo's Scotland, said in 2020: "We absolutely apologise for what happened to those individuals. Any instance of abuse is absolutely unacceptable.” Quarriers Homes were summarised in the inquiry's report as institutions where children in their care suffered physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Lady Smith said of

4712-406: The 1970s-1980s, there had been severe bullying. Some former pupils described incidents of sexual abuse and rape in the decades up to the 1980s. Kerr said "It's been devastating to see the impact of abuse at Gordonstoun has had on them." At the time of the inquiry Scottish Police were investigating three former teachers at Keil School for abusing children. A teacher of drama and English who taught in

4836-524: The 1970s. In 2013, the former headmaster issued an apology for abuse committed by Alexander. In 2019, the Australian government ruled that he could be extradited, though this has yet to receive final approval from the Federal Court of Australia. In June 2021, Alexander pleaded guilty to two charges of lewd, indecent and libidinous practices against two boys between 1973 and 1976. In May 2017,

4960-492: The 1990s have been accused of molesting boys at Edinburgh Academy. Graham Buck, a former pupil at the junior boarding house, described how, from the age of eight and a half, he was subjected to a systematic campaign of physical and sexual abuse by teacher Iain Wares. He was woken up in the middle of the night and beaten with a wooden bat on several occasions by Wares. Another former pupil, broadcaster Nicky Campbell , described how he

5084-969: The Benedictine monks order gave an "unreserved apology" to everyone affected by the abuse. In 2013 the BBC broadcast a documentary called "Sins of our Fathers" about the Fort Augustus Abbey School. They described it as uncovering "the shocking truth of physical and sexual abuse at one of Scotland's most prestigious Catholic boarding schools". Five former pupils at Carlekemp Priory School in North Berwick and Fort Augustus Abbey said in this documentary that they were raped by Father Aidan Duggan between 1953 and 1974 when they were young boys. Duggan died in Australia in 2004. Denis Alexander, who had emigrated to Australia, in 2021 pleaded guilty to two charges of lewd, indecent and libidinous practices against two boys at Fort Augustus between 1973 and 1976 and

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5208-475: The Christian Brothers said the congregation acknowledged with "deepest regret" that children had been abused. Two teachers, Paul Kelly and former headmaster John Farrell, at the school were convicted in 2016 for abusing boys in their care and sentenced to ten years and five years in jail. A third monk, Brother Ryan, had already died in 2013 and could not be tried. In 2022 a former pupil (called AB in

5332-538: The Flies" with vicious beatings and improper touching by some staff. One housemaster, James Rainy Brown, was reported as watching first year boys sit naked in a bath of cold water as their punishment (Brown later committed suicide while being investigated by the police). Another teacher named Edward had a reputation for inappropriately touching boys after punishment or after an injury at sports - described by one as “Usually when he had caned boys he would massage them, then have

5456-467: The French sociologist who found out these correlations by studying health inequalities, these relationships show that inequalities in illness and suffering are not only social. Health inequality also has its origins in the family, where it is associated with the degrees of lasting affective problems (lack of affection, parental discord, the prolonged absence of a parent, or a serious illness affecting either

5580-480: The Roman Catholic Church (5) Child migrants – Abuse of children whose departure from Scotland to countries such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand was part of the child migration programmes (6) boarding schools and (7) foster care case study. The inquiry investigated over 100 locations of over 50 residential care establishments for children where there were child abuse claims. Between 2018 and 2021

5704-566: The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry issued a report that dealt mainly with children in the care of Smyllum Park orphanage, Lanark (1864-1981) and Bellevue Children's Home, Rutherglen (1912-1961) run by the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul . Children were abused sexually and beaten with leather straps, hairbrushes and crucifixes. The children experienced "no love, no compassion, no dignity and no comfort". The inquiry report states that, for example: The Daughters of Charity responded that

5828-423: The Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry. Halley's book A Judicial Monstering: Child Sex Abuse Cover Up And Corruption In Scotland documents his experience of the removal of the first panel by seconded civil servants working for the inquiry and the Scottish government. This panel consisted of Susan O'Brien KC, Professor Michael Lamb and Glenn Houston with John Halley as counsel. Halley outlines how he was hounded to resign by

