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44-630: Jamaican TV series or program Smile Jamaica [REDACTED] Screenshot of set of show Genre News/talk Starring Neville Bell, Simone Clark-Cooper, Dahlia Harris Narrated by none Country of origin Jamaica Original languages English, Jamaican English Production Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 2 1/2 hours Production company RJR Communications Original release Network Television Jamaica Smile Jamaica

88-431: A synchronous circuit requires a clock signal . A clock signal simply signals the start or end of some time period, often measured in microseconds or nanoseconds, that has an arbitrary relationship to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes, hours, and days. In a different sense, electronic systems are sometimes synchronized to make events at points far apart appear simultaneous or near-simultaneous from

132-501: A Time , Man with a Plan , Carol's Second Act , and Bob Hearts Abishola . Many American sitcoms from the 1950s to the 1970s were shot using the single camera method, including The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , Leave It to Beaver , The Andy Griffith Show , The Addams Family , The Munsters , Get Smart , Bewitched , I Dream of Jeannie , Gilligan's Island , Hogan's Heroes , and The Brady Bunch . The earliest seasons of Happy Days were filmed using

176-505: A certain perspective. Timekeeping technologies such as the GPS satellites and Network Time Protocol (NTP) provide real-time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications of this kind. In computer science (especially parallel computing ), synchronization is the coordination of simultaneous threads or processes to complete

220-481: A live audience. In multiple-camera television, the director creates a line cut by instructing the technical director ( vision mixer in UK terminology) to switch between the feeds from the individual cameras. This is either transmitted live, or recorded. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences , this line cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing , as often

264-403: A multiple-camera setup. Another drawback is in the usage of recording capacity, as a four-camera setup may use (depending on the cameras involved) up to four times as much film (or digital storage space) per take compared with a single-camera setup. A multiple-camera setup will require all cameras to be synchronous to assist with editing and to avoid cameras running at different scan rates, with

308-402: A single take without having to start and stop the action. This is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent in film or video editing . It is also a virtual necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas . Apart from saving editing time, scenes may be shot far more quickly as there is no need for re-lighting and

352-527: A single-camera setup before the series transitioned to a multi-camera setup (which also occurred alongside its increase in popularity). These did not have a live studio audience, and by being shot single-camera, tightly edited sequences could be created, along with multiple locations and visual effects such as magical appearances and disappearances. Multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to their similar setup and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. While

396-443: A task with correct runtime order and no unexpected race conditions ; see synchronization (computer science) for details. Synchronization is also an important concept in the following fields: Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators . Poincaré phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks. In

440-963: Is a Jamaican -produced television show that is broadcast on Television Jamaica (TVJ) on weekdays from 6:00 am – 8:30 am (Jamaican time). It is the premier morning show for the network providing programming of news, information and entertainment. References [ edit ] ^ "Meatless Monday Jamaica" . Jamaica Observer . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . ^ http://www.televisionjamaica.com/prg-3-SmileJamaica.aspx Smile Jamaica . ^ "Smile Info" . Television Jamaica . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . External links [ edit ] Smile Jamaica official page Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smile_Jamaica&oldid=1191922348 " Categories : Jamaican television series Television talk shows Television Jamaica original programming Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

484-701: Is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned. This is different from mimicry, which occurs after a short delay. Line dance and military step are examples. Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions. This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion. In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity, cooperation and trust. In dyads , groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation, self-esteem, compassion and altruistic behaviour and increase rapport. During arguments, synchrony between

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528-429: Is different from Wikidata Pages using infobox television with missing dates Multi-camera setup Generally, the two outer cameras shoot close-up shots or "crosses" of the two most active characters on the set at any given time, while the central camera or cameras shoot a wider master shot to capture the overall action and establish the geography of the room. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in

572-710: Is necessary to synchronize video frames from multiple cameras. In addition to enabling basic editing, synchronization can also be used for 3D reconstruction In electric power systems, alternator synchronization is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid. Arbiters are needed in digital electronic systems such as microprocessors to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called synchronizers that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See metastability in electronics ). Encryption systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that

616-458: Is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense as the resultant footage will not always be arranged sequentially in editing, and multiple shots of the same explosion may be repeated in the final film—either for artistic effect or because the different shots can appear to show different explosions since they are taken from different angles. Multiple-camera setups are an essential part of live television . The multiple-camera method gives

660-453: Is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony. Synchronization is important in digital telephony , video and digital audio where streams of sampled data are manipulated. Synchronization of image and sound was an important technical problem in sound film . More sophisticated film, video, and audio applications use time code to synchronize audio and video. In movie and television production it

