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31-693: Smbat , Sambat , Smpad or Sempad may refer to: Smbat IV Bagratuni (died 616/7), Armenian noble in Byzantine and Sasanian service, marzpan of Hyrcania and Armenia Smbat VI Bagratuni (died 726), presiding prince of Armenia Smbat VII Bagratuni (died 775), presiding prince of Armenia Smbat I (850–912), Smbat the Martyr, king of Armenia from 890 to 912 Smbat II , king of Armenia from 977 to 990 Smbat III (died 1042), king of Armenia from 1020 to 1040. Also known as Hovhannes-Smbat of Ani. Sempad

62-440: A female to a bull after being entirely stripped of all her clothing was one aspect of her shaming, the implications being that she was not regarded in the same way as attired male competitors and allowed to fight any "beast" but rendered helpless, and that being denuded in public would imply a charge of adultery on the part of the woman. Those who survived the first animal attacks were either brought back out for further exposure to

93-474: A person condemned to death, was himself thrown to a lion , but overcame the beast with his bare hands and became one of Alexander's favorites. It is important to note that this has no real proof, and if real was likely a weakened/juvenile lion . In northern Africa, during the Mercenary War , Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca threw prisoners to the beasts, whereas Hannibal forced Romans captured in

124-691: A rebellion against the Byzantines, was captured and sent to Constantinople, where he was condemned to death and was thrown to be devoured by the beasts in the Hippodrome of Constantinople . He was pardoned at the last minute by Maurice, who then banished him to some "distant islands" and later to Africa . Smbat returned from exile some time after, and entered the service of the Sasanian shah Khosrow II , who in 595 appointed him marzban (military governor) of Hyrcania (the southern coastlands of

155-481: A slave girl Felicitas, were reserved as a finale to the executions to face a wild cow. Since it was thought that public nudity would not cast doubt on their fidelity, further degradation was added by not only fully exposing them to the beast but using one of their own sex rather than the usual male animal. The implication was that the women were shown as not being women enough to commit adultery. After having all their clothing removed Perpetua and Felicitas were driven into

186-601: A week. Some historians believe that the mass export of animals to Rome had a serious impact on wildlife numbers in North Africa. The use of damnatio ad bestias against Christians began in the 1st century AD. Tacitus states that during the first persecution of Christians under the reign of Nero (after the Fire of Rome in AD 64), people were wrapped in animal skins (called tunica molesta ) and thrown to dogs. This practice

217-698: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Smbat IV Bagratuni Smbat was the son of Manuel Bagratuni . He is first mentioned some time in the 580s, when the Byzantine emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) requested the Armenian nobles to raise cavalry for service in his wars against the Avars . Smbat and Sahak Mamikonian led a thousand-strong unit each to Constantinople , where they were richly rewarded and sent home. Sebeos also adds that Maurice supposedly adopted Smbat at this occasion. In 589, however, Smbat led

248-569: Is no evidence for Christians being executed at the Colosseum in Rome. According to Roman laws , Christians were: The spread of the practice of throwing Christians to beasts was reflected by the Christian writer Tertullian (2nd century AD). He states that the general public blamed Christians for any general misfortune and after natural disasters would cry "Away with them to the lions!" This

279-483: Is the only reference from contemporaries mentioning Christians being thrown specifically to lions. Tertullian also wrote that Christians started avoiding theatres and circuses, which were associated with the place of their torture. " The Passion of St. Perpetua, St. Felicitas, and their Companions " , a text which purports to be an eyewitness account, as written by Vibia Perpetua, of a group of Christians condemned to damnatio ad bestias at Carthage in AD 203, states that

310-590: The Caspian Sea ). Smbat served in this post until 602, but was initially employed in suppressing the rebellion of Vistahm in Khorasan , before being recalled to reside at the royal court in Ctesiphon . There he received further honours, and was also appointed Lesser Minister of Finance. In ca. 607 ("the eighteenth year of Khosrow's reign") he was sent back to Armenia with extensive powers as "Commander of