5952-544: The Scottish government continued interference. The media contact for the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry is being managed by the PR firm 3x1 Public Relations. By 2022 the inquiry was on its seventh phase. These phases were: (1) Opening statements and timetable (2) Residential child care establishments run by Catholic Orders (3) Residential child care establishments run by non-religious and voluntary organisations (4) Residential child care establishments run by male religious orders within

6076-400: The U.S. in 2013, of the 294,000 reported child abuse cases only 81,124 received any sort of counseling or therapy. Treatment is greatly important for abused children. On the other hand, there are some children who are raised in child abuse, but who manage to do unexpectedly well later in life regarding the preconditions. Such children have been termed dandelion children , as inspired from

6200-558: The USA. Aberlour was also reported by the inquiry to be a child care institution where children suffered physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Sally Ann Kelly, the chief executive of Aberlour, said ""We welcome today's interim findings from Smith and wish to again reiterate our unreserved apology to those who suffered abuse while in the care of Aberlour." The inquiry concluded in their report that children in care of Barnardo's homes at Tyneholm, Balcary, Glasclune and Craigerne in Scotland in

6324-491: The United States, about 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children. Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often brothers, sisters, fathers, mothers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbours; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. In over one-third of cases,

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6448-444: The United States, affecting nearly 3 million children annually. Research has suggested that the consequences of child psychological abuse may be equally as harmful as those of sexual or physical abuse. Victims of emotional abuse may react by distancing themselves from the abuser, internalizing the abusive words, or fighting back by insulting the abuser. Emotional abuse can result in abnormal or disrupted attachment development ,

6572-532: The World Health Organization distinguishes four types of child maltreatment: physical abuse ; sexual abuse ; emotional (or psychological) abuse ; and neglect . Among professionals and the general public, there is disagreement as to what behaviors constitute physical abuse of a child. Physical abuse often does not occur in isolation but as part of a constellation of behaviors including authoritarian control, anxiety-provoking behavior, and

6696-702: The abbey as Apostolic Visitor. In 1889, special constitutions, based upon those of the Beuron Benedictine Congregation, were adopted, with the approval of the Holy See, for a term of ten years. These, after certain modifications suggested by experience, received definite approbation in 1901. From 1893 the Solesmes version of the Gregorian melodies was used in all liturgical services. A church of large size, designed by Peter Paul Pugin ,

6820-520: The abbey school. A BBC Scotland Investigates programme, entitled Sins of Our Fathers , reported allegations that Fort Augustus Abbey was used as a "dumping ground" for clergy previously accused of abuse elsewhere. Some 50 former pupils spoke of their experiences. Many former pupils reported only good memories, but there were accounts of violence and sexual assault including rape by monks. The programme contains evidence against seven Fort Augustus monks; two headmasters have also been accused of covering up

6944-500: The abuse. The head of the Benedictines, Richard Yeo, apologised to any victims. In particular, five men were raped or sexually abused by Aidan Duggan, an Australian monk who taught at Carlekemp Priory School in North Berwick and Fort Augustus Abbey between 1953 and 1974. The priest Denis "Chrysostom" Alexander repeatedly sexually abused a pupil. Despite being told not to by Alexander, the pupil told his parents, who complained to

7068-466: The article's publication, injuries to children—even repeated bone fractures—were not commonly recognized as the results of intentional trauma. Instead, physicians often looked for undiagnosed bone diseases or accepted parents' accounts of accidental mishaps such as falls or assaults by neighborhood bullies. The study of child abuse emerged as an academic discipline in the early 1970s in the United States. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl maintained that despite

7192-628: The brain, and therefore cause emotional and social disruptions. Abused children can grow up experiencing insecurities, low self-esteem , and lack of development. Many abused children experience ongoing difficulties with trust, social withdrawal, trouble in school, and forming relationships. Babies and other young children can be affected differently by abuse than their older counterparts. Babies and pre-school children who are being emotionally abused or neglected may be overly affectionate towards strangers or people they have not known for very long. They can lack confidence or become anxious, appear to not have