704-499: The BBC and ITV . However, as technology developed, some drama productions were mounted on location using multiple electronic cameras. Many all-action 1970s programs, such as The Sweeney and The Professionals were shot using the single camera method on 16mm film . Meanwhile, by the early 1980s, the most highly budgeted and prestigious television productions, like Brideshead Revisited (1981), had begun to use film exclusively. By

748-454: The binding problem of cognitive neuroscience in perceptual cognition ("feature binding") and in language cognition ("variable binding"). There is a concept that the synchronization of biochemical reactions determines biological homeostasis . According to this theory, all reactions occurring in a living cell are synchronized in terms of quantities and timescales to maintain biological network functional. Synchronization of movement

792-563: The 1950s , for Vitamix using the technique. Culley also used the technique for three made-for-television TV series featuring Louise Winslow , a pioneer in sewing, cooking, and craft "how-to" programs on daytime television - Adventures in Sewing (1950), Food Is Fun (1950), and Kitchen Chats (1950). A 1950 article in Printers' Ink , "Three-Camera Technique used to shoot TV film", discussed Cinécraft's innovative production style. In 1966,

836-516: The 1950s to the early 1990s were made using a multi-camera format. Unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades. Instead, a "hybrid" form emerged using (single camera) filmed inserts , generally location work, which were mixed with interior scenes shot in the multi-camera electronic studio. It was the most common type of domestic production screened by

880-502: The Family , Three's Company , Cheers , The Cosby Show , Full House , Seinfeld , Family Matters , The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air , Mad About You , Friends , The Drew Carey Show , Frasier , Will & Grace , Everybody Loves Raymond , The King of Queens , Two and a Half Men , The Big Bang Theory , Mike & Molly , Last Man Standing , Mom , 2 Broke Girls , The Odd Couple , One Day at

924-402: The action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera. Single-camera productions are shot in takes and various setups with components of the action repeated several times and out of sequence; the action is not enacted chronologically so is unsuitable for viewing by

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968-451: The arguing pair has been noted to decrease; however, it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors. There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad. This is known as interpersonal synchrony. There has been dispute regarding

1012-479: The camera operator that they are being ISO recorded. A sitcom shot with a multiple-camera setup will require a different form of script from a single-camera setup. The use of multiple film cameras dates back to the development of narrative silent films, with the earliest (or at least earliest known) example being the first Russian feature film Defence of Sevastopol (1911), written and directed by Vasily Goncharov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov . When sound came into

1056-587: The case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition . Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves. A unified approach that quantifies synchronization in chaotic systems can be derived from

1100-511: The coherent activity of subpopulations of neurons emerges. Moreover, this synchronization mechanism circumvents the superposition problem by more effectively identifying the signature of synchronous neuronal signals as belonging together for subsequent (sub-)cortical information processing areas. In cognitive science, integrative (phase) synchronization mechanisms in cognitive neuroarchitectures of modern connectionism that include coupled oscillators (e.g."Oscillatory Networks" ) are used to solve

1144-406: The director less control over each shot but is faster and less expensive than a single-camera setup . In television, multiple-camera is commonly used for light entertainment , sports events , news , soap operas , talk shows , game shows , variety shows , and some sitcoms , especially ones filmed before a live studio audience . Multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as

1188-427: The end of the 19th century, important ports provided time signals in the form of a signal gun, flag, or dropping time ball so that mariners could check and correct their chronometers for error. Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th-century railways, these being the first major means of transport fast enough for differences in local mean time between nearby towns to be noticeable. Each line handled

1232-468: The fourth camera just to stay on Williams so they would have more than just the master shot of the actor. Soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras (A, B, C and X/D) is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. Sitcoms shot with the multiple camera setup include nearly all of Lucille Ball 's TV series, as well as Mary Kay and Johnny , Our Miss Brooks , The Dick Van Dyke Show , The Mary Tyler Moore Show , All in

1276-583: The late 1990s, soap operas were left as the only TV drama made in the UK using multiple cameras. Television prime-time dramas are usually shot using a single-camera setup . Synchronization Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. For example, the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or in time . Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync —and those that are not are asynchronous . Today, time synchronization can occur between systems around