341-587: The Punic Wars to fight each other, and the survivors had to stand against elephants . Lions were rare in Ancient Rome and human sacrifice was banned there by Numa Pompilius in the 7th century BC, according to legend. Damnatio ad bestias appeared there not as a spiritual practice but rather a spectacle. In addition to lions, other animals were used for this purpose, including dogs , wolves , bears , leopards , tigers , hyenas , and crocodiles . It

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372-472: The 2nd century BC, had been part of a wider class of blood sports called Bestiarii . The act of damnatio ad bestias was considered a common form of entertainment for the lower class citizens of Rome ( plebeians ). Killing by wild animals, such as Barbary lions , formed part of the inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre in AD 80. Between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, this penalty

403-532: The African city of Carthage in 146 BC. It was originally a military punishment, possibly borrowed from the Carthaginians. Rome reserved its earliest use for non-Roman military allies found guilty of defection or desertion. The sentenced were tied to columns or thrown to the animals, practically defenseless (i.e. obicĕre bestiis ). Some documented examples of damnatio ad bestias in Ancient Rome include

434-544: The Armenian administrative capital of Duin , overriding the objections of the local Persian authorities". In the next year, Smbat received the honorific title Khosrow Shun ("the Joy or Satisfaction of Khosrow"), and about this time led a campaign on behalf of Khosrow against the Hephthalites , whom he defeated, possibly killing their king in single combat. After that, he retired to the royal court, where he lived amidst

465-594: The Armenian national movement Smbat Lputian (born 1958), Armenian chess grandmaster Sambat (Greek: Σαμβατάς ) is sometimes considered to have been used as the Khazar name for Kyiv Sam Bat , a Canadian manufacturer of baseball bats Smbat Walls , a historical fortification in Armenia See also [ edit ] Symbatios (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

496-676: The Constable (1208–1276), noble in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Diplomat, judge, historian and military commander, brother of King Hetoum I Sempad, King of Armenia (1277–1310), king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1296 to 1298 Smbat Shahaziz (1840–1908), Armenian poet Smpad Piurad (1862–1915), Armenian writer and victim of the Armenian Genocide Smbat Baroyan (1875–1956), Armenian fedayee commander during

527-790: The Roman Morning School, which received its name by the timing of the games. These schools taught not only fighting but also the behavior and taming of animals. The fighters were released into the arena dressed in a tunic and armed only with a spear (occasionally with a sword). They were sometimes assisted by venators (hunters), who used bows, spears and whips. Such group fights were not human executions but rather staged animal fighting and hunting. Various animals were used, such as elephants , rhinoceroses , wild boars , buffaloes , hippopotamuses , aurochs , bears, lions, tigers, leopards, hyenas, and wolves. The first such staged hunting ( Latin : venatio ) featured lions and panthers, and

558-544: The arena covered only in see-through netting. As this proved too much for the crowd, they were brought back to be clothed in plain loose garments before being sent in again to face the beast. This is also not the only instance of such treatment being used on Christian women, many also customarily subjected to other punishments and harsh tortures beforehand. More generally though, in contrast to their clothed male counterparts, women were tied fully naked to stakes or pillars with their hands behind their backs. Full body exposure of

589-571: The army of the lords of houses". His tenure in Armenia was short but productive: as N. Garsoian writes, "Smbat’s extraordinary powers allowed him to reaffirm the authority of the Persian crown in Persarmenia , to restore the prestige of the weakened Armenian Church by summoning a council that elected a new katholikos , Abraham I, after a vacancy of three years, and to rebuild the cathedral of

620-465: The beasts or executed in public by a gladiator . The persecution of Christians ceased by the 4th century AD. The Edict of Milan (AD 313) gave them freedom of religion. Roman laws, which are known to us through the Byzantine collections, such as the Code of Theodosius and Code of Justinian , defined which criminals could be thrown to beasts (or condemned by other means). They included: The sentenced