7316-565: The buildings of a dismantled fort, built in 1729 and originally erected for the suppression of Highland Jacobites . It had been purchased from the Government by the Lovat family, in 1867. The monastic buildings begun in 1876 were completed in 1880, occupying the four sides of a quadrangle about one hundred feet square. In one wing a school for boys of the upper classes was conducted by the monks, with lay masters, for about sixteen years. Up to

7440-617: The business was closed down before this could be put into effect. The heritage centre was closed in 1998 and when the monks left, the buildings, which had been leased to the monks at £5 per year, reverted to the Lovat Family and were later sold to a consortium including television presenter Terry Nutkins . The original abbey website from its time as visitor centres is remains live. In 2013, The Observer newspaper reported that Scottish police were investigating allegations that pupils had been subject to physical and sexual abuse while at

7564-581: The care of aggressive, immature and emotionally ill parents developed no new lesions. As a result, professional inquiry into the topic began again in the 1960s. The July 1962 publication of the paper "The Battered Child-Syndrome" authored principally by pediatrician C. Henry Kempe and published in The Journal of the American Medical Association represents the moment that child maltreatment entered mainstream awareness. Before

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7688-483: The chances of experienced behavioral and emotional problems (depression, irritability, anxiety, academic problems, and problems in language development). The immediate physical effects of abuse or neglect can be relatively minor (bruises or cuts) or severe (broken bones, hemorrhage, death). Certain injuries, such as rib fractures or femoral fractures in infants that are not yet walking, may increase suspicion of child physical abuse, although such injuries are only seen in

7812-480: The child is not the one being abused, the child witnessing the domestic violence is greatly influenced as well. Research studies conducted such as the "Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Child Abuse and Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence", show that 36.8% of children engage in felony assault compared to the 47.5% of abused/assaulted children. Research has shown that children exposed to domestic violence increases

7936-600: The child, among other problems. Children who are the victims are also at an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections due to their immature immune systems and a high potential for mucosal tears during forced sexual contact. Sexual victimization at a young age has been correlated with several risk factors for contracting HIV including decreased knowledge of sexual topics, increased prevalence of HIV, engagement in risky sexual practices, condom avoidance, lower knowledge of safe sex practices, frequent changing of sexual partners, and more years of sexual activity. As of 2016 , in

8060-459: The children that "scant regard was paid to their dignity".and they lived in "harsh, rigid regimes." Quarriers also said that their former policy of sending children abroad was "misguided and wrong." The chief executive of Quarriers, Alice Harper, apologised and sad "Vulnerable children were sent away and we recognise that some also suffered physical and emotional abuse, including sexual abuse." Seventeen former staff members and teachers from 1953 to

8184-487: The code, the Edinburgh omertà ". The inquiry estimated that generally in Wares' classes about three quarters of the children were abused. Fettes College accepted that Iain Wares, one of its teachers in the junior school, sexually molested boys from 1973 to 1979 and admitted liability. Fettes had sacked Wares in 1979 but described him in a leaving testimonial as “fit, able, conscientious and a man of total integrity.” Wares

8308-412: The court) was awarded a £1.4 million in damages for the abuse he suffered from these monks at the school. AB described how he had been beaten, raped and molested by Kelly, Farrell and Ryan, and forced to watch other children being abused. The three Christian Brothers often used a dormitory called the "Favourite boys room" where children could be heard screaming while they were being abused. Michael Murphy,

8432-469: The deliberate infliction of serious injuries, or actions that place the child at obvious risk of serious injury or death, to be illegal. Bruises, scratches, burns, broken bones, lacerations—as well as repeated "mishaps", and rough treatment that could cause physical injuries—can be physical abuse. Multiple injuries or fractures at different stages of healing can raise suspicion of abuse. The psychologist Alice Miller , noted for her books on child abuse, took

8556-408: The diversity of acts that qualify as child abuse, are also factors. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and child maltreatment as "all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of

8680-417: The doctor's attention for a problem unrelated to abuse or after experiencing an acute injury, but when examined, they show signs of long-term abuse. In most cases, the caretakers try to justify the visible injuries by blaming them on minor accidents. When asked, parents may attribute the injuries to a child's behaviour or habits, such as being fussy or clumsy. Despite the abuse, the child may show attachment to