1320-1052: The multiple-camera format dominated US sitcom production in the 1970s and 1980s, there has been a recent revival of the single-camera format with programs such as Malcolm in the Middle (2000–2006), Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000–2024), Scrubs (2001–2010), Arrested Development (2003–2006, 2013–2019), Entourage (2004–2011), The Office (2005–2013), My Name Is Earl (2005–2009), Everybody Hates Chris (2005–2009), It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005–present), 30 Rock (2006–2013), Modern Family (2009–2020), The Middle (2009–2018), Community (2009–2015), Parks and Recreation (2009–2015), Raising Hope (2010–2014), Louie (2010–2015), The Goldbergs (2013–2023), Black-ish (2014–2022), Superstore (2015–2021), Silicon Valley (2014–2019), American Housewife (2016–2021), and Young Sheldon (2017–2024). The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from

1364-442: The multiple-camera setup was pioneered for television when producer and co-star, Desi Arnaz , associate producer, Al Simon , and cinematographer Karl Freund of Desilu Productions used it to film I Love Lucy in 1951, other producers had been using the technique for several years. According to Thomas Schatz, Jerry Fairbanks is the first to develop a 16mm multi-camera system to film a made-for-TV show when he used it to shoot

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1408-413: The output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split (a technique known as "ISO" recording). The camera currently being recorded to the line cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit (CCU) on the camera as a reference both for the talent and the camera operators , and an additional tally light may be used to indicate to

1452-405: The picture multiple cameras were used to film multiple sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited. The use of multiple video cameras to cover a scene goes back to the earliest days of television; three cameras were used to broadcast The Queen's Messenger in 1928, the first drama performed for television. The first drama performed for British television

1496-483: The pilot episode of Public Prosecutor in 1947. Fairbanks went on to film 26 episodes for a planned network premiere in September 1948, but it was pulled from the schedule, and the show did not air until 1951. Assisted by producer-director Frank Telford, Fairbanks also used a multi-camera system to film Edgar Bergen 's Silver Theater which aired in the 1949-50 season. He continued working with this system for

1540-457: The pilot of Truth or Consequences in April 1950. When Al Simon joined Ralph Edwards Productions in producing Truth or Consequences several months later, he improved the system by substituting 35mm film for 16mm film and adding a more sophisticated intercom system. In 1949, Ray Culley of Cinécraft Productions , a sponsored film studio, filmed the first TV infomercial , Home Miracles for

1584-493: The primary methods being SMPTE timecode and Genlock . Most films use a single-camera setup, but in recent decades larger films have begun to use more than one camera on set, usually with two cameras simultaneously filming the same setup. However, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense. Some films will run multiple cameras, perhaps four or five, for large, expensive and difficult-to-repeat special effects shots, such as large explosions. Again, this

1628-421: The problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard railway time . In some territories, companies shared a single railroad track and needed to avoid collisions. The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, and civil authorities eventually abandoned local mean time in favor of railway time. In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer,

1672-484: The receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time. Automotive transmissions contain synchronizers that bring the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth. Flash synchronization synchronizes the flash with the shutter . Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous . Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only

1716-572: The set-up of alternative camera angles for the scene to be shot again from the different angle. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles. Drawbacks include a less optimized lighting setup that needs to provide a compromise for all camera angles and less flexibility in putting the necessary equipment on scene, such as microphone booms and lighting rigs. These can be efficiently hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up and their placement may be inferior in

1760-419: The statistical analysis of measured data. In cognitive neuroscience, (stimulus-dependent) (phase-)synchronous oscillations of neuron populations serve to solve the general binding problem . According to the so-called Binding-By-Synchrony (BBS) Hypothesis a precise temporal correlation between the impulses of neurons ("cross-correlation analysis" ) and thus a stimulus-dependent temporal synchronization of

1804-637: The studio made a film, "Cinécraft, Inc. Multi-camera Filming Technique Demonstration", showing how the technique works and describing rear screen projection and teleprompters, other innovative technologies of the era In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera (known then as the "X" Camera, and occasionally today known as the "D" Camera) to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy . Actor Robin Williams could not stay on his marks due to his physically active improvisations during shooting, so Marshall had them add

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1848-509: The true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony. More research

1892-491: The world through satellite navigation signals and other time and frequency transfer techniques. Time-keeping and synchronization of clocks is a critical problem in long-distance ocean navigation. Before radio navigation and satellite-based navigation , navigators required accurate time in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far east or west their vessel traveled. The invention of an accurate marine chronometer revolutionized marine navigation. By

1936-588: Was Pirandello 's play The Man With the Flower in His Mouth in 1930, using a single camera. The BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Before the pre-recorded continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, the earliest anthology programs (see the Golden Age of Television ) utilized multiple camera methods. Although some claim

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