651-567: The following: Strabo witnessed the execution of the rebel slaves' leader Selurus . The bandit Laureolus was crucified and then devoured by an eagle and a bear, as described by the poet Martial in his Book of Spectacles . Such executions were also documented by Seneca the Younger ( On anger, III 3), Apuleius ( The Golden Ass, IV, 13), Titus Lucretius Carus ( On the Nature of things ) and Petronius Arbiter ( Satyricon , XLV). Cicero

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682-480: The honours accorded to him by Khosrow until his death in 616/7. He was succeeded by his son, Varaztirots . Damnatio ad bestias Damnatio ad bestias ( Latin for "condemnation to beasts") was a form of Roman capital punishment where the condemned person was killed by wild animals, usually lions or other big cats . This form of execution, which first appeared during the Roman Republic around

713-455: The men were required to dress in the robes of a priest of the Roman god Saturn , the women as priestesses of Ceres . They were brought back out in separate groups and first the men, then the women, exposed to a variety of wild beasts. At the resistance of Perpetua, however, the tribune relented and the prisoners were allowed to enter wearing their own clothing. The two young women, Perpetua and

744-647: The souls of exceptionally sinful humans, as well as other lion-like deities, such as Sekhmet , who, according to legend, almost devoured all of humanity soon after her birth. There are also accounts of feeding lions and crocodiles with humans, both dead and alive, in Ancient Egypt and Libya . Similar condemnations are described by historians of Alexander the Great 's campaigns in Central Asia . A Macedonian named Lysimachus , who spoke before Alexander for

775-456: The title Smbat . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smbat&oldid=1253692817 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Hidden categories: Articles containing Greek-language text Short description

806-401: Was deprived of civil rights ; he could not write a will, and his property was confiscated. Exception from damnatio ad bestias was given to military servants and their children. Also, the law of Petronius ( Lex Petronia ) of AD 61 forbade employers to send their slaves to be eaten by animals without a judicial verdict. Local governors were required to consult a Roman deputy before staging

837-448: Was also applied to the worst of criminals, runaway slaves, and Christians . The exact purpose of the early damnatio ad bestias is not known and might have been a religious sacrifice rather than a legal punishment, especially in the regions where lions existed naturally and were revered by the population, such as Africa, India and other parts of Asia. For example, Egyptian mythology had a chimeric Underworld demon, Ammit , who devoured

868-642: Was arranged by Marcus Fulvius Nobilior in 186 BC at the Circus Maximus on the occasion of the Greek conquest of Aetolia . The Colosseum and other circuses still contain underground hallways that were used to lead the animals to the arena. The custom of submitting criminals to lions was brought to ancient Rome by two commanders, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus , who defeated the Macedonians in 167 BC, and his son Scipio Aemilianus , who conquered

899-548: Was combined with gladiatorial combat and was first featured at the Roman Forum and then transferred to the amphitheaters . Whereas the term damnatio ad bestias is usually used in a broad sense, historians distinguish two subtypes: obicĕre bestiis (to throw to beasts) where the humans are defenseless, and damnatio ad bestias , where the punished are both expected and prepared to fight. In addition, there were professional beast fighters trained in special schools, such as

930-417: Was followed by other emperors who moved it into the arena and used larger animals. Application of damnatio ad bestias to Christians was intended to equate them with the worst criminals, who were usually punished this way. There is a widespread view among contemporary specialists that the prominence of Christians among those condemned to death in the Roman arena was greatly exaggerated in earlier times. There

961-778: Was indignant that a man was thrown to the beasts to amuse the crowd just because he was considered ugly. Suetonius wrote that when the price of meat was too high, Caligula ordered prisoners, with no discrimination as to their crimes, to be fed to circus animals. Pompey used damnatio ad bestias for showcasing battles and, during his second consulate (55 BC), staged a fight between heavily armed gladiators and 18 elephants. The most popular animals were tigers , which were imported to Rome in significant numbers specifically for damnatio ad bestias . Brown bears , brought from Gaul , Germany and even North Africa , were less popular. Local municipalities were ordered to provide food for animals in transit and not delay their stay for more than

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