8804-440: The events and practices described were not in accordance with their values, and that they would give the report "our utmost attention". They apologised to anyone who suffered abuse while in their care. In August 2018 police arrested and charged nuns and other former staff of Smyllum Park, eleven women and a man (later increased to 17), regarding alleged child physical and sexual abuse. About 11,600 children passed through Smyllum and

8928-471: The fact that such experiences were endured by some pupils." He offered an "unreserved apology" on behalf of the school. The headmaster, Jonathan Anderson admitted that there had been abuse at the school between 1930 and 2014. However Anderson said it was "not fair" to single out boys schools as a "predatory culture" was an issue for all schools. The report of the Inquiry into Morrison's Academy concluded that

9052-413: The fact that their tormentors are the very mothers who gave them life, we are confronted with one of the most appalling problems that can disturb the soul of a moralist, or the conscience of justice". His observations were echoed by Boileau de Castélnau (who introduced the term misopédie – hatred of children), and confirmed by Aubry and several theses . These early French observations failed to cross

9176-449: The first to describe the battered-child syndrome in 1962. The battered-child syndrome is a term used to describe a collection of injuries that young children sustain as a result of repeated physical abuse or neglect. These symptoms may include: fractures of bones , multiple soft tissue injuries, subdural hematoma (bleeding in the brain), malnutrition , and poor skin hygiene. Children suffering from battered-child syndrome may come to

9300-759: The foster and adoptive populations manifest different emotional and behavioral reactions to regain lost or secure relationships and are frequently reported to have disorganized attachments and a need to control their environment. Such children are not likely to view caregivers as being a source of safety, and instead typically show an increase in aggressive and hyperactive behaviors which may disrupt healthy or secure attachment with their adopted parents. These children seem to have learned to adapt to an abusive and inconsistent caregiver by becoming cautiously self-reliant, and are often described as glib, manipulative and disingenuous in their interactions with others as they move through childhood. Children who are victims of neglect can have

9424-415: The ground until they foamed at the mouth...." Abuse survivors have accused Smith of displaying bias after claiming she cut and pasted positive descriptions about Loretto directly from its website and placing this in the final report. Lady Smith concluded that "Loretto pupils suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse." Former pupils at Merchiston described how life for children there was akin to "Lord of

9548-465: The growing numbers of child advocates and interest in protecting children which took place, the grouping of children into "the abused" and the "non-abused" created an artificial distinction that narrowed the concept of children's rights to simply protection from maltreatment, and blocked investigation of how children are discriminated against in society generally. Another effect of the way child abuse and neglect have been studied, according to Young-Bruehl,

9672-439: The hand or with an implement – whip, stick, belt, shoe, wooden spoon, etc. But it can also involve, for example, kicking, shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching, biting, pulling hair or boxing ears, forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions, burning, scalding, or forced ingestion (for example, washing children's mouths out with soap or forcing them to swallow hot spices). Most nations with child abuse laws deem

9796-464: The help promised by Lord Bute, it seemed possible to revive it in Scotland. Jerome Vaughan, a brother of Herbert Cardinal Vaughan , was appointed to superintend the work, and succeeded in collecting from rich and poor in England, Scotland, and Ireland, sufficient means for the erection of a fine monastery a cost of some £70,000. The site at Fort Augustus was given by the 13th Lord Lovat . It comprised

9920-576: The home is inflicted with the object of punishing. Overlapping definitions of physical abuse and physical punishment of children highlight a subtle or non-existent distinction between abuse and punishment, but most physical abuse is physical punishment "in intent, form, and effect". As of 2006, for instance, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro wrote in the UN Secretary-General's Study on Violence Against Children: Corporal punishment involves hitting ('smacking', 'slapping', 'spanking') children, with

10044-506: The inquiry heard 14 days of evidence, described as "shocking", about Edinburgh academy. The evidence made clear that witnessing, and sometimes being made to participate in, abuse was as traumatic as being abused. Survivors said "We were made feral". When actor Iain Glen spoke out about his abuse in 2002, "the wrath of [wealthy Edinburgh suburbs] Morningside and Muirfield and Murrayfield rained down on his head with biblical fury because he'd broken

10168-405: The inquiry issued several reports including four case reports on care homes in Scotland. In 2021 the inquiry investigated several boarding schools for child abuse including some of Scotland's most famous private schools - Fettes College , Gordonstoun , Loretto , Merchiston Castle , Morrison's Academy (when it was a boarding school), Keil School and Queen Victoria School . In October 2018

10292-726: The inquiry's report brings recognition of their suffering and loss." Dumfries council took over St. Joseph's college in 1981 and the Marist Brothers closed the St. Columba's College in 1982. The inquiry found in their report that, between 1933 and 1984, children who had been in the care of Sisters of Nazareth orphanages had encountered sexual abuse "of the utmost depravity." The Sisters of Nazareth said “As we have said before, we apologise wholeheartedly and unreservedly to those who suffered any form of mistreatment." Lady Smith's report concluded that St. Ninian's (a residential school run by

10416-531: The late 1980s and 1990s (he had been jailed for sexual abusing a boy at a previous English school), another teacher who was at the school from 1991 to 1997 (who committed suicide after being accused) and a third teacher who was there from 1991 to 1997. The school acknowledged that there had been child abuse at the school from 1997 to 2000. The school closed in July 2000. Loretto school admitted that pupils were sexually, physically and emotionally abused by Guy Ray-Hills

10540-487: The level of society, factors contributing to child maltreatment include cultural norms that encourage harsh physical punishment of children, economic inequality , and the lack of social safety nets . WHO and ISPCAN state that understanding the complex interplay of various risk factors is vital for dealing with the problem of child maltreatment. Fort Augustus Abbey Fort Augustus Abbey , properly St Benedict's Abbey, at Fort Augustus , Inverness-shire , Scotland,

10664-913: The literature. Child maltreatment can also be an umbrella term covering all forms of child abuse and child neglect . Defining child maltreatment depends on prevailing cultural values as they relate to children, child development , and parenting . Definitions of child maltreatment can vary across the sectors of society which deal with the issue, such as child protection agencies, legal and medical communities, public health officials, researchers, practitioners, and child advocates . Since members of these various fields tend to use their own definitions, communication across disciplines can be limited, hampering efforts to identify, assess, track, treat, and prevent child maltreatment. In general, abuse refers to (usually deliberate) acts of commission while neglect refers to acts of omission. Child maltreatment includes both acts of commission and acts of omission on

10788-805: The majority of childhood abuse victims know or believe that their abuse is, or can be, the cause of different health problems in their adult life, for the great majority their abuse was not directly associated with those problems, indicating that they were most likely diagnosed with other possible causes for their health problems, instead of their childhood abuse. One long-term study found that up to 80% of abused people had at least one psychiatric disorder at age 21, with problems including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide attempts. One Canadian hospital found that between 36% and 76% of women mental health outpatients had been sexually abused, as had 58% of female patients with schizophrenia and 23% of male patients with schizophrenia. A recent study has discovered that

10912-405: The mother or father) that individuals report having experienced in childhood. Many children who have been abused in any form develop some sort of psychological disorder. These disorders may include: anxiety, depression, eating disorders, OCD, co-dependency , or even a lack of human connections. There is also a slight tendency for children who have been abused to become child abusers themselves. In

11036-470: The new chair Lady Smith even when being diagnosed and treated for cancer. Halley brought a disability discrimination claim against Lady Smith and various legal claims which have been marred with conflict of interest and corruption allegations against the Scottish legal world. Halley if he had remained in his position would have continued to push for the investigation of child abuse allegations against senior legal establishment including Lord Hardie . To this date

11160-420: The new chair has refused to investigate the allegations despite it being within the terms of reference. Retired judge Anne Smith was appointed as chairwoman of the inquiry in July 2016. She is supported by a secretariat team, a legal team and legal council. Prior to the appointment of Smith, the inquiry had a chair, Susan O'Brien, and two panel members, Michael Lamb and Glen Houston. Lamb resigned because of

11284-416: The original deadline, Anne Smith released a report which was critical of the previous Scottish government for the 'woeful and avoidable' delay in setting up the inquiry. As of September 2023, after nearly 8 years of the inquiry running, Smith has published zero recommendations to improve the lives of children in care. Victims have called for new laws of mandatory reporting to be implemented in Scotland. This

11408-444: The outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact with a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography . Selling the sexual services of children may be viewed and treated as child abuse rather than simple incarceration. Effects of child sexual abuse on

11532-406: The parent. Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Sexual abuse refers to the participation of a child in a sexual act aimed toward the physical gratification or the financial profit of the person committing the act. Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of

11656-484: The part of parents or caregivers that cause actual or threatened harm to a child. Some health professionals and authors consider neglect as part of the definition of abuse , while others do not; this is because the harm may have been unintentional, or because the caregivers did not understand the severity of the problem, which may have been the result of cultural beliefs about how to raise a child. Delayed effects of child abuse and neglect, especially emotional neglect, and

11780-582: The perpetrator is also a minor. In 1999 the BBC reported on the RAHI Foundation 's survey of sexual abuse in India , in which 76% of respondents said they had been abused as children, 40% of those stating the perpetrator was a family member. There are multiple definitions of child psychological abuse: In 2014, the APA found that child psychological abuse is the most prevalent form of childhood abuse in

11904-484: The priest Michael "Benedict" Seed, a former housemaster, headmaster and chemistry teacher at Fort Augustus, was found guilty of assaulting one former pupil at the school during the 1970s and five other charges against him were found as not proven by a majority of the jury. Giving evidence to the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry in July 2019, Seed was confronted about an admission he had made to Bishop Hugh Gilbert in 2013 about two indecent sexual relationships with minors at

12028-542: The property to the Scottish community, by signing the title deeds, which for a time had been held over. In 1888, Leo Linse of the Beuronese Benedictine Congregation , who had resided for more than ten years in England, part of that time as superior of Erdington Priory , near Birmingham , was nominated abbot by the Holy See and received the abbatial benediction at the hands of Ignatius Persico , Archbishop of Tamiathis , who had been sent to

12152-425: The publishers) they utilize the methodology of social research to define child abuse, illuminate strategies for remedying and preventing child abuse, and examine how professionals and the community view child mistreatment . Definitions of what constitutes child abuse vary among professionals, between social and cultural groups, and across time. The terms abuse and maltreatment are often used interchangeably in

12276-407: The school "...harboured a culture of violence and emotional abuse. " Staff at Morrison’s used corporal punishment excessively and inappropriately, and the school's response to this misuse was insufficient. Former pupils at the school described how teachers took"delight" in caning children. One ex-pupil described how, when he was 12 or 13, his wrist was broken because of the savage beating he got from

12400-576: The school, who did not inform police. Alexander was sent back to his native Australia, where he was eventually stripped of priestly faculties. The headmaster at the time refused to be interviewed for the BBC programme, but made a statement apologising to the victim and his family for Alexander's abuse. The NSPCC called for an independent investigation. In 2017, Denis Alexander was arrested in Sydney , Australia, and faces an extradition for sexual and physical abuse he reportedly committed at Fort Augustus in

12524-508: The school. Seed made no further comment on the matter. He retired as parish priest of the village of Brora in 2013 and died of COVID-19 in 2020. In 2019, the priest Robert MacKenzie was arrested in Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada, and faced extradition for abuse he reportedly committed at the Abbey between the 1950s and 1980s. Canada's Minister of Justice approved this extradition. Following

12648-1004: The study was conducted in San Diego, California from 1995 to 1997. The World Health Organization summarizes the study as: childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction contribute to the development – decades later – of the chronic diseases that are the most common causes of death and disability in the United States... A strong relationship was seen between the number of adverse experiences (including physical and sexual abuse in childhood) and self-reports of cigarette smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, attempted suicide, sexual promiscuity and sexually transmitted diseases in later life. A long-term study of adults retrospectively reporting adverse childhood experiences including verbal, physical and sexual abuse, as well as other forms of childhood trauma found 25.9% of adults reported verbal abuse as children, 14.8% reported physical abuse, and 12.2% reported sexual abuse. Data from

12772-472: The trust of children and their families." Lady Smith found staff at St. Columba's were serial sex offenders. In 2019 a former teacher, Peter Toner, was jailed for sexually abusing five children at St. Columba's. Another teacher, Germanus Paul (David McKell) was also identified by Smith as an abuser of children. In 1998 former teacher Norman Bulloch was found not guilty of abusing a pupil at the St. Columba's College between 1971 and 1972. However, in 2001 Bulloch

12896-559: The victim(s) include guilt and self-blame , flashbacks , nightmares , insomnia , fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), self-esteem difficulties, sexual dysfunction , chronic pain , addiction , self-injury , suicidal ideation , somatic complaints, depression , PTSD, anxiety , other mental illnesses including borderline personality disorder and dissociative identity disorder , propensity to re-victimization in adulthood, bulimia nervosa , and physical injury to

13020-640: The view that humiliations, spankings, and beatings, slaps in the face, etc. are all forms of abuse, because they injure the integrity and dignity of a child, even if their consequences are not visible right away. Physical abuse as a child can lead to physical and mental difficulties in the future, including re-victimization, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative disorders, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, eating disorders, substance use disorders, and aggression. Physical abuse in childhood has also been linked to homelessness in adulthood. C. Henry Kempe and his colleagues were

13144-416: The way that dandelions seem to prosper irrespective of soil, sun, drought, or rain. Such children (or currently grown-ups) are of high interest in finding factors that mitigate the effects of child abuse. Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes. No single factor can be identified as to why some adults behave abusively or neglectfully toward children. The World Health Organization (WHO) and

13268-500: The ways maltreated parents think about their young children. Physically abused children may exhibit various types of psychopathology and behavioral deviancy. These include a general impairment of ego functioning, which can be associated with cognitive and intellectual problems. They may also struggle with forming healthy relationships and may fail to develop basic trust in others. Additionally, these children may experience traumatic reactions that can result in acute anxiety states . As

13392-718: The weather. The 2010 Child Maltreatment Report ( NCANDS ), a yearly United States federal government report based on data supplied by state Child Protective Services (CPS) Agencies in the U.S., found that neglect/neglectful behavior was the "most common form of child maltreatment". Neglectful acts can be divided into six sub-categories: Neglected children may experience delays in physical and psychosocial development, possibly resulting in psychopathology and impaired neuropsychological functions including executive function , attention , processing speed , language, memory and social skills . Researchers investigating maltreated children have repeatedly found that neglected children in

13516-575: The year 1882 St Benedict's monastery remained under the jurisdiction of the Anglo-Benedictine Congregation, but in response to the wishes of the Scottish hierarchy, and of the leading Scottish nobility—notably Lords Lovat and Bute— Pope Leo XIII , by his Brief " Summâ cum animi lætitiâ ", dated 12 December 1882, erected it into an independent abbey, immediately subject to the Holy See, thus separating it from English rule. When this step had been accomplished, Lovat made over

13640-402: Was 13. Another girl was raised 7.7 metres in the air in a bosun's chair on a sailing boat and left there for 2.5 hours. A male former pupil said he was drugged and assaulted by a teacher when he was 12 at Aberlour (a feeder school for Gordonston). Andrew Keir, a teacher between 1988 and 1991, was convicted of lewd acts with three boys and was jailed for 12 months. Other children described how there

13764-400: Was a Benedictine monastery, from late in the nineteenth century to 1998 that also housed a school for boys until 1993. It owed its inception to the desire of the 3rd Marquess of Bute for the restoration of monasticism in Scotland. The Marquess brought the matter before the superiors of the Anglo-Benedictine Congregation in 1874, promising substantial pecuniary help in the establishment of

13888-435: Was a "culture of fear" because older and stronger boys would attack, torment and abuse the younger children. There was no help from the school staff. One former pupil said; “No one talked about bullying or pupil to pupil abuse nor did anyone seem concerned about it.” The Principal of the school, Lisa Kerr, said she was shocked to learn that former pupils had been sexually and physically abused while at school and admitted that, in

14012-525: Was a range of sexual abuse, including oral sex and sodomy." On allegations of decades of systemic physical abuse perpetrated by monks, teachers and older pupils at both schools, Lady Smith writes: "I am satisfied that the regimes at CK and FA were ones where boys were regularly physically abused. Former pupils provided the Inquiry with clear and credible evidence of examples of that abuse. It went far above and beyond what ought to have been acceptable in any school or residential setting." She concluded "Bullying

14136-478: Was badly beaten up by a teacher who was a leading light in the scripture union. His mother confronted the teacher and received an apology, but the school hushed it up. Campbell also witnessed sexual abuse on his class mates and described Wares as "one of the worst paedophiles in British criminal history". After complaints from parents Wares left in 1973 with an excellent reference from Edinburgh Academy. In 2023 Wares

14260-459: Was closed in 1977 and Fort Augustus in 1993. Between 1951 and 1980 children in the care of St Joseph's College and St Columba's College suffered abuse that was "shocking and distressing" according to Smith. She said: "Both schools had flawed systems that allowed abusers driven by sexual motives to have easy access to children in their care" and "Marist Brothers in positions of trust at both boarding schools violated their monastic vows and breached

14384-406: Was commenced in 1890, replacing a temporary wooden one. In 1993, owing to changing educational patterns in Scotland which caused a falling roll, Abbot Mark Dilworth decided to close the school. This left the monks with no form of outreach and a drastic drop in income. Inverness and Nairn Enterprise (part of Highlands and Islands Enterprise ) introduced the monks to entrepreneur Tony Harmsworth, who

14508-468: Was commissioned to install a small Heritage exhibition to provide an immediate income for the monks while he devised a rescue package. It quickly became clear that a small business could never generate sufficient income to support the monks and the rambling Victorian buildings so a major project was begun. The business comprised the largest private heritage exhibition in Scotland, study bedrooms converted into tourist bedrooms (which could be used for retreats),

14632-411: Was forced to resign and sign a non-disclosure agreement. The school responded: "...To anyone who suffered abuse while attending Loretto, we deeply regret the distress caused and offer an unreserved apology.". Angus Bell, a former pupil gave evidence to the enquiry and sued the school for £1 million in 2023 because he was sexually, emotionally and physically abused by older pupils in the 1990s. He said under

14756-444: Was found guilty of the sexual assault of two boys at St Joseph's College between 1972 and 1976 and was jailed for 8 years. A spokesman for the Marist Brothers said "The Marist Brothers are deeply sorry for the pain and hurt caused to all those who were abused by Marist Brothers, and to others who were affected by the abuse. "We offer our unreserved apology. The Marist Brothers recognise the courage of those who came forward and hope that

14880-476: Was jailed for four years and five months. Michael "Benedict" Seed, a former teacher at Fort Augustus, was found guilty of assaulting one child at the school during the 1970s. Five other charges against him were not proven . Robert MacKenzie, who had emigrated to Canada, was extradited from Canada to Scotland in 2020 at the age of 87 to face 14 charges of sexual and physical abuse of young boys at Fort Augustus and Carlekemp. These charges were later dropped. Carlekemp

15004-592: Was living in South Africa and fighting an extradition request to the UK. He admitted abusing children but not with "intent". A spokeswoman for the school said in March 2023 "We would also like to reiterate that we deeply regret what has happened in the past. As any like-minded person, we are appalled by such behaviour and we would encourage anyone who has been the victim of abuse to contact Police Scotland." In August 2023

15128-402: Was rife in both schools, especially at FA. Monks were aware that bullying was prevalent. They failed to control the bullying; on the contrary, there was clear and credible evidence that bullying was encouraged. The nature and extent of the physical abuse meant that many children at the schools lived in constant fear." [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in

15252-618: Was then able to take up a job teaching in South Africa where he continued to abuse children. After refusing to prosecute Wares until January 2021, the Scottish Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service later in 2021 agreed to seek his extradition from South Africa where he was then living. One former pupil was awarded $ 450,000 in damages in 2022 for abuse suffered at the school. The enquiry found 82 cases of bullying and 11 alleged incidents of abuse at Gordonstoun. One girl described how she had been raped by an instructor when she

15376-521: Was to close off consideration of how children themselves perceive maltreatment and the importance they place on adults' attitudes toward them. Young-Bruehl wrote that when the belief in children's inherent inferiority to adults is present in society, all children suffer whether or not their treatment is labeled as "abuse". Two of the many academics who studied and published about child abuse and neglect, Jeanne M. Giovannoni and Rosina M. Bercerra, published Defining Child Abuse in 1979. In it (according to